Wire wheel: Difference between revisions
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [http://www.astounding.org.uk/ian/wheel/index.html Astounding.org.uk], An analysis into deflection of wire wheels |
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* [http://www.duke.edu/~hpgavin/papers/HPGavin-Wheel-Paper.pdf Duke.edu], An analysis into deflection of wire wheels ([[PDF]] format.) |
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[[fr:Roue à rayons]] |
[[fr:Roue à rayons]] |
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Revision as of 19:43, 22 November 2010
The rims of wire wheels (or "wire spoked wheels") are connected to their hubs by wire spokes. Although these wires are generally stiffer than a typical wire rope, they function mechanically the same as tensioned flexible wires, keeping the rim true while supporting applied loads.
Wire wheels are used on most bicycles and still used on many motorcycles. They were invented by aeronautical engineer George Cayley and first used in bicycles by James Starley. A process of assembling wire wheels is described as wheelbuilding.
On automobiles
Before 1960, sports/racing cars often had wire wheels equipped with "knockoff" (central wing nut) hubs that could be unscrewed by striking a wing of the nut with a mallet or "knockoff hammer", but in the 1960s cast light-alloy or "Magnesium" wheels became common and now predominate. New versions of wire wheels are made with standard hub bolt patterns covered by a center cap to fit without adapters.
On motorcycles
On bicycles
The first commercially successful use of wired wheels was on bicycles. They were introduced early on in the development of the bicycle, following soon after the adoption of solid rubber tires. This development marked a major improvement in bicycles, over the older wooden wheels, both in terms of weight and comfort (the increased elasticity of the wheel helping to absorb road vibrations).[1]
In England, the engineer William Stanley developed the steel-wired spider wheel in 1849, an improvement over the cumbersome wooden spoked wheels then fitted to the tricycles that his employer was making.[2][3][4]
Bicycle manufacturers build millions of wheels annually, using the common crossed-spoke patterns whose crossings of adjacent spokes are governed by the number of spokes in the wheel. Wheelbuilders of racing teams and in good bicycle shops build wheels to other patterns such as two-cross, one-cross, or no-cross (usually called radial). Many of these patterns have been used for more than 100 years, it is claimed that crossed patterns have more strength and stability while irregular patterns are art forms and have little structural merit (Brandt, 1993).
In the 1980s, cast wheels with 5 or 6 rigid spokes began to appear in the Olympic Games and professional racing: these have advantages in specialized applications, such as time trials, but wire-spoked wheels are used for most purposes.
Reaction to load
The rims of wire wheels (or "wire spoked wheels") are connected to their hubs by wire spokes. Although these wires are generally stiffer than a typical wire rope, they function mechanically the same as tensioned flexible wires, keeping the rim true while supporting applied loads.
Wire wheels are used on most bicycles and still used on many motorcycles. They were invented by aeronautical engineer George Cayley and first used in bicycles by James Starley. A process of assembling wire wheels is described as wheelbuilding.
On automobiles
Before 1960, sports/racing cars often had wire wheels equipped with "knockoff" (central wing nut) hubs that could be unscrewed by striking a wing of the nut with a mallet or "knockoff hammer", but in the 1960s cast light-alloy or "Magnesium" wheels became common and now predominate. New versions of wire wheels are made with standard hub bolt patterns covered by a center cap to fit without adapters.
On motorcycles
On bicycles
The first commercially successful use of wired wheels was on bicycles. They were introduced early on in the development of the bicycle, following soon after the adoption of solid rubber tires. This development marked a major improvement in bicycles, over the older wooden wheels, both in terms of weight and comfort (the increased elasticity of the wheel helping to absorb road vibrations).[5]
In England, the engineer William Stanley developed the steel-wired spider wheel in 1849, an improvement over the cumbersome wooden spoked wheels then fitted to the tricycles that his employer was making.[6][7][8]
Bicycle manufacturers build millions of wheels annually, using the common crossed-spoke patterns whose crossings of adjacent spokes are governed by the number of spokes in the wheel. Wheelbuilders of racing teams and in good bicycle shops build wheels to other patterns such as two-cross, one-cross, or no-cross (usually called radial). Many of these patterns have been used for more than 100 years, it is claimed that crossed patterns have more strength and stability while irregular patterns are art forms and have little structural merit (Brandt, 1993).
In the 1980s, cast wheels with 5 or 6 rigid spokes began to appear in the Olympic Games and professional racing: these have advantages in specialized applications, such as time trials, but wire-spoked wheels are used for most purposes.
Reaction to load
Template loop detected: Reaction to a radial load (tensioned wire spoked wheel)
Gallery
-
Bicycle wheels with a radial spoke pattern (left) and three cross (right) -
Early Harley-Davidson with wire wheels
See also
References
- ^ Herlihy, David (2004). Bicycle: the History. Yale University Press. pp. 141–142. ISBN 0-300-10418-9.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ McConnell, Anita (2004). "Stanley, William Ford Robinson (1829–1909)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (subscription required - free to holders of tickets for British libraries). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
- ^ Owen, W.B. (1912). Sir Sidney Lee (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography - William Ford Robinson Stanley. Second Supplement. Vol. III (Neil-Young). London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 393–394.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Good week to go for ride". The Croydon Guardian. 10 June 2006. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
- ^ Herlihy, David (2004). Bicycle: the History. Yale University Press. pp. 141–142. ISBN 0-300-10418-9.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ McConnell, Anita (2004). "Stanley, William Ford Robinson (1829–1909)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (subscription required - free to holders of tickets for British libraries). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
- ^ Owen, W.B. (1912). Sir Sidney Lee (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography - William Ford Robinson Stanley. Second Supplement. Vol. III (Neil-Young). London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 393–394.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Good week to go for ride". The Croydon Guardian. 10 June 2006. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
External links
- [[[Category:Wheels]]
balls
Gallery
-
Bicycle wheels with a radial spoke pattern (left) and three cross (right)
-
Early Harley-Davidson with wire wheels
See also
References
External links
- [[[Category:Wheels]]
balls