User:Enviromet/Subpage 3 - revised Touch Surface article with clinical trials

Antimicrobial copper alloy touch surfaces are surfaces that are made from alloys of the metal copper, such as brass and bronze. The phrase "touch surfaces" means all the various kinds of surfaces (such as door knobs, railings, tray tables, etc.) that are often touched by people at work or in everyday life, especially (for example) in hospitals and clinics.

Touch surfaces that are in frequent use and that are not made with copper alloys can easily accumulate a variety of harmful microbes (viruses, bacteria, etc.). These microbes can often survive on touch surfaces for surprisingly long periods of time (e.g., for more than 30 days on some popular materials). However, copper and copper alloys have a natural ability to kill harmful microbes relatively rapidly - often within two hours or less (i.e. copper alloy surfaces are antimicrobial).

This natural ability of copper alloys to kill a wide range of microbes deposited on the alloys’ surfaces has been proven by an extensive body of research. The research also suggests that if touch surfaces are made with copper alloys, the reduced or totally destroyed microbial populations on the antimicrobial alloys may ultimately reduce the incidence of transmission of disease-causing organisms.

Current knowledge regarding the antimicrobial properties of copper alloy touch surfaces, in addition to results of clinical trials being conducted at hospitals around the world and USEPA's granting registrations to 282 different copper alloys as antimicrobial materials with health public claims are discussed in this article.

Antimicrobial properties of copper alloy touch surfaces

For a detailed discussion regarding antimicrobial efficacy experiments on various copper alloy touch surfaces, see: Antimicrobial efficacy of copper alloy touch surfaces.

Copper alloy surfaces have intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms. In the interest of protecting public health, especially in heathcare environments with their susceptible patient populations, an abundance of peer-reviewed antimicrobial efficacy studies have been and continue to be conducted around the world regarding copper’s efficacy to destroy E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi.

Much of this antimicrobial efficacy work has been or is currently being conducted at the University of Southampton and Northumbria University (United Kingdom), University of Stellenbosch (South Africa), Panjab University (India), University of Chile (Chile), Kitasato University (Japan), the Instituto do Mar and University of Coimbra (Portugal), and the University of Nebraska and Arizona State University (U.S.A.).

In the USA, in order to qualify copper and its alloys as registered antimicrobial substances under that nation’s federal pesticide regulations, an extensive additional body of efficacy testing under Good Laboratory Practice guidelines by an EPA-approved laboratory was required by the USEPA. After these tests were concluded in 2008 and 2009, registrations of 282 different copper alloys were granted. For more details about this EPA-mandated antimicrobial efficacy work and its results, see: [[2]].

Clinical trials of antimicrobial copper alloy touch surfaces in healthcare facilities

Microorganisms are known to survive on inanimate ‘touch’ surfaces for extended periods of time. This can be especially troublesome in hospital environments where patients with immunodeficiencies are at enhanced risk for contracting nosocomial infections (hospital-borne infections), often with fatal consequences.

Touch surfaces commonly found in hospital rooms, such as bed rails, call buttons, touch plates, chairs, door handles, light switches, grab rails, intravenous poles, dispensers (alcohol gel, paper towel, soap), dressing trolleys, and counter and table tops are known to be contaminated with high levels of potentially dangerous bacteria, including Staphylococcus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), one of the most virulent strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria) and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Objects in closest proximity to patients have the highest levels of staphylococcus, MRSA, and VRE. This is why touch surfaces in hospital rooms can serve as abundant sources, or reservoirs, for the spread of bacteria from the hands of healthcare workers and visitors to patients.

Hand and surface disinfection practices are the first line of defense against infection. However, these have fallen short of expectations as opportunistic organisms put patients and healthcare workers at risk. Since approximately 80% of infectious diseases are known to be transmitted by touch, and pathogens found in healthcare facilities can survive on inanimate surfaces for days and even months, the microbial burden of frequently touched surfaces is believed to play a significant role in infection causality. Surfaces in hospitals and healthcare facilities are frequently touched and could therefore could become reservoirs of infection.

Recently, to evaluate their effectiveness as a secondary infection control measures, these products have been made from copper and its alloys and deployed in hospital geriatric wards, intensive care units, and general medical wards around the world.

Clinical trials are being conducted on microbial strains unique to individual healthcare facilities around the world to evaluate to what extent copper alloys can reduce the incidence of infection in hospital environments.

The success of these clinical trials to date, which are summarized here, are prompting hospitals around the world to specify antimicrobial copper touch surfaces as an additional weapon in the fight against infection.

Clinical trial in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, around 300,000 patients contract nosocomial infections each year and at least 5,000 patients die of complications from infections contracted in hospitals.

For these reasons, a cross-over clinical trial (a test method designed to eliminate variability bias from patients, staff, cleaning efficacy, outbreaks, etc.) evaluating antimicrobial copper alloys was carried out at Selly Oak Hospital over an 18-month period in 2007-2008 by the University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust and Aston University.

Frequently touched surfaces typically manufactured with standard materials (i.e., plastic, chrome, aluminum) were replaced with copper alloys. These included a copper alloy set of sink tap handles (60% Cu, 40% Zn) and a ward entrance door push plate (70% Cu, 30% Zn).

Contamination reductions of 90-100% were observed for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Enterococcus spp., and Candida albicans on the copper alloy surfaces versus the non-copper standard surfaces. A microorganism reduction of 100% was observed on the hot tap copper alloy handle.

The high degree of clinical performance suggested that copper alloy surfaces may increase the effectiveness of existing infection control practices and may lower the risk of infections acquired in healthcare facilities.

Based on the results of this and other laboratory and clinical studies, St. Francis Private Hospital, a 140-bed facility located in Mullingar, County Westmeath, Ireland, decided to become the first hospital in the world to fully specify hygienic copper door handles throughout its facility as part of its infection control program. A full upgrade of all door furniture (i.e., 250 doorsets, incorporating handles, push plates and privacy locks) to antimicrobial copper in the hospital and nursing home commenced in January 2010.

Healthcare architects in the United Kingdom are now specifying antimicrobial copper. Refurbishment projects specifying copper products are anticipated across NHS Trust facilities.

Clinical trial in Chile

In Chile, 70,000 nosocomial infections are reported each year, most commonly from common hospital-borne pathogens such as S.aureus, P. aeruginosa and A.baumanii.

In a 30-week clinical trial at the Hospital del Cobre, in Calama, extensive microbial analyses were implemented at the facility’s intensive care unit (ICU). Nine hundred ninety copper surfaces from 90 rooms containing 6 different copper objects were studied against an equivalent number of rooms and surfaces containing non-copper objects. Over-the-bed tables were made from copper alloy C70600. Bedrails were cladded with copper alloy C11000 foils. Visitor chairs were fitted with copper alloy C70600 armrests. Copper alloy C71000 intravenous poles were provided. Writing pens used to input data on a touch screen were made from brass (70% Cu, 30% Zn).

Results of this clinical trial demonstrated an approximately 90% reduction of microorganisms on the copper items compared to the controls after ten weeks. A reduction in the total microbial burden was seen for each class of microbe evaluated. Furthermore, continuous antimicrobial activity of copper persisted throughout the study.

Copper was effective in reducing microbial loads on all 6 surfaces tested (i.e., bed rails by 91%, bed levers by 82%, tray tables by 83%, chair arms by 92%, monitor pen by 49%, and IV poles by 88%).

Average microbial burden counts in rooms with copper touch surfaces were significantly lower than in rooms without copper surfaces. Staphylococci were the most predominant microorganism isolated and copper was effective in reducing the Staphylococci microbial burden. Further studies regarding the clinical implications of copper’s intrinsic ability to reduce microbial burdens in hospitals are being planned.

Clinical trials in Japan

Researchers from the Kitasato University School of Medicine conducted antimicrobial studies of S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa on various Japanese copper alloy coins and on copper alloy plates. The microbes were strains from hospital environments. Copper and its nickel-silver, cupronickel, and brass alloys were found to kill the bacteria within a short time. In another experiment, bacterial colonies were investigated on ball point pens made with and without copper alloys. Total bacterial colonies on the copper pens were much lower than on the non-copper pens: 2.1 CFU versus 47.8 CFU. Staphyloccocus counts on copper ball point pens were also much lower: 0.7 CFUs versus 20.8 CFUs on non-copper pens.

Due to these success of these results, a 2-year clinical trial was conducted to monitor contamination levels of nosocomial bacteria in the dermatology ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Kitasato University Hospital. The antimicrobial efficacy of copper on floors, sinks, push plates, showerheads and doorknobs was evaluated by comparing bacterial loads on these surfaces and on their non-copper counterparts.

The number of viable Staphylococcus spp. organisms on surfaces containing copper and its alloy were reduced by half to one-thirtieth of that on control surfaces, depending upon surface humidity and the frequency of contact. Similar definitive findings were also obtained for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Various metals were evaluated for their antimicrobial efficacies, including copper alloys, zinc, nickel, tin, silver, and gold. Antimicrobial efficacies generally followed Lewis acidity values of the various metals. Silver, a prohibitively expensive precious metal, had the highest bactericidal activity; copper came in second. The study also found that contact dermatitis allergies rarely occur if copper is used as a hygienic touch material.

The bactericidal activity of copper was also tested against two strains of MRSA and S. aureus in vitro to determine whether copper alloys are effective in preventing the spread of contamination on the touch surface products used in the hospital ward. MRSA and S. aureus counts fell below detection limits within 180 minutes. The results indicated that copper has a strong bactericidal effect against S. aureus, including MRSA.

When a copper plate was situated on a MRSA-infected floor in the dermatology ward around a bed of a MRSA-infected patient, the bacterial count of S. aureus, including MRSA and the other Staphylococcus on the floor covered with a copper plate was significantly less than on a floor unprotected by copper alloys. These results suggested that the copper plate helped to prevent the spread of MRSA contamination in the hospital.

Clinical Trial in South Africa

Multidrug-resistant and extremely drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is responsible for the spread of tuberculosis in South African hospitals. Test strains of Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and MTB were isolated from South African patients at a hospital’s intensive care unit in order to establish the minimum in-vitro copper concentrations to produce sterilization against these microbes and yeast.. Acinetobacter baumannii was isolated from a patient in a burn unit and two clinical strains of MTB were collected and tested.

Copper and its alloys demonstrated antimicrobial activities against multiple-antibiotic-resistant nosocomial bacteria and C. albicans isolated from the hospital, whereas stainless steel and PVC did not. Copper and its alloys showed a marked inhibitory effect (88-98%) on MTB despite the strain’s drug resistance. The researchers concluded that the minimum concentration of copper to be an effective antimicrobial agent is >55% for yeasts and bacteria. Higher concentrations of copper were found to be necessary to inhibit MTB.

Clinical trials in the USA

In the USA, a high degree of statistical significance is needed to provide a convincing argument to U.S. federal government healthcare authorities, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), regarding the effectiveness of copper alloys in reducing microbial loads and cross infection in healthcare environments. For this reason, clinical trials at three major US hospitals are currently examining environmental bacterial loads, infection rates, and impacts on cross-contamination in intensive care unit (ICU) rooms retrofitted with copper touch surfaces versus rooms without copper surfaces.

The trials are funded by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) under the Telemedicine and Advanced Technologies Research Center (TATRC), a section of the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC). DOD has extraordinary interests in the potential for antimicrobial copper surfaces to reduce hospital-acquired infections because it wants to prevent hospital-acquired infections among thousands of its enlisted armed forces servicemen and servicewomen who have been injured in recent conflicts. TATRC, which funds a Military Infectious Disease Program has been granted funds by the United States Congress to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of copper, brass and bronze alloys. The studies are coordinated through the Advanced Technology Institute in Charleston, South Carolina.

The clinical studies involve intensive care units (ICUs) at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, one of the world’s most prestigious cancer facilities, the Medical University of South Carolina, and the Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center in Charleston, South Carolina.

An evaluation of the microbial burden of various objects in the ICU rooms has been documented and is available.

Results from the pilot study at the Medical University of South Carolina are summarized here (for more details, see:). Two hundred eighty two copper objects in 32 rooms and 288 non-copper objects in 27 rooms were sampled. The study found that continuous antimicrobial activities of copper alloys are very effective in reducing total microbial burden in patient rooms and on individual objects within those rooms. Copper was effective in reducing the total mean microbial burden of patient ICU rooms by 87.4%. Copper was effective in reducing the microbial burden on bedrails, chair arms, nurse call buttons, and IV poles (though no significant reductions were observed on monitors and tray tables). It is important to note that significant reductions were observed when bed rails and call buttons were made from copper because these items accounted for 83.3% of the total mean MB in non-copper rooms. It is also important to note that MRSA and VRE were frequently isolated from non-copper rooms but were never isolated from copper objects. The copper alloys completely killed MRSA and VRE, microorganisms that are frequently responsible for potentially fatal patient infections. Details of the results of the clinical study are available here.

The latest results from the studies at the three institutions will be developed into a manuscript for publication.

In a separate initiative not funded by the U.S. Department of Defense, clinical trials at an infectious disease outpatient ward consisting of patients with HIV and other infectious diseases are being conducted at North Shore University Hospital in Manhasset, New York. An alloy of 90% Cu 10% Ni significantly lowered the microbial burden, primarily Staphylococci, on arm surfaces of phlebotomy chairs versus wooden arm surfaces. The median reduction for total bacteria on the copper alloy chairs arms was 90%. Use of the chair with copper arm tops resulted in a 17-fold lower risk of exposure to environmental microbes than when patients used the standard chair. The majority of the samples from the chairs with copper components were below the 500 CFU/ cm2 level believed to represent a risk to hospital patients.

The microbiocidal properties of the copper chair arms were able to confer an ‘antimicrobial halo’ within the general vicinity of the arm top. The microbial burden associated with the wooden side arms of the copper covered chair arms was 70%, lower than those on the control chair. This halo effect may help to help reduce the transfer of pathogenc bacteria.

Similarly, patients and healthcare workers who used chairs with copper trays were subjected to a 15-fold lower risk than the patients using chairs with composite trays. The microbial burden on copper trays was reduced by 88% compared to the composite plastic surface.

EPA registrations of antimicrobial copper alloy touch surfaces

On February 29, 2008, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved the registrations of five different groups of copper alloys as “antimicrobial materials” with public health benefits. The EPA registrations covered 275 different compositions of copper alloys within these groups. An additional seven copper alloys in a sixth group were approved on July 12, 2009. All of the alloys have minimum nominal copper concentrations of 60%. The results of the EPA-supervised antimicrobial studies, demonstrating copper's strong antimicrobial efficacies across a wide range of alloys, were recently published.

These copper alloys are the only solid surface materials to be granted “antimicrobial public health claims” status by EPA. Before these registrations were granted, only antimicrobial gases, liquids, sprays, and concentrated powders, including sterilizers, disinfectants and antiseptics, were registered to make antimicrobial public health claims.

Microbes tested and killed in EPA laboratory tests

The bacteria destroyed by copper alloys in the EPA-supervised antimicrobial efficacy tests include:

• Escherichia coli O157:H7, a foodborne pathogen associated with large-scale food recalls.
• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), one of the most virulent strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and a common culprit of hospital- and community-acquired infections.
• Staphylococcus aureus, the most common of all bacterial staphylococcus (i.e., Staph) infections that cause life-threatening disease, including pneumonia and meningitis.
• Enterobacter aerogenes, a pathogenic bacterium commonly found in hospitals that causes opportunistic skin infections and impacts other body tissues.
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium in immunocompromised individuals that infects the pulmonary and urinary tracts, blood and skin.
• Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), a pathogenic bacterium that is the second leading cause of hospital-acquired infections.

EPA test protocols for copper alloy surfaces

The registrations are based on studies supervised by EPA which found that copper alloys kill more than 99.9% of disease-causing bacteria within just two hours when cleaned regularly (i.e., the metals are free of dirt or grime that may impede the bacteria’s contact with the copper surface).

To attain the EPA registrations, the copper alloy groups had to demonstrate strong antimicrobial efficacies according to all of the following rigorous tests:

• Efficacy as a sanitizer: This test protocol measures surviving bacteria on alloy surfaces after two hours.
• Residual self-sanitizing activity: This test protocol measures surviving bacteria on alloy surfaces before and after six wet and dry wear cycles over 24 hours in a standard wear apparatus.
• Continuous reduction of bacterial contamination: This test protocol measures the number of bacteria that survive on a surface after it has been re-inoculated eight times over a 24-hour period without intermediate cleaning or wiping.

EPA registered antimicrobial copper alloys

The alloy groups tested and approved were C11000, C51000, C70600, C26000, C75200, and C28000.

The EPA registration numbers for the six groups of alloys are as follows:

Group	Copper %	EPA Registration Number
I	95.2 to 99.99	82012-1
II	87.3 to 95.0	82012-2
III	78.1 to 87.09	82012-3
IV	68.2 to 77.5	82012-4
V	65.0 to 67.8	82012-5
VI	60.0 to 64.5	82012-6

Claims granted by EPA in antimicrobial copper alloy registrations

The following claims are now legally permitted when marketing EPA-registered antimicrobial copper alloys in the USA:

Laboratory testing has shown that when cleaned regularly:

• Antimicrobial Copper Alloys continuously reduce bacterial contamination, achieving 99.9% reduction within two hours of exposure.
• Antimicrobial Copper Alloy surfaces kill greater than 99.9% of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria within two hours of exposure.
• Antimicrobial Copper Alloy surfaces deliver continuous and ongoing antibacterial action, remaining effective in killing greater than 99% of bacteria within two hours.
• Antimicrobial Copper Alloys surfaces kill greater than 99.9% of bacteria within two hours, and continue to kill 99% of bacteria even after repeated contamination.
• Antimicrobial Copper Alloys surfaces help inhibit the buildup and growth of bacteria within two hours of exposure between routine cleaning and sanitizing steps.
• Testing demonstrates effective antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The registrations state that “antimicrobial copper alloys may be used in hospitals, other healthcare facilities, and various public, commercial and residential buildings.”

Public health claims granted by EPA in antimicrobial copper alloy registrations

The EPA copper alloy registrations were granted “with public health claims,” meaning that they permit manufacturers of copper-based products sold in the U.S. to claim on their labels the ability of copper, brass, and bronze to kill harmful, potentially deadly bacteria.

Product stewardship requirements of EPA

As a condition of registration established by EPA, the Copper Development Association (CDA) in the USA is responsible for the product stewardship of antimicrobial copper alloy products. CDA must ensure that manufacturers promote these products in an appropriate manner. Manufacturers must only promote the proper use and care of these products and must specifically emphasize that the use of these products is a supplement and not a substitute to routine hygienic practices.

EPA mandated that all advertising and marketing materials for antimicrobial copper products contain the following statement:

The use of a Copper Alloy surface is a supplement to and not a substitute for standard infection control practices; users must continue to follow all current infection control practices, including those practices related to cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces. The Copper Alloy surface material has been shown to reduce microbial contamination, but it does not necessarily prevent cross-contamination.

Antimicrobial copper alloys are intended to provide supplemental antimicrobial action in between routine cleaning of environmental or touch surfaces in healthcare settings, as well as in public buildings and the home. Users must also understand that in order for antimicrobial copper alloys to remain effective, they cannot be coated in any way.

CDA is currently implementing an outreach program through written communications, a product stewardship website , and through a Working Group which meets periodically to expand educational efforts.

More than 100 different potential product applications were cited in the registrations for their potential public health benefits.

Approved products

The following products have been approved for EPA-Registrered antimicrobial copper alloy touch surfaces.

Healthcare facilities

The following copper alloy surface products have been granted antimicrobial registration status with public health claims by the EPA for healthcare facilities:

• Bedrails, footboards
• Over-bed tables
• Bedside tables in hospitals, extended care facilities, senior housing etc. (knobs, pulls, handles; surfaces)
• Handrails, (corridor/hallways) ( senior housing), automatic door push plates
• Stair rails, handrails, tubular railing, and supports, rail fittings T’s, elbows and brackets
• Bedrails, assistance rails
• Toilet safety rails
• Carts: hospital carts (table surfaces, handles, legs), computer carts, record carts, phlebotomy carts, other carts (tables/surfaces, shelving, railings, handles, pulls)
• Equipment carts (horizontal surfaces, frames, handles)
• Door push plates, kick plates, mop plates, stretcher plates
• Sinks: spigots, drains, sinks themselves
• Faucet: handles, spigot, drain control lever
• Water fountains: bubbler head, drain strainer, handle
• Alcohol sanitizer dispenser, handle
• Paper towel holders, facial tissue holders, toilet paper holders
• Air Hand dryers, controls and push buttons on air hand dryers
• Hydrotherapy tanks (whirlpool tanks): shells, covers, headrests, drain fittings (outer surfaces without water contact)
• Door handles, doorknobs (outer touch surfaces)
• Grab bars in bathrooms showers and bathtubs
• Panic bars on emergency room doors
• Towel bars
• Showerheads
• Countertops and tabletops (non-food use only)
• Hinges, locks, latches, and trim
• Door stops, door pulls, and protector guards
• Toilet and urinal hardware, levers, push buttons
• Toilet seat inlay for lifting of seat
• Closures
• Vertical locking arms
• Vertical cover guards
• Protection bars
• Light switches, switch plates
• Visitor chairs: armrests, metal frames
• Thermostat covers, control knobs and wheels
• Telephone handsets and surfaces (housings), keypad
• Kitchen surfaces (non-food contact only): table tops, counter tops, handles (microwave, refrigerator, stove), cabinet doors, cabinet hinges, pulls, backsplash, hoods, control knobs (appliances, fans)
• Floor tiles
• Ceiling tiles (non-porous)
• Wall tiles
• Instrument handles: Medical equipment knobs, pulls and handles for:

Drug delivery systems

Monitoring systems

Hospital beds

Office equipment

Operating room equipment

Stands and fixtures

Types of knobs: e.g. prong, fluted, knurled, push/pull, T-handle, tapered, and ball knobs

• Intravenous (IV) poles, bases, hangers, clips
• Trays (instruments, non-food contact)
• Bedpans
• Walkers, wheelchair handles, and tubular components
• Computer keyboards: keys, housings, computer mouse surfaces
• Exercise and rehabilitation equipment, handles, bars
• Physical therapy equipment: physical therapy tables, treatment chairs and portable taping tables
• Chairs (shower chairs, patient chairs, visitor chairs): rails, backs, legs, seats
• Lighting products: X-ray illuminators, operating rooms, patient examination rooms, surgical suites, and reading lamps for hospital rooms and assisted living facilities etc. Components can include bases, arms, housings, handles, hinges)
• Headwall systems: the unit themselves, outlet covers, knobs and dials, lighting units (lamp housings and adjustable arms), CRT monitors with rotating knobs and levers and adjustments. Baskets, monitor housings, knobs, baskets, tables, IV poles
• Critical care cart: Table top, drawer, drawer pull, lock, copper wire baskets for storage of equipment and charts.
• Bedside lavatory: sink, faucet, handles, drawer pulls, toilet seat, toilet seat cover, toilet handle, door and cabinet facings, counter tops
• Medical records: Chart holders, clipboards, filing systems
• Storage shelving: wire shelving etc. for medical supplies
• Grab handles on privacy curtains
• Lids of laundry hampers, trash canisters, and other containers
• Bedside pitchers
• Closet rods and hangers
• Television controls: knobs, buttons, remote
• Monitor (television, computer, etc.) housing
• Cup holder
• Toothbrush holder
• Soap holder
• Magazine rack
• Signage
• Coat rack and hooks
• Shower curtain rings
• Radiator cover
• Bracelets
• Pens
• Badge clips
• Name tags
• Patient gown snaps
• Window sills, pulls and locks
• Electrical wallplates

Public community facilities (including various public and commercial buildings)

The following copper alloy surface products have been granted antimicrobial registration status with public health claims by EPA for public community facilities:

• Shopping cart handles, child seats, handrails
• Cash registers: housing, keypads
• ATM machines: keys, housing
• Gym/Health club lockers, locker handles, locker shelving, trainers’ tables
• Ice and water dispensers (outer surfaces without water contact)
• Elevator: handrail, control panel, buttons, interior walls, floor tiles, exterior call button plate
• Paper towel dispensers. Housing itself, (turn) handle, (push) handle
• Soap holder
• Soap dispenser (wall mounted): push bar and dispenser itself
• Soap dispenser (sitting on counter): dispenser housing itself, push mechanism
• Toilet paper dispenser (housing)
• Windows (crank), Locking mechanism, pull handles
• Window treatments (cord pulls), Venetian blinds (wands, cord pulls)
• Jalousie Windows (crank)
• Casement (cranks, levers, hinges)
• Single and double-hung windows (locks and pulls)
• Light switches, switch plates
• Lids of laundry hampers, trash canisters, and other containers
• Magazine rack
• Signage
• Coat rack and hooks
• Shower curtain rings
• Radiator cover
• Bracelets
• Badge clips
• Name tags
• Vending machines (non-food contact only)
• Window sills
• Electrical wallplates
• Clip boards
• Office supplies: paper clips, staplers, tape dispensers

Residential buildings

Residential buildings include homes, apartments, apartment buildings and other kinds of residences. The following copper alloy surface products have been granted antimicrobial registration status with public health claims by EPA for residential buildings:

• Kitchen surfaces (non-food contact only): table tops, counter tops, handles (microwave, refrigerator, stove), cabinet doors, cabinet hinges, pulls, backsplash, hoods, control knobs (appliances, fans)
• Bedrails, footboards
• Handrails
• Stair rails
• Door push plates
• Sinks: spigots, drains, sinks themselves
• Faucet: handles, spigot, drain control lever
• Paper towel holders, facial tissue holders, toilet paper holders
• Door handles, doorknobs (outer touch surfaces)
• Grab bars in bathrooms showers and bathtubs
• Towel bars
• Showerheads
• Countertops and tabletops
• Hinges, locks, latches, and trim
• Door stops, door pulls, and protector guards
• Toilet and urinal hardware, levers, push buttons
• Toilet seat inlay for lifting of seat
• Light switches, switch plates
• Thermostat covers, control knobs and wheels
• Telephone handsets and surfaces (housings), keypad
• Floor tiles
• Ceiling tiles (non-porous)
• Wall tiles
• Computer keyboards: keys, housings, computer mouse surfaces
• Exercise equipment, handles, bars
• Windows (crank), Locking mechanism, pull handles
• Window treatments (cord pulls), Venetian blinds (wands, cord pulls)
• Jalousie windows (crank)
• Casement (cranks, levers, hinges)
• Single and double-hung windows (locks and pulls)
• Television control knobs and buttons
• Lids of laundry hampers, trash canisters, and other containers
• Bedside pitchers
• Closet rods and hangers
• Television remote
• Cup holder
• Soap holder
• Magazine rack
• Coat rack and hooks
• Shower curtain rings
• Radiator cover
• Window sills
• Electrical wallplates
• Baby cribs: rails, fittings, brackets, supports
• Bowl stands

• Office supplies: paper clips, staplers, tape dispensers
• Monitor (television, computer, etc.) housing

Mass transit facilities

The following copper alloy surface products have been granted antimicrobial registration status with public health claims by EPA for mass transit facilities:

• Handrails
• Stair rails, tubular railing, and supports; elbows and brackets
• Door push plates, kick plates
• Door handles, door knobs (outer touch surfaces)
• Grab bars and handles
• Tiles: wall, floor, ceiling (non-porous)
• Chairs and benches: rails, backs, legs, seats
• Window sills, pulls, and handles
• Signage
• Vending machines (non-food contact only)

Other EPA-approved products

The following copper alloy surface products have been granted antimicrobial registration status with public health claims by EPA for various products:

• Play area equipment (outdoor): bars, handles, chains, push plates, handrails, stair rails and risers, wheels, knobs, flooring
• Chapel pews
• Eye glass frames and protective eye wear
• Pens
• Combs
• Ashtrays

The EPA warranty statement

The EPA warranty statement is worded as follows:

If used as intended, ANTIMICROBIAL COPPER ALLOYS are wear-resistant and the durable antibacterial properties will remain effective for as long as the product remains in place and is used as directed.

Note: With the exception of the product name and the percentage of active ingredient, the EPA-approved Master Labels for the six groups of registered alloys are identical.