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Yma Sumac

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Yma Sumac
Sumac in 1954
Sumac in 1954
Background information
Birth nameZoila Augusta Emperatriz Chávarri del Castillo
Born(1922-09-10)September 10, 1922[1] or
(1922-09-13)September 13, 1922[2]
Perú
DiedNovember 1, 2008(2008-11-01) (aged 86)
Los Angeles, California, United States
Genres
Occupations
  • Singer
  • artist
Instruments
Years active1942–1996

Zoila Augusta Emperatriz Chávarri del Castillo (September 13, 1922 (birth certificate)[2][3] or September 10, 1922 (later documents)[1][4][5] – November 1, 2008), known professionally as Yma Sumac (/ˈiːmə ˈsuːmæk/), was a Peruvian-American coloratura soprano. She was one of the most famous exponents of exotica music during the 1950s.

Sumac became an international success based on her extreme vocal range. She had five octaves according to some reports,[6] but other reports (and recordings) document four-and-a-half at the peak of her singing career.[2][7] (A typical trained singer has a range of about three octaves.)[8] Yma Sumac sold more than 40 million records which makes her one of the best-selling Latin Americans in history and the best-selling Peruvian in history.[9][10][11]

In one live recording of "Chuncho", she sings a range of over four and a half octaves, from B2 to G♯7. She was able to sing notes in the low baritone register as well as notes above the range of an ordinary soprano. Both low and high extremes can be heard in the song "Chuncho (The Forest Creatures)" (1953).

In 1954, composer and music critic Virgil Thomson described Sumac's voice as "very low and warm, very high and birdlike", noting that her range "is very close to five octaves, but is in no way inhuman or outlandish in sound."[2] In 2012, audio recording restoration expert John H. Haley favorably compared Sumac's tone to opera singers Isabella Colbran, Maria Malibran, and Pauline Viardot.

Early life

Sumac was born Zoila Augusta Emperatriz Chávarri del Castillo on September 10, 1922.[1] Various places have been cited as her birthplace, with none confirmed.[2] Her parents were Sixto Chávarri and Emilia del Castillo.[citation needed] Her father was born in Cajamarca and her mother was born in Pallasca, both mestizos. She was the youngest of six children. Her mother was a schoolteacher and her father a civic leader.[12]

Stories published in the 1950s claimed that she was an Incan princess, directly descended from Atahualpa. The government of Peru in 1946 formally supported her claim to be descended from Atahualpa, the last Incan emperor.[2] However, her biographer, Nicholas E. Limansky, claims that her Incan royal origin was not true. "Hollywood took this nice girl who wanted to be a folk singer, dressed her up and said she was a princess. And she acted like it," according to Limansky.[13]

She adopted the stage name of Imma Sumack (also spelled Yma Sumack and Ima Sumack) before leaving South America for the United States. Her stage name was based on her mother's name, which was derived from "ima shumaq", Quechua for "how beautiful!", although in interviews at the beginning of her career she claimed it meant "beautiful flower" or "beautiful girl".[14]

Career

Sumac first appeared on radio in 1942. She recorded at least 18 tracks[15] of Peruvian folk songs in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1943. These early recordings for the Odeon label featured composer Moisés Vivanco's troupe Compañía Peruana de Arte, of 16 Peruvian dancers, singers, and musicians.[16]

She was discovered by Les Baxter[17] and signed by Capitol Records in 1950, at which time her stage name became Yma Sumac. Her first album, Voice of the Xtabay, launched a period of fame that included performances at the Hollywood Bowl and Carnegie Hall.[18]

In 1950, she made her first tour to Europe and Africa, and debuted at the Royal Albert Hall in London and the Royal Festival Hall before the future Queen of England. She presented more than 80 concerts in London and 16 concerts in Paris. A second tour took her to the Far East: Persia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Burma, Thailand, Sumatra, the Philippines, and Australia. Her fame in countries like Greece, Israel and Russia made her change her two-week stay to six months. During the 1950s, she produced a series of best-selling recordings of lounge music featuring Hollywood-style arrangements of Incan and South American folk songs, working with Les Baxter and Billy May. The combination of her extraordinary voice, exotic looks, and stage personality made her a hit with American audiences. Sumac appeared in a Broadway musical, Flahooley, in 1951, as a foreign princess who brings Aladdin's lamp to an American toy factory to have it repaired. The show's score was by Sammy Fain and Yip Harburg, but her three numbers were the work of Vivanco, with one co-written by Vivanco and Fain. Flahooley closed quickly, but the Capitol recording of the show continues to sell well as a cult classic, in part because it also marked the Broadway debut of Barbara Cook.[19]

The 1950s were the years of Sumac's greatest popularity; She played Carnegie Hall, the Roxy Theatre with Danny Kaye, Las Vegas nightclubs and concert tours of South America and Europe. She put out a number of hit albums for Capitol Records, such as Mambo! (1954) and Fuego del Ande (1959).[20] During the height of Sumac's popularity, she appeared in the films Secret of the Incas (1954) with Charlton Heston and Robert Young, and Omar Khayyam (1957).[citation needed]

Comparison of vowel octave ranges

She became a U.S. citizen on July 22, 1955. In 1959, she performed Jorge Bravo de Rueda's classic song "Vírgenes del Sol" on her album Fuego del Ande. In 1957 Sumac and Vivanco divorced, after Vivanco sired twins with another woman. They remarried that same year, but a second divorce followed in 1965. Apparently due to financial difficulties, Sumac and the original Inka Taky Trio went on a world tour in 1960, which lasted for five years. They performed in 40 cities in the Soviet Union for over six months, and a film was shot recording some moments of the tour,[21] and afterward throughout Europe, Asia and Latin America. Their performance in Bucharest, Romania, was recorded as the album Recital, her only live in concert record. Sumac spent the rest of the 1960s performing sporadically.[22]

Personal life

She married Moisés Vivanco on June 6, 1942.[16] After this date, Moisés and Yma toured South America and Mexico as a group of fourteen musicians called Imma Sumack and the Conjunto Folklorico Peruano. Some people in Peru did not appreciate her style of singing, most notably the writer Jose Maria Arguedas (La Prensa, 1944). In 1946, Sumac and Vivanco moved to New York City where they performed as the Inka Taqui Trio, Sumac singing soprano, Vivanco on guitar, and her cousin, Cholita Rivero, singing contralto and dancing. The group was unable to attain any success; however, their participation in the South American Music Festival in Carnegie Hall was reviewed positively. In 1949, Yma gave birth to their only child Carlos.[12]

Vocal range

Sumac could emit notes from above a coloratura soprano to the low notes of a bass and had one of the widest vocal ranges. She was able to emit notes from the tessitura of sopranino, soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto, tenor, baritone and bass, and was the only person able to do the triple coloratura or the trill of the birds. Her singing voice ranged from B2 to G♯7.

One source claims that in the song "K'arawi", she reached D8 (at 00:26). If true this would extend her vocal range to over five octaves, perhaps even six.[23]

In the song "Chuncho" she sang from B2 (at 0:40) to C♯7 (at 2:56).[24]

In this live performance of "Supay Taki", she performs a duet with the flute that attains E6.[25]

Later career

In 1971, Sumac released a rock album, Miracles. She performed in concert from time to time during the 1970s in Peru and later in New York at the Chateau Madrid and Town Hall. In the 1980s, she resumed her career under the management of Alan Eichler and had a number of concerts both in the United States and abroad, including the Hollywood Roosevelt Cinegrill, New York's Ballroom in 1987[26] (where she was held over for seven weeks to SRO crowds) and several San Francisco shows at the Theatre on the Square among others.

In 1987, she recorded "I Wonder" from the Disney film Sleeping Beauty for Stay Awake, an album of songs from Disney movies, produced by Hal Willner. She sang "Ataypura" during a March 19, 1987, appearance on Late Night with David Letterman. She recorded a new German "techno" dance record, "Mambo ConFusion".

In 1989, she sang again at the Ballroom in New York and returned to Europe for the first time in 30 years to headline the BRT's "Gala van de Gouden Bertjes" New Year's Eve TV special in Brussels as well as the "Etoile Palace" program in Paris hosted by Frederic Mitterrand. In March 1990, she played the role of Heidi in Stephen Sondheim's Follies, in Long Beach, California, her first attempt at serious theater since Flahooley in 1951.

She also gave several concerts in the summer of 1996 in San Francisco and Hollywood as well as two more in Montreal, Canada, in July 1997 as part of the Montreal International Jazz Festival. In 1992, she declined to appear in a documentary for German television entitled Yma Sumac – Hollywoods Inkaprinzessin (Yma Sumac – Hollywood's Inca Princess).[26] With the resurgence of lounge music in the late 1990s, Sumac's profile rose again when the song "Ataypura" was featured in the Coen Brothers film The Big Lebowski.[citation needed]

Her song "Bo Mambo" appeared in a commercial for Kahlúa liquor and was sampled for the song "Hands Up" by The Black Eyed Peas. The song "Gopher Mambo" was used in the films Ordinary Decent Criminal, Happy Texas, Spy Games, and Confessions of a Dangerous Mind, among others. "Gopher Mambo" was used in an act of the Cirque Du Soleil show Quidam, as a musical motif in the Russian show Kukhnya(along with "Bo Mambo" and "Taki Rari"), and in an iPhone commercial in 2020. The songs "Goomba Boomba" and "Malambo No. 1" appeared in Death to Smoochy. A sample from "Malambo No.1" was used in Robin Thicke's "Everything I Can't Have". Sumac is also mentioned in the lyrics of the 1980s song "Joe le taxi" by Vanessa Paradis, and her album Mambo! is the record that Belinda Carlisle pulls out of its jacket in the video for "Mad About You".[27] "Gopher Mambo" is used as the opening song in the British version of the television series "Ten Percent."

On May 6, 2006, Sumac flew to Lima, where she was presented the Orden del Sol award by Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo and the Jorge Basadre medal by the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.[28]

Death

Sumac died on November 1, 2008, aged 86, at an assisted living home in Los Angeles, California, nine months after being diagnosed with colon cancer.[29] She was interred at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in the "Sanctuary of Memories" section.

On September 13, 2016, a Google Doodle depicted Sumac.[30]

September 20, 2022 a new memorial bust statue was unveiled at her final resting place, at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery, in honor of Yma Sumac's 100th anniversary of her birth.

Discography

A 1943 recording session in Argentina included 23 songs, released on 78 rpm Odeon Records.[31] Sumac's 1952 album Legend of the Sun Virgin was reissued in 2020 (digitally and on vinyl records) by Madrid label Ellas Rugen (Ladies Who Roar) Records, dedicated to the greatest female Latin American singers of the second half of the 20th century.[32][33]

Albums

  • Voice of the Xtabay (Capitol, 1950)
  • Legend of the Sun Virgin (Capitol, 1952)
  • Inca Taqui (Capitol, 1953)
  • Mambo! (Capitol, 1954)
  • Legend of the Jivaro (Capitol, 1957)
  • Fuego Del Ande (Capitol, 1959)
  • Recital (Electrecord, 1961)
  • Miracles (London, 1971)

Compilations

  • The Spell of Yma Sumac (Pair, 1987)
  • Amor Indio (Saludos Amigos, 1994)
  • Shou Condor (Promo Sound, 1997)
  • The Ultimate Yma Sumac Collection (Capitol, 2000)
  • Virgin of the Sun God (Old Fashion, 2002)
  • The Exotic Sounds of Yma Sumac (Sounds of the World, 2002)
  • Queen of Exotica (Universe, 2005)

Filmography (partial)

Year Title Role Notes
1954 Secret of the Incas Kori-Tica performs "Taita Inty", "Tumpa!", "Ataypura!"
1957 Omar Khayyam Karina performs "Lament"
1958 Música de siempre Herself performs "Chuncho"
1960 Las canciones unidas Herself performs "Taita Inty"

References

  1. ^ a b c Petition for Naturalization as a United States Citizen for Emperatriz Chavarri de Vivanco (#176380), filed October 8, 1954, indicates she was born on September 10, 1922 at El Callao, Lima, Peru, ancestry.com; accessed February 20, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Martin, Douglas (November 4, 2008). "Yma Sumac, Vocalist of the Exotic, Dies at 86". The New York Times. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  3. ^ "The Yma Sumac Timeline". yma-sumac.com. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  4. ^ "Ancestry Library Edition". search.ancestrylibrary.com.
  5. ^ "Ancestry Library Edition". www.ancestrylibrary.com.
  6. ^ David Richards, "The Trill of a Lifetime", The Washington Post (p. B1), March 2, 1987; accessed February 20, 2018.
    Quote: "a voice that shot up five octaves"
  7. ^ Dennis McLellan (November 3, 2008). "Yma Sumac, 'Peruvian songbird' with multi-octave range, dies at 86". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
  8. ^ "Why is a four octave vocal range so rare?". BBC News Magazine. November 5, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
  9. ^ Mendoza, Zoila S. (June 28, 2021). "Yma Sumac: The Extraordinary Peruvian Singer and Her Paradoxical Career". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.980. ISBN 978-0-19-936643-9. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  10. ^ "Yma Súmac: the greatest Peruvian voice of all time featured on the new iPhone12". peru.info. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  11. ^ "Yma Súmac, la última princesa inca". Fundación BBVA Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved December 25, 2021.
  12. ^ a b Yma Sumac [exotica vocalist]: Musician Snapshots Volume 3 of The Music You Should Hear Series by Stone Blue Editors, SBE Media, 2015.
  13. ^ "On the trail of Yma Sumac: The exotica legend came from Peru, but her career was all Hollywood". Los Angeles Times. March 23, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  14. ^ Cusihuaman 2001: pp. 47, 103
  15. ^ "Argentina Session 1943". SunVirgin.com. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
  16. ^ a b "Moisés Vivanco". SunVirgin.com. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
  17. ^ Adinolfi, Francesco (2008). Mondo Exotica: Sounds, Visions, Obsessions of the Cocktail Generation. Translated by Pinkus, Karen; Vivrette, Jason. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780822341321. OCLC 179838406.
  18. ^ Yma Sumac, August 8, 1950. Malibu, Hollywood Bowl, Recording Studio, Residence (90 photos by Peter Stackpole) for Life magazine
  19. ^ "Yma Sumac – Flahooley (Vinyl, Album)". Discogs.com. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
  20. ^ "Yma Sumac - Fuego Del Ande". Discogs.com.
  21. ^ Soviet Internationalism after Stalin by Tobias Rupprecht, Cambridge University Press, 2015, ISBN 9781107102880, p. 88
  22. ^ Alan Eichler (February 2, 2016). "Yma Sumac--1987 TV Interview, Linda Dano, Nancy Glass". YouTube. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  23. ^ "K´arawi". YouTube. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  24. ^ "Chuncho". YouTube. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  25. ^ "Live Duet". YouTube. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  26. ^ a b Colin Larkin, ed. (2002). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Fifties Music (Third ed.). Virgin Books. p. 427. ISBN 1-85227-937-0.
  27. ^ Video on YouTube
  28. ^ "Yma Sumac Receives Highest Peruvian Honor", Sunvirgin.com; accessed October 14, 2015.
  29. ^ Andrew Dalton. "Peruvian-Born Singer Yma Sumac Dies At 86". CBS News. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  30. ^ "Yma Sumac's 94th birthday". Google.com. September 13, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
  31. ^ "Yma Sumac – Argentina Session 1943". Sunvirgin.com. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
  32. ^ Sam Jones (January 29, 2021). "The return of Yma Sumac: label to showcase singer to new generation". The Guardian.
  33. ^ "The Legend Of The Sun Virgin, by Yma Sumac". Ellas Rugen Records. Retrieved January 29, 2021.

Further listening

Further reading

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