User:Waygugin/East pagoda of Hwaeomsa
| Waygugin/East pagoda of Hwaeomsa | |
| Hangul | 동탑 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Dongtap |
| McCune–Reischauer | Tongt'ap |
| East Five Story Stone Pagoda | |
| Hangul | 동오층석탑 |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Dongocheunseoktap |
| McCune–Reischauer | Tongoch'ŭngsŏkt'ap |
The East Pagoda is a South Korean pagoda at the Buddhist temple of Hwaeomsa, in Gurye County, Jeollanam-do.
Description[edit]
The pagoda follows the typical construction methods of the Unified Silla period with a single-tier platform, five story body, and a finial. Erected in the long and steep style[note 1] from 42 pieces of stone, the pagoda is positioned in the courtyard in front of Daeungjeon Hall on a stone floor. It measures 6.2 m (20 ft) in height while horizontally its shape more closely resembles a lozenge than the more typical square.[1]
The platform platform is about 1.1 m (3.6 ft) high and subdivided into the base, walls and capstone. The walls were constructed from eight pieces of stone, each forming a corner or a wall surface. There are no middle pillars and, distinctively, the corner stones also encompass part of the walls. The cover stone has been made from three stones fit together. The topside has only a slight inclination while the eaves extend outward over the sides. Atop the capstone at the center is a square dais for the pagoda body.[1]
The first floor of the body has been assembled together from five stones while the body stones of the second through fifth floors are each single pieces of stone. The roof stones are also single pieces of stone and have five eave corbels carved into the undersides. There are two-tiered daises/platforms on top of each roof stone to support the bottom of the body stone on the next floor. The tops of the roof stones have a very gentle slope and the eaves are very thin, curling up at the corners. The height of the first floor is about 80 cm (2.6 ft), after which the heights of the subsequent floors reduce considerably. From second to fifth they are: 40 cm (1.3 ft), 32 cm (1.05 ft), 26 cm (0.85 ft), and 24 cm (0.79 ft). The non-uniformity of the height and width of the roof stones is unlike other Unified Silla pagodas.[1]
The finial is 51 cm (1.67 ft) high. The base is a square block, atop of which is an inverted hemisphere. A short stone pillar connects it to a precious jewel shaped like a lotus bud. This style of finial is common to the pagodas of Hwaeomsa.[1]
Design and provenience[edit]
The East Pagoda forms a pair with Hwaeomsa's West Pagoda, which is situated across the courtyard in front of Gakhwangjeon Hall.[1] It is thought that the East Pagoda was likely the first of the two to be erected; Kim Bongnyeol writes that the stylistic differences suggests that at least 150 years separate their construction.[2] Cheon et al. disagrees, writing that it is impossible to say with any certainty whether the two were constructed together or not.[1] Most estimates of the pagoda's provenience place its date of construction in the the late 9th to early 10th century.[1][3][4][5][6][7][8] However, Jeong Seonjong argues that the style of the pagoda is more demonstrative of the early Goryeo Dynasty (c.10th century).[9]
According to Cheon et al., while the pagoda follows the sculptural techniques of the Unified Silla period, the single-tiered platform and the unusual platform walls are important architectural departures. The thin roof stones are the almost total lack of curvature in the eaves is reminiscent of Baekje.[1]
Relics[edit]
The pagoda was disassembled and underwent repairs for a period of about one month beginning in September 1999.[1] On the 8th of October dozens of relics were excavated from the first floor body stone with some put on exhibit the following year at the Tongdosa Museum.[10] Among the relics were: 25 pieces of written paper; 59 pieces of jewelery including quartz, jade, and various gems; 12 sariras, a gilt bronze nimbus, a gilt bronze statue platform, and a bronze cylindrical sarira canister. The earliest of these is the statue platform, which likely dates to the Unified Silla period, while the remainder appear to be from the Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties. [1]
According to Bak et al. the style of the canister suggests it was manufactured during the Goryeo Dynasty,[10] although Cheon et al. writes that it displays more modern techniques of production, and might have been placed inside during the late 19th century or Japanese colonial period while repairs to the pagoda were being carried out.[1] After casting it appears to have been given its form on a potter's wheel, including bulges decorated with engraved lines uniformly placed along the sides which create the appearance of a wave pattern. Inside the canister was a glass bottle containing crimson textiles and eight sariras measuring 1 mm (0.039 in) to 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter. The bottle is malformed and was blocked with paper instead of a stopper. The nimbus is gilded in bronze only on the front side. The outer edges are surrounded by a flame pattern while the interior is decorated with rising lotus vines. At the center there is a serrated ornament which is connected to the loop on the backside. The lower section appears to have been damaged and there are two square holes on the backside which would have been used to attach the nimbus to a Buddha statue.[10]
References[edit]
- Notes
- ^ Sejanggojunhyeong (細長高峻形)
- Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cheon et al. 2005, pp.89–93
- ^ Jeon, Kim and So 2000, p.49
- ^ Cultural Relics of Gurye-gun 1994, pp.126–124
- ^ An et al. 1996, pp.182–183
- ^ Jeon, Kim and So 2000, pp.104–106
- ^ Sin 2009, pp.187–189
- ^ Survey Report of Gakhwangjeon Hall 2009, p.304
- ^ Bak et al. 2010, pp.108–109
- ^ Jeong 2002, pp.41–42
- ^ a b c Bak et al. 2010, pp.94–99
- Bibliography
- (in Korean) An Sangson, Han Sanggil, Hwang Hogyun, Kim Sangyeong, Lee Gyepyo, Sin Daehyeon, and Jeong Seonjong (1996). 전통사찰총서 7: 광주-절남의 전통사찰 II (Traditional Temples 7: Gwangju-Jeollanam-do Temples II). Seoul: 사찰문화연구원 (Institute of Temple Culture Studies). ISBN 89-86879-03-4 04220.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - (in Korean) Bak Haksu, Bak Seungwon, Chae Haejeong, Gwon Ganmi, Heo Hyeonguk, Jeong Myeonghui, and Yu Hyeseon (2010). 華嚴寺의 佛敎美術 (Buddhist Art of Hwaeomsa Temple). Seoul: National Museum of Korea. ISBN 978-89-8164-082-894650.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - (in Korean) Cheon Deukyeom, Nam Sijin, Seong Chungyeong, and Sim Yusin (2005). 전라남도의석탑Ⅰ(Stone Stupa of Jeollanam-do). Daejeon: National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. ISBN 89-8124-573-1 93910.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - (in Korean) Jeon Byeongsam, Kim Bongnyeol, and So Jaegu (2000). 화엄사 (Hwaeomsa). Seoul: Daewonsa. ISBN 89-369-0241-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - (in Korean) Jeong, Seonjong (2002). "華嚴寺의 石造文化財 (The Stone Cultural Treasures of Hwaeomsa)". 불교문화연구 (Studies in Buddhist Culture). 9: 35–56.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - (in Korean) Sin, Daehyeon (2009). 화엄사 (Hwaeomsa). Seoul: Korean Buddhism Promotion Foundation. ISBN 978-85626-17-0.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help) - (in Korean) 求禮郡의 文化遺蹟 (Cultural Relics of Gurye-gun in Chon-nam Province). Mokpo National University Museum and Gurye County, Jeollanam-do. 1994.
- (in Korean) 華嚴寺 覺皇殿: 實測調査報告書 (Survey Report on Gakhwangjeon Hall of Hwaeomsa) (PDF). Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea. 2009.
- See also
- (in Korean) Hwang Suyeong, Jang Chungsik, Jeong Byeongjo, Lee Giyeong, and Lee Minyong (1976). Hwaeomsa (화엄사). Seoul: 이직사 (Ijiksa). ISBN 8931200935.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - (in Korean) 求禮 華嚴寺 實測調査 報告書 (Survey Report of Hwaeomsa, Gurye). Seoul: Bureau of Cultural Property, Ministry of Culture and Information. 1986.
External links[edit]
- Hwaeomsa official site (in Korean)
- East Pagoda of Hwaeomsa Entry at theCultural Heritage Administration of Korea