User:Dfletter/ACM Mapping to WP

The article below is a draft of a cross-reference from the ACM Computing Classification System (1998) to the Wikipedia as it existed in November 2005. This document exists on the user pages of Dfletter 21:49, 29 November 2005 (UTC) and should not be copied or moved. As you will note below, the material is subject to copyright protection. This user has requested permission to use this copy and expects a reply from ACM in December 2005.

There are some differences between the classification system below and what is published by ACM. All references to topics that are marked with (*) or (**) signaling that they are topics only included to ensure backward compatibility with ACM's earlier classification systems have been removed. Since the purpose of this cross reference is to go from ACM's to WKP, there is no need for these older topics.

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Copyright 2005, by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permission to republish from: Publications Dept., ACM, Inc. Fax +1 (212) 869-0481 or E-mail permissions@acm.org.

The ACM Computing Classification System (1998)

A. GENERAL LITERATURE

A.0 GENERAL

Wiki category:Computer science literature
Wiki category:History of computing
Wiki Category:Computing
Wiki category:computer science,

• Biographies/autobiographies
• Conference proceedings
• General literary works (e.g., fiction, plays)

A.1 INTRODUCTORY AND SURVEY

Wiki Category:Computer books,

A.2 REFERENCE (e.g., dictionaries, encyclopedias, glossaries)

Wiki Category:Computer science reference

B. HARDWARE

B.0 GENERAL

Wiki category:Computer engineering

B.1 CONTROL STRUCTURES AND MICROPROGRAMMING

See also
#D.3.2 Language Classifications 

B.1.4 Microprogram Design Aids

See also 
#D.2.2 Design Tools and Techniques, 
#D.2.4 Software/Program Verification, 
#D.3.2 Language Classifications, 
#D.3.4 Processors) 

• Languages and compilers
• Optimization

B.1.5 Microcode Applications

• Instruction set interpretation

B.2 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC STRUCTURES

B.2.1 Design Styles

See also 
#C.1.1 Single Data Stream Architectures
#C.1.2 Multiple Data Stream Architectures (Multiprocessors)

• Parallel
• Pipeline

B.2.4 High-Speed Arithmetic

• Algorithms
• Cost/performance

B.3 MEMORY STRUCTURES

B.3.1 Semiconductor Memories

See also
#B.7.1 Types and Design Styles

• Dynamic memory (DRAM)
• Read-only memory (ROM)
• Static memory (SRAM)

B.3.2 Design Styles

See also
#D.4.2 Storage Management

• Associative memories
• Cache memories
• Mass storage (e.g., magnetic, optical, RAID)
• Primary memory
• Shared memory
• Virtual memory

B.4 INPUT/OUTPUT AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS

B.4.2 Input/Output Devices

• Channels and controllers
• Data terminals and printers
• Image display
• Voice

B.4.3 Interconnections (Subsystems)

• Asynchronous/synchronous operation
• Fiber optics
• Interfaces
• Parallel I/O
• Topology (e.g., bus, point-to-point)

B.5 REGISTER-TRANSFER-LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION

B.5.1 Design

• Arithmetic and logic units
• Control design
• Data-path design
• Memory design
• Styles (e.g., parallel, pipeline, special-purpose)

B.5.2 Design Aids

• Automatic synthesis
• Hardware description languages
• Optimization
• Simulation
• Verification

B.6 LOGIC DESIGN

B.6.1 Design Styles

• Cellular arrays and automata
• Combinational logic
• Logic arrays
• Parallel circuits
• Sequential circuits

B.6.3 Design Aids

• Automatic synthesis
• Hardware description languages
• Optimization
• Simulation
• Switching theory
• Verification

B.7 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

B.7.1 Types and Design Styles

• Advanced technologies
• Algorithms implemented in hardware
• Gate arrays
• Input/output circuits
• Memory technologies
• Microprocessors and microcomputers
• VLSI (very large scale integration)

B.7.2 Design Aids

• Graphics
• Layout
• Placement and routing
• Simulation
• Verification

B.8 PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY

See also
#C.4 PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEMS 

B.m MISCELLANEOUS

• Design management

C. COMPUTER SYSTEMS ORGANIZATION

Wiki category:Computer architecture

C.0 GENERAL

• Hardware/software interfaces
• Instruction set design (e.g., RISC, CISC, VLIW)
• Modeling of computer architecture
• System architectures
• Systems specification methodology

C.1 PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES

C.1.1 Single Data Stream Architectures

• RISC/CISC, VLIW architectures

C.1.2 Multiple Data Stream Architectures (Multiprocessors)

• Array and vector processors
• Associative processors
• Connection machines
• Interconnection architectures (e.g., common bus, multiport memory, crossbar switch)
• Multiple-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream processors (MIMD)
• Single-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream processors (SIMD)

C.1.3 Other Architecture Styles

• Adaptable architectures
• Analog computers
• Cellular architecture (e.g., mobile)
• Data-flow architectures
• Heterogeneous (hybrid) systems
• Neural nets
• Pipeline processors

C.1.4 Parallel Architectures

• Distributed architectures
• Mobile processors

C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

C.2.0 General

Wiki Category:Computer networks

• Data communications
• Open Systems Interconnection reference model (OSI)
• Security and protection (e.g., firewalls)

C.2.1 Network Architecture and Design

• Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
• Circuit-switching networks
• Distributed networks
• Frame relay networks
• ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
• Network communications
• Network topology
• Packet-switching networks
• Store and forward networks
• Wireless communication

C.2.2 Network Protocols

• Applications (SMTP, FTP, etc.)
• Protocol architecture (OSI model)
• Protocol verification
• Routing protocols

C.2.3 Network Operations

• Network management
• Network monitoring
• Public networks

C.2.4 Distributed Systems

• Client/server
• Distributed applications
• Distributed databases
• Network operating systems

C.2.5 Local and Wide-Area Networks

• Access schemes
• Buses
• Ethernet (e.g., CSMA/CD)
• High-speed (e.g., FDDI, fiber channel, ATM)
• Internet (e.g., TCP/IP)
• Token rings

C.2.6 Internetworking

See also
#C.2.2 Network Protocols

• Routers
• Standards (e.g., TCP/IP)
• C.2.m Miscellaneous

C.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS

See also
#J.7 COMPUTERS IN OTHER SYSTEMS

• Microprocessor/microcomputer applications
• Process control systems
• Real-time and embedded systems
• Signal processing systems
• Smartcards

C.4 PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEMS

• Design studies
• Fault tolerance
• Measurement techniques
• Modeling techniques
• Performance attributes
• Reliability, availability, and serviceability

C.5 COMPUTER SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

C.5.1 Large and Medium ("Mainframe") Computers

• Super (very large) computers

C.5.3 Microcomputers

• Microprocessors
• Personal computers
• Portable devices (e.g., laptops, personal digital assistants)
• Workstations

D. Software

Wiki category:Software
Wiki Category:Programming

D.1 PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES

See also
#E. Data

Wiki Category:Programming paradigms

D.1.1 Applicative (Functional) Programming

Wiki Category:Functional programming

D.1.2 Automatic Programming

See also
#I.2.2 Automatic Programming

D.1.3 Concurrent Programming

• Distributed programming
• Parallel programming

D.1.5 Object-oriented Programming

 Wiki Category:Object-oriented programming

D.1.6 Logic Programming

 Wiki Category:Logic programming

D.1.m Miscellaneous

Wiki Category:Aspect-oriented programming

D.2 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

See also 
#K.6.3 Software Management

Wiki Category:Software engineering

D.2.0 General

See also
#K.5.1 Hardware/Software Protection

Wiki Category:Software development
Wiki Category:Software engineering disasters 
Wiki Category:Software engineering papers

• Protection mechanisms
• Standards

D.2.1 Requirements/Specifications

See also
#D.3.1 Formal Definitions and Theory 

• Elicitation methods (e.g., rapid prototyping, interviews, JAD)
• Languages
• Methodologies (e.g., object-oriented, structured)
• Tools

D.2.2 Design Tools and Techniques

• Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
• Decision tables
• Evolutionary prototyping
• Flow charts
• Modules and interfaces
• Object-oriented design methods
• Petri nets
• Software libraries
• State diagrams
• User interfaces

D.2.3 Coding Tools and Techniques

• Object-oriented programming
• Pretty printers
• Program editors
• Standards
• Structured programming
• Top-down programming

D.2.4 Software/Program Verification

See also
#F.3.1 Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs

Wiki category:Formal methods

• Assertion checkers
• Class invariants
• Correctness proofs
• Formal methods
• Model checking
• Programming by contract
• Reliability
• Statistical methods
• Validation

D.2.5 Testing and Debugging

Wiki Category:Software testing

• Code inspections and walk-throughs
• Debugging aids
• Diagnostics
• Distributed debugging
• Error handling and recovery
• Monitors
• Symbolic execution
• Testing tools (e.g., data generators, coverage testing)
• Tracing

D.2.6 Programming Environments

• Graphical environments
• Integrated environments
• Interactive environments
• Programmer workbench

D.2.7 Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement

Wiki category:Documentation generators
Wiki Category:Version_control systems

• Documentation
• Portability
• Restructuring, reverse engineering, and reengineering
• Version control

D.2.8 Metrics

See also
#D.4.8 Performance

Wiki category:Software metrics

• Complexity measures
• Performance measures
• Process metrics
• Product metrics

D.2.9 Management

See also
#K.6.3 Software Management
#K.6.4 System Management

• Cost estimation
• Life cycle
• Productivity
• Programming teams
• Software configuration management
• Software process models (e.g., CMM, ISO, PSP)
• Software quality assurance (SQA)
• Time estimation

D.2.11 Software Architectures

Wiki Category:Software_architecture

• Data abstraction
• Domain-specific architectures
• Information hiding
• Languages (e.g., description, interconnection, definition)
• Patterns (e.g., client/server, pipeline, blackboard)

D.2.12 Interoperability

• Data mapping
• Distributed objects
• Interface definition languages

D.2.13 Reusable Software

• Domain engineering
• Reusable libraries
• Reuse models

D.3 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Wiki Category:Programming languages

D.3.0 General

Wiki Category:Lists of programming languages

• Standards

D.3.1 Formal Definitions and Theory

See also
#D.2.1 Requirements/Specifications
#F.3.1 Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs
#F.3.2 Semantics of Programming Languages
#F.4.2 Grammars and Other Rewriting Systems
#F.4.3 Formal Languages 

• Semantics
• Syntax

D.3.2 Language Classifications

Wiki Category:Programming language families

• Applicative (functional) languages
• Concurrent, distributed, and parallel languages
• Constraint and logic languages
• Data-flow languages
• Design languages
• Extensible languages
• Macro and assembly languages
• Multiparadigm languages
• Object-oriented languages
• Specialized application languages
• Very high-level languages

D.3.3 Language Constructs and Features

See also
#E.2 DATA STORAGE REPRESENTATIONS

• Abstract data types
• Classes and objects
• Concurrent programming structures
• Constraints
• Control structures
• Coroutines
• Data types and structures
• Dynamic storage management
• Frameworks
• Inheritance
• Input/output
• Modules, packages
• Patterns
• Polymorphism
• Procedures, functions, and subroutines
• Recursion

D.3.4 Processors

• Code generation
• Compilers
• Debuggers
• Incremental compilers
• Interpreters
• Memory management (garbage collection)
• Optimization
• Parsing
• Preprocessors
• Retargetable compilers
• Run-time environments
• Translator writing systems and compiler generators

D.4 OPERATING SYSTEMS

See also
#C. COMPUTER SYSTEMS ORGANIZATION

Wiki Category:System software
Wiki Category:Operating systems

D.4.1 Process Management

• Concurrency
• Deadlocks
• Multiprocessing/multiprogramming/multitasking
• Mutual exclusion
• Scheduling
• Synchronization
• Threads

D.4.2 Storage Management

• Allocation/deallocation strategies
• Distributed memories
• Garbage collection
• Main memory
• Secondary storage
• Storage hierarchies
• Virtual memory

D.4.3 File Systems Management

See also
#E.5 FILES 

• Access methods
• Directory structures
• Distributed file systems
• File organization

D.4.4 Communications Management

See also
#C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS 

• Buffering
• Input/output
• Message sending
• Network communication

D.4.5 Reliability

• Backup procedures
• Checkpoint/restart
• Fault-tolerance
• Verification

D.4.6 Security and Protection

See also
#K.6.5 Security and Protection

Wiki Category:Security software

• Access controls
• Authentication
• Cryptographic controls
• Information flow controls
• Invasive software (e.g., viruses, worms, Trojan horses)

D.4.7 Organization and Design

• Distributed systems
• Interactive systems
• Real-time systems and embedded systems

D.4.8 Performance

See also
#C.4 PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEMS
#D.2.8 Metrics
#I.6 SIMULATION AND MODELING 

• Measurements
• Modeling and prediction
• Monitors
• Operational analysis
• Queueing theory
• Simulation
• Stochastic analysis

D.4.9 Systems Programs and Utilities

• Command and control languages
• Window managers

E. DATA

Wiki category:Computer data
Wiki Category:Computer storage

E.1 DATA STRUCTURES

 Wiki category:Data structures 

• Arrays
• Distributed data structures
• Graphs and networks
• Lists, stacks, and queues
• Records
• Trees

Wiki category:Trees (structure)

E.2 DATA STORAGE REPRESENTATIONS

• Hash-table representations

Wiki category:Hashing

• Linked representations
• Object representation

E.3 DATA ENCRYPTION

 Wiki category:Cryptography

• Code breaking
• Public key cryptosystems
• Standards (e.g., DES, PGP, RSA)

Wiki Category:Cryptography standards
Wiki Category:PGP

E.4 CODING AND INFORMATION THEORY

See also
#H.1.1 Systems and Information Theory

 Wiki Category:Information_theory, Wiki Category:Coding_theory

• Data compaction and compression

Wiki Category:Data_compression 

• Error control codes

Wiki Category:Error_detection_and_correction

• Formal models of communication

Wiki Category:Communication_theory

E.5 FILES

See also
#D.4.3 File Systems Management
#F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems
#H.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT

Wiki Category:Computer file systems
Wiki category:Data management
Wiki Category:Computer file formats
Wiki Category:File managers

• Backup/recovery
• Organization/structure
• Sorting/searching

F. THEORY OF COMPUTATION

Wiki Category:Theory of computation
Wiki Category:Theoretical computer science

F.1 COMPUTATION BY ABSTRACT DEVICES

F.1.1 Models of Computation

See also
#F.4.1 Mathematical Logic

Wiki category:Computational models

• Automata (e.g., finite, push-down, resource-bounded)
• Bounded-action devices (e.g., Turing machines, random access machines)
• Computability theory
• Relations between models
• Self-modifying machines (e.g., neural networks)
• Unbounded-action devices (e.g., cellular automata, circuits, networks of machines)

Wiki category:Cellular automata

F.1.2 Modes of Computation

Wiki category:Computational models

• Alternation and nondeterminism
• Interactive and reactive computation
• Online computation
• Parallelism and concurrency
• Probabilistic computation
• Relativized computation

F.1.3 Complexity Measures and Classes

See also
#F.2 ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS AND PROBLEM COMPLEXITY

Wiki Category:Computational complexity theory

• Complexity hierarchies
• Reducibility and completeness
• Relations among complexity classes
• Relations among complexity measures

F.2 ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS AND PROBLEM COMPLEXITY

See also
#B.6 LOGIC DESIGN
#B.7 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
#F.1.3 Complexity Measures and Classes

Wiki category:analysis of algorithms

F.2.1 Numerical Algorithms and Problems

See also
#G.1 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
#G.4 MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE
#I.1 SYMBOLIC AND ALGEBRAIC MANIPULATION

Wiki Category:Numerical analysis
Wiki category:Algorithms
Wiki category:Computer algebra

• Computation of transforms (e.g., fast Fourier transform)
• Computations in finite fields
• Computations on matrices
• Computations on polynomials
• Number-theoretic computations (e.g., factoring, primality testing)

F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems

See also 
#E.2 DATA STORAGE REPRESENTATIONS
#E.3 DATA ENCRYPTION
#E.4 CODING AND INFORMATION THEORY
#E.5 FILES
#G.2 DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
#H.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT
#H.3 INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL

Wiki category:Algorithms

• Complexity of proof procedures
• Computations on discrete structures
• Geometrical problems and computations
• Pattern matching
• Routing and layout
• Sequencing and scheduling
• Sorting and searching

Wiki Category:Sort algorithms
Wiki Category:Search algorithms

F.2.3 Tradeoffs between Complexity Measures

See also
#F.1.3 Complexity Measures and Classes

Wiki Category:Analysis of algorithms

F.3 LOGICS AND MEANINGS OF PROGRAMS

F.3.1 Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs

See also
#D.2.1 Requirements/Specifications
#D.2.4 Software/Program Verification
#D.3.1 Formal Definitions and Theory
#E.1 DATA STRUCTURES

Wiki category:Formal methods

• Assertions
• Invariants
• Logics of programs
• Mechanical verification
• Pre- and post-conditions
• Specification techniques

F.3.2 Semantics of Programming Languages

See also
#D.3.1 Formal Definitions and Theory

• Algebraic approaches to semantics
• Denotational semantics
• Operational semantics
• Partial evaluation
• Process models
• Program analysis

F.3.3 Studies of Program Constructs

See also
#D.3.2 Language Classifications
#D.3.3 Language Constructs and Features

Wiki category:Programming constructs

• Control primitives
• Functional constructs
• Object-oriented constructs
• Program and recursion schemes
• Type structure

F.4 MATHEMATICAL LOGIC AND FORMAL LANGUAGES

F.4.1 Mathematical Logic

See also
#F.1.1 Models of Computation
#I.2.2 Automatic Programming
#I.2.3 Deduction and Theorem Proving 
#I.2.4 Knowledge Representation Formalisms and Methods

Wiki Category:Mathematical logic

• Computability theory
• Computational logic
• Lambda calculus and related systems
• Logic and constraint programming
• Mechanical theorem proving
• Modal logic
• Model theory
• Proof theory
• Recursive function theory
• Set theory
• Temporal logic

F.4.2 Grammars and Other Rewriting Systems

See also
#D.3.1 Formal Definitions and Theory

Wiki category:Formal languages

• Decision problems
• Grammar types (e.g., context-free, context-sensitive)
• Parallel rewriting systems (e.g., developmental systems, L-systems)
• Parsing
• Thue systems

F.4.3 Formal Languages

See also
#D.3.1 Formal Definitions and Theory

Wiki category:Formal languages

• Algebraic language theory
• Classes defined by grammars or automata (e.g., context-free languages, regular sets, recursive sets)
• Decision problems
• Operations on languages

G. MATHEMATICS OF COMPUTING

G.1 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

G.1.0 General

• Computer arithmetic
• Conditioning (and ill-conditioning)
• Error analysis
• Interval arithmetic
• Multiple precision arithmetic
• Numerical algorithms
• Parallel algorithms
• Stability (and instability)

G.1.1 Interpolation

See also
#I.3.5 Computational Geometry and Object Modeling
#I.3.7 Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism  

• Extrapolation
• Interpolation formulas
• Smoothing
• Spline and piecewise polynomial interpolation

G.1.2 Approximation

• Approximation of surfaces and contours
• Chebyshev approximation and theory
• Elementary function approximation
• Fast Fourier transforms (FFT)
• Least squares approximation
• Linear approximation
• Minimax approximation and algorithms
• Nonlinear approximation
• Rational approximation
• Special function approximations
• Spline and piecewise polynomial approximation
• Wavelets and fractals

G.1.3 Numerical Linear Algebra

• Conditioning
• Eigenvalues and eigenvectors (direct and iterative methods)
• Error analysis
• Linear systems (direct and iterative methods)
• Matrix inversion
• Singular value decomposition
• Sparse, structured, and very large systems (direct and iterative methods)

G.1.4 Quadrature and Numerical Differentiation

See also
#F.2.1 Numerical Algorithms and Problems 

• Adaptive and iterative quadrature
• Automatic differentiation
• Error analysis
• Finite difference methods
• Gaussian quadrature
• Iterative methods
• Multidimensional (multiple) quadrature

G.1.5 Roots of Nonlinear Equations

• Continuation (homotopy) methods
• Convergence
• Error analysis
• Iterative methods
• Polynomials, methods for
• Systems of equations

G.1.6 Optimization

• Constrained optimization
• Convex programming
• Global optimization
• Gradient methods
• Integer programming
• Least squares methods
• Linear programming
• Nonlinear programming
• Quadratic programming methods
• Simulated annealing
• Stochastic programming
• Unconstrained optimization

G.1.7 Ordinary Differential Equations

• Boundary value problems
• Chaotic systems
• Convergence and stability
• Differential-algebraic equations
• Error analysis
• Finite difference methods
• Initial value problems
• Multistep and multivalue methods
• One-step (single step) methods
• Stiff equations

G.1.8 Partial Differential Equations

• Domain decomposition methods
• Elliptic equations
• Finite difference methods
• Finite element methods
• Finite volume methods
• Hyperbolic equations
• Inverse problems
• Iterative solution techniques
• Method of lines
• Multigrid and multilevel methods
• Parabolic equations
• Spectral methods

G.1.9 Integral Equations

• Delay equations
• Fredholm equations
• Integro-differential equations
• Volterra equations

G.2 DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

G.2.1 Combinatorics

See also
#F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems

• Combinatorial algorithms
• Counting problems
• Generating functions
• Permutations and combinations
• Recurrences and difference equations

G.2.2 Graph Theory

See also
#F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems

• Graph algorithms
• Graph labeling
• Hypergraphs
• Network problems
• Path and circuit problems
• Trees

G.3 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

• Contingency table analysis
• Correlation and regression analysis
• Distribution functions
• Experimental design
• Markov processes
• Multivariate statistics
• Nonparametric statistics
• Probabilistic algorithms (including Monte Carlo)
• Queueing theory
• Random number generation
• Reliability and life testing
• Renewal theory
• Robust regression
• Statistical computing
• Statistical software
• Stochastic processes
• Survival analysis
• Time series analysis

G.4 MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE

• Algorithm design and analysis
• Certification and testing
• Documentation
• Efficiency
• Parallel and vector implementations
• Reliability and robustness
• User interfaces

H. INFORMATION SYSTEMS

H.1 MODELS AND PRINCIPLES

H.1.1 Systems and Information Theory

See also
#E.4 CODING AND INFORMATION THEORY

Wiki category:Information science
Wiki category:Information technology

• General systems theory

Wiki category:Systems theory

• Information theory
• Value of information

H.1.2 User/Machine Systems

• Human factors
• Human information processing
• Software psychology

H.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT

See also
#E.5 FILES 

H.2.0 General

Wiki category:Database management systems

H.2.1 Logical Design

• Data models

Wiki category:Data modeling

• Normal forms
• Schema and subschema

H.2.2 Physical Design

• Access methods
• Deadlock avoidance
• Recovery and restart

H.2.3 Languages

See also
#D.3.2 Language Classifications

• Data description languages (DDL)
• Data manipulation languages (DML)
• Database (persistent) programming languages
• Query languages

Wiki category:SQL
Wiki category:Query languages

• Report writers

H.2.4 Systems

• Concurrency
• Distributed databases
• Multimedia databases
• Object-oriented databases
• Parallel databases
• Query processing
• Relational databases
• Rule-based databases
• Textual databases
• Transaction processing

H.2.7 Database Administration

• Data dictionary/directory
• Data warehouse and repository
• Logging and recovery
• Security, integrity, and protection

H.2.8 Database Applications

Wiki category:Knowledge discovery in databases

• Data mining
• Image databases
• Scientific databases
• Spatial databases and GIS
• Statistical databases

H.3 INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL

H.3.1 Content Analysis and Indexing

• Abstracting methods
• Dictionaries
• Indexing methods
• Linguistic processing
• Thesauruses

H.3.2 Information Storage

• File organization

H.3.3 Information Search and Retrieval

• Clustering
• Information filtering
• Query formulation
• Relevance feedback
• Retrieval models
• Search process
• Selection process

H.3.4 Systems and Software

• Distributed systems
• Information networks
• Performance evaluation (efficiency and effectiveness)
• User profiles and alert services

H.3.5 Online Information Services

• Commercial services
• Data sharing
• Web-based services

H.3.6 Library Automation

• Large text archives

H.3.7 Digital Libraries

• Collection
• Dissemination
• Standards
• Systems issues
• User issues

H.4 INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS

H.4.1 Office Automation

See also
#I.7 DOCUMENT AND TEXT PROCESSING 

• Desktop publishing
• Groupware
• Spreadsheets
• Time management (e.g., calendars, schedules)
• Word processing
• Workflow management

H.4.2 Types of Systems

• Decision support (e.g., MIS)
• Logistics

H.4.3 Communications Applications

• Bulletin boards
• Computer conferencing, teleconferencing, and videoconferencing
• Electronic mail
• Information browsers
• Videotex

H.4.m Miscellaneous

===H.5 INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION=== (e.g., HCI)

#I.7 DOCUMENT AND TEXT PROCESSING 

H.5.0 General

Wiki Category:Human-computer interaction

H.5.1 Multimedia Information Systems

• Animations
• Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities
• Audio input/output
• Evaluation/methodology
• Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI)

H.5.2 User Interfaces

See also
#D.2.2 Design Tools and Techniques
#H.1.2 User/Machine Systems
#I.3.6 Methodology and Techniques 

• Auditory (non-speech) feedback
• Benchmarking
• Ergonomics

Wiki category:Ergonomics

• Evaluation/methodology
• Graphical user interfaces (GUI)
• Haptic I/O
• Input devices and strategies (e.g., mouse, touchscreen)
• Interaction styles (e.g., commands, menus, forms, direct manipulation)
• Natural language
• Prototyping
• Screen design (e.g., text, graphics, color)
• Standardization
• Style guides
• Theory and methods
• Training, help, and documentation
• User-centered design
• User interface management systems (UIMS)
• Voice I/O
• Windowing systems

H.5.3 Group and Organization Interfaces

• Asynchronous interaction
• Collaborative computing
• Computer-supported cooperative work
• Evaluation/methodology
• Organizational design
• Synchronous interaction
• Theory and models
• Web-based interaction

H.5.4 Hypertext/Hypermedia

See also
#I.7 DOCUMENT AND TEXT PROCESSING
#J.7 COMPUTERS IN OTHER SYSTEMS

• Architectures
• Navigation
• Theory
• User issues

H.5.5 Sound and Music Computing

See also
#J.5 ARTS AND HUMANITIES

• Methodologies and techniques
• Modeling
• Signal analysis, synthesis, and processing
• Systems

I. COMPUTING METHODOLOGIES

I.1 SYMBOLIC AND ALGEBRAIC MANIPULATION

I.1.0 General

Wiki category:Computer algebra

I.1.1 Expressions and Their Representation

See also
#E.1 DATA STRUCTURES
#E.2 DATA STORAGE REPRESENTATIONS

• Representations (general and polynomial)
• Simplification of expressions

I.1.2 Algorithms

See also
#F.2.1 Numerical Algorithms and Problems
#F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems

Wiki Category:Algorithms 

• Algebraic algorithms
• Analysis of algorithms
• Nonalgebraic algorithms

I.1.3 Languages and Systems

See also
#D.3.2 Language Classifications
#D.3.3 Language Constructs and Features
#F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems 

• Evaluation strategies
• Special-purpose algebraic systems

I.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

I.2.0 General

Wiki category:Artificial intelligence

• Cognitive simulation
• Philosophical foundations

I.2.1 Applications and Expert Systems

See also
#H.4 INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS
#J. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 

• Cartography
• Games
• Industrial automation
• Law
• Medicine and science
• Natural language interfaces
• Office automation

I.2.2 Automatic Programming

See also
#D.1.2 Automatic Programming
#F.3.1 Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs
#F.4.1 Mathematical Logic 

• Automatic analysis of algorithms
• Program modification
• Program synthesis
• Program transformation
• Program verification

I.2.3 Deduction and Theorem Proving

See also
#F.4.1 Mathematical Logic 

• Answer/reason extraction
• Deduction (e.g., natural, rule-based)
• Inference engines
• Logic programming
• Mathematical induction
• Nonmonotonic reasoning and belief revision
• Resolution
• Uncertainty, "fuzzy," and probabilistic reasoning

I.2.4 Knowledge Representation Formalisms and Methods

See also
#F.4.1 Mathematical Logic 

• Frames and scripts
• Modal logic
• Predicate logic
• Relation systems
• Representation languages
• Representations (procedural and rule-based)
• Semantic networks
• Temporal logic

I.2.5 Programming Languages and Software

See also
#D.3.2 Language Classifications

• Expert system tools and techniques

I.2.6 Learning

See also
#K.3.2 Computer and Information Science Education 

• Analogies
• Concept learning
• Connectionism and neural nets
• Induction
• Knowledge acquisition
• Language acquisition
• Parameter learning

I.2.7 Natural Language Processing

Wiki Category:Natural language processing

• Discourse
• Language generation
• Language models
• Language parsing and understanding
• Machine translation
• Speech recognition and synthesis

WikiCategory:Speech recognition

• Text analysis

I.2.8 Problem Solving, Control Methods, and Search

See also
#F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems 

• Backtracking
• Control theory

Wiki Category:Control theory

• Dynamic programming
• Graph and tree search strategies
• Heuristic methods
• Plan execution, formation, and generation
• Scheduling

I.2.9 Robotics

Wiki Category:Robotics
Wiki Category:Robots

• Autonomous vehicles
• Commercial robots and applications
• Kinematics and dynamics
• Manipulators
• Operator interfaces
• Propelling mechanisms
• Sensors
• Workcell organization and planning

I.2.10 Vision and Scene Understanding

See also
#I.4.8 Scene Analysis
#I.5 PATTERN RECOGNITION

Wiki Category:Computer vision 

• 3D/stereo scene analysis
• Intensity, color, photometry, and thresholding
• Modeling and recovery of physical attributes
• Motion
• Perceptual reasoning
• Representations, data structures, and transforms
• Shape
• Texture
• Video analysis

I.2.11 Distributed Artificial Intelligence

• Coherence and coordination
• Intelligent agents
• Languages and structures
• Multiagent systems

I.3 COMPUTER GRAPHICS

I.3.0 General

Wiki category:Computer graphics

I.3.1 Hardware Architecture

See also
#B.4.2 Input/Output Devices 

• Graphics processors
• Input devices
• Parallel processing
• Raster display devices

I.3.2 Graphics Systems

See also
#C.2.1 Network Architecture and Design
#C.2.4 Distributed Systems
#C.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS 

• Distributed/network graphics

I.3.3 Picture/Image Generation

• Bitmap and framebuffer operations
• Digitizing and scanning
• Display algorithms
• Line and curve generation
• Viewing algorithms

I.3.4 Graphics Utilities

• Application packages
• Graphics editors
• Graphics packages
• Paint systems
• Software support
• Virtual device interfaces

I.3.5 Computational Geometry and Object Modeling

• Boundary representations
• Curve, surface, solid, and object representations
• Geometric algorithms, languages, and systems
• Hierarchy and geometric transformations
• Modeling packages
• Object hierarchies
• Physically based modeling
• Splines

I.3.6 Methodology and Techniques

• Ergonomics
• Graphics data structures and data types
• Interaction techniques
• Languages
• Standards

I.3.7 Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism

Wiki Category:3D computer graphics

• Animation
• Color, shading, shadowing, and texture
• Fractals

Wiki Category:Fractals

• Hidden line/surface removal
• Radiosity
• Raytracing
• Virtual reality
• Visible line/surface algorithms

I.4 IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPUTER VISION

I.4.0 General

• Image displays
• Image processing software

I.4.1 Digitization and Image Capture

• Camera calibration
• Imaging geometry
• Quantization
• Radiometry
• Reflectance
• Sampling
• Scanning

I.4.2 Compression (Coding)

See also
#E.4 CODING AND INFORMATION THEORY 

• Approximate methods

I.4.3 Enhancement

• Filtering
• Geometric correction
• Grayscale manipulation
• Registration
• Smoothing

I.4.4 Restoration

• Kalman filtering

I.4.5 Reconstruction

• Series expansion methods
• Transform methods

I.4.6 Segmentation

• Edge and feature detection
• Pixel classification
• Region growing, partitioning
• Relaxation

I.4.7 Feature Measurement

• Feature representation
• Invariants
• Moments
• Projections
• Size and shape
• Texture

I.4.8 Scene Analysis

• Color
• Depth cues
• Motion
• Object recognition
• Photometry
• Range data
• Sensor fusion
• Shading
• Shape
• Stereo
• Surface fitting
• Time-varying imagery
• Tracking

I.4.10 Image Representation

• Hierarchical
• Morphological
• Multidimensional
• Statistical
• Volumetric

I.5 PATTERN RECOGNITION

I.5.1 Models

• Fuzzy set
• Geometric
• Neural nets
• Statistical
• Structural

I.5.2 Design Methodology

• Classifier design and evaluation
• Feature evaluation and selection
• Pattern analysis

I.5.3 Clustering

• Algorithms
• Similarity measures

I.5.4 Applications

• Computer vision
• Signal processing
• Text processing
• Waveform analysis

I.5.5 Implementation

See also
#C.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS 

• Interactive systems
• Special architectures

I.6 SIMULATION AND MODELING

See also
#G.3 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS 

I.6.0 General

Wiki category:Scientific modeling, Wiki category:Computational science

I.6.1 Simulation Theory

• Model classification
• Systems theory

Wiki category:Systems theory , Wiki category:Systems

I.6.5 Model Development

• Modeling methodologies

I.6.7 Simulation Support Systems

• Environments

I.6.8 Types of Simulation

• Animation
• Combined
• Continuous
• Discrete event
• Distributed
• Gaming
• Monte Carlo

Wiki Category:Monte Carlo method

• Parallel
• Visual

I.7 DOCUMENT AND TEXT PROCESSING

See also
#H.4 INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS
#H.5 INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION 

I.7.0 General

Wiki category:Word processors

I.7.1 Document and Text Editing

• Document management
• Version control

I.7.2 Document Preparation

• Desktop publishing
• Format and notation
• Hypertext/hypermedia

Wiki Category:Hypertext

• Index generation
• Languages and systems
• Markup languages

Wiki Category:Markup languages  

• Multi/mixed media
• Photocomposition/typesetting
• Scripting languages

Wiki Category:Scripting languages 

• Standards

I.7.4 Electronic Publishing

See also
#H.5.4 Hypertext/Hypermedia
#J.7 COMPUTERS IN OTHER SYSTEMS

I.7.5 Document Capture

See also
#I.4.1 Digitization and Image Capture 

• Document analysis
• Graphics recognition and interpretation
• Optical character recognition (OCR)
• Scanning

J. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

J.0 GENERAL

Wiki category:Application software

J.1 ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING

• Business
• Education
• Financial (e.g., EFTS)
• Government
• Law
• Manufacturing
• Marketing
• Military

J.2 PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING

• Aerospace
• Archaeology
• Astronomy
• Chemistry
• Earth and atmospheric sciences
• Electronics
• Engineering
• Mathematics and statistics
• Physics

J.3 LIFE AND MEDICAL SCIENCES

• Biology and genetics
• Health
• Medical information systems

J.4 SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

• Economics
• Psychology
• Sociology

J.5 ARTS AND HUMANITIES

• Architecture
• Fine arts
• Language translation
• Linguistics
• Literature
• Performing arts (e.g., dance, music)

Wiki Category:Musical software 

J.6 COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING

• Computer-aided design (CAD)

Wiki Category:Computer-aided design software

• Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

J.7 COMPUTERS IN OTHER SYSTEMS

See also
#C.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS 

• Command and control
• Consumer products
• Industrial control
• Military
• Process control
• Publishing

Wiki Category:Typesetting software

• Real time

K. COMPUTING MILIEUX

K.1 THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY

Wiki Category:Computer industry

• Markets
• Standards

Wiki Category:Computer and telecommunication standards

• Statistics
• Suppliers

K.2 HISTORY OF COMPUTING

Wiki Category:History of computing

• Hardware
• People

Wiki Category:Computer pioneers

• Software
• Systems
• Theory

K.3 COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION

K.3.1 Computer Uses in Education

• Collaborative learning
• Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
• Computer-managed instruction (CMI)
• Distance learning

K.3.2 Computer and Information Science Education

• Accreditation
• Computer science education
• Curriculum
• Information systems education
• Literacy
• Self-assessment

K.4 COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY

K.4.0 General

Wiki Category:Computing and society

K.4.1 Public Policy Issues

• Abuse and crime involving computers
• Computer-related health issues
• Ethics
• Human safety
• Intellectual property rights
• Privacy
• Regulation
• Transborder data flow
• Use/abuse of power

K.4.2 Social Issues

• Assistive technologies for persons with disabilities
• Employment

K.4.3 Organizational Impacts

• Automation
• Computer-supported collaborative work
• Employment
• Reengineering

K.4.4 Electronic Commerce

See also
#J.1 ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING 

• Cybercash, digital cash
• Distributed commercial transactions
• Electronic data interchange (EDI)
• Intellectual property
• Payment schemes
• Security

K.5 LEGAL ASPECTS OF COMPUTING

Wiki category:Computer law
Wiki Category:United States internet case law
Wiki Category:Computer law

K.5.1 Hardware/Software Protection

• Copyrights
• Licensing

Wiki category:Software licenses

• Patents
• Proprietary rights

K.5.2 Governmental Issues

• Censorship
• Regulation
• Taxation

K.6 MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS

K.6.0 General

• Economics

K.6.1 Project and People Management

• Life cycle
• Management techniques (e.g., PERT/CPM)
• Staffing
• Strategic information systems planning
• Systems analysis and design
• Systems development
• Training

K.6.2 Installation Management

• Benchmarks

Wiki Category:Computer benchmarks

• Computer selection
• Computing equipment management
• Performance and usage measurement
• Pricing and resource allocation

K.6.3 Software Management

See also
#D.2.9 Management 

• Software development
• Software maintenance
• Software process
• Software selection

K.6.4 System Management

• Centralization/decentralization
• Management audit
• Quality assurance

K.6.5 Security and Protection

See also
#D.4.6 Security and Protection
#K.4.2 Social Issues 

• Authentication
• Invasive software (e.g., viruses, worms, Trojan horses)
• Unauthorized access (e.g., hacking, phreaking)

K.7 THE COMPUTING PROFESSION

Wiki Category:Computer professionals

K.7.2 Organizations

Wiki Category:Computer-related organizations

K.7.4 Professional Ethics

See also
#K.4 COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY 

• Codes of ethics
• Codes of good practice
• Ethical dilemmas

K.8 PERSONAL COMPUTING

K.8.0 General

• Games

K.8.1 Application Packages

• Data communications
• Database processing
• Freeware/shareware
• Graphics
• Spreadsheets
• Word processing