Hippocampus kuda: Difference between revisions
Harrytudor (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 |
||
(43 intermediate revisions by 28 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Species of seahorse}} |
|||
⚫ | |||
{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}} |
|||
| image = Seahorse2.JPG |
|||
⚫ | |||
| image = Hal - Hippocampus kuda - 4.jpg |
|||
| status = VU |
| status = VU |
||
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
||
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite |
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Aylesworth, L. |date=2014 |title=''Hippocampus kuda'' |volume=2014 |page=e.T10075A16664386 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T10075A16664386.en |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref> |
||
| |
| status2 = CITES_A2 |
||
| status2_system = CITES |
|||
| species = kuda |
|||
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> |
|||
| taxon = Hippocampus kuda |
|||
| authority = [[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1852 |
| authority = [[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1852 |
||
| synonyms = *''Hippocampus fuscus'' <small>[[Eduard Rüppell|Rüppell]], 1838</small> |
|||
| synonyms = |
|||
* |
*''Hippocampus moluccensis'' <small>Bleeker, 1852</small> |
||
* |
*''Hippocampus taeniopterus'' <small>Bleeker, 1852</small> |
||
* |
*''Hippocampus polytaenia'' <small>Bleeker, 1854</small> |
||
* |
*''Hippocampus melanospilos'' <small>Bleeker, 1854</small> |
||
* |
*''Hippocampus chinensis'' <small>[[Stepan Ivanovich Basilewsky|Basilewsky]], 1855</small> |
||
* |
*''Hippocampus rhynchomacer'' <small>[[Auguste Duméril|Duméril]], 1870</small> |
||
* |
*''Hippocampus borboniensis'' <small>Duméril, 1870</small> |
||
*''Hippocampus tristis'' <small>[[Francis de Laporte de Castelnau|Castelnau]], 1872</small> |
|||
*''Hippocampus aterrimus'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & [[John Otterbein Snyder|Snyder]], 1902</small> |
|||
*''Hippocampus hilonis'' <small>Jordan & Evermann, 1903</small> |
|||
*''Hippocampus taeniops'' <small>Fowler, 1904</small> |
|||
*''Hippocampus natalensis'' <small>{[[Cecil von Bonde|von Bonde]], 1923</small> |
|||
*''Hippocampus horai'' <small>[[Georg Duncker|Duncker]], 1926</small> |
|||
*''Hippocampus novaehebudorum'' <small>[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1944</small> |
|||
*''Hippocampus raji'' <small>[[Gilbert Percy Whitley|Whitley]], 1955</small> |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
'''''Hippocampus kuda''''', also known as the '''estuary seahorse''', '''yellow seahorse''' or '''spotted seahorse''' is a [[seahorse]] of the family [[Syngnathidae]] native to the [[Indo-Pacific]]. |
|||
'''''Hippocampus kuda''''' is a species of seahorse, also known as the '''common seahorse''', '''estuary seahorse''', '''yellow seahorse''' or '''spotted seahorse'''. The [[common name]] '''sea pony''' has been used for populations formerly treated as the separate species ''Hippocampus fuscus'', now a synonym of ''H. kuda''. |
|||
== Description == |
|||
The yellow seahorse is a small fish that can reach a length of 17–30 cm.<ref name=myers>Myers, R.F., 1991. Micronesian reef fishes. Second Ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p.</ref><ref name=lourie>Lourie, S. A., Vincent, A. C. J. and Hall, H. J. (1999). Seahorses – An Identification Guide to the World’s Species and their Conservation. Project Seahorse, London, UK. 213 pp.</ref> |
|||
== Physical description == |
|||
The body is quite large, elongated and has no spines, all bumps are rounded. The head is relatively large compared to the body. The snout is short and thick. The coronet is small and rises towards the rear, it can also sometimes have more or less long filaments. Some adults have a black line running through the dorsal fin in the direction of its width. |
|||
The body coloration is often dark with a grainy texture but can also be yellow, cream or |
The yellow seahorse is a small fish that can reach a length of 17–30 cm. The body is quite large, elongated, and has no spines, all bumps are rounded. The head is relatively large compared to the body. The snout is short and thick. The coronet is small and rises towards the rear, it can also sometimes have more or less long filaments. Some adults have a black line running through the dorsal fin in the direction of its width. The body coloration is often dark with a grainy texture but can also be yellow, cream, or reddish blotches and numerous small dark spots. |
||
The seahorse possesses a tail that is used as a bending and grasping appendage. The seahorse is able to bend its tail ventrally due to its possession of body plates. The hypoxia muscle is responsible for bending the seahorse's tail. The plates send forces to the hypoxia muscles to ensure bending of the tail. These functions of the musculoskeletal system allow us to understand the anatomy of seahorses in further depth. |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
It inhabits both benthic habitat in coastal waters with soft or rocky bottom, sheltered waters of estuaries, harbors or mangroves, and open pelagic waters, where it clings to drifting Sargassum seaweed.<ref>Kuiter, R.H. and T. Tonozuka, 2001. Pictorial guide to Indonesian reef fishes. Part 1. Eels- Snappers, Muraenidae – Lutjanidae. Zoonetics, Australia. 1–302.</ref><ref>Kuiter, R. H. (2000). Seahorses, Pipefishes and their Relatives: A Comprehensive Guide to Syngnathiformes. TMC Publishing: Chorleywood, UK. 240 pp.</ref><ref>Kuiter, R. H. and Debelius, H. (1994). Southeast Asia Tropical Fish Guide. IKANUnterwasserarchiv, Frankfurt, Germany. 321 pp.</ref> It occurs from the surface to 8 m deep, with a maximum observed depth observed of 55 m.<ref>Lee, S. -C. (1983). The family Syngnathidae (Pisces: Syngnathiformes) of Taiwan. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica 22, 67–82.</ref><ref>Randall, J. E. (1996). Caribbean Reef Fishes, 3rd edn. TFH Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 368 pp.</ref> |
|||
⚫ | ''Hippocampus kuda'' inhabits waters from the Persian Gulf to Southeast Asia, Australia, Japan, and several Pacific islands including Hawaii, and is also found the eastern coast of Africa from Tanzania to South Africa, including the Indo-Pacific region ranging from the northwest Indian Ocean to the central areas of the Pacific Ocean. The majority of ''H. kuda'' populates the Chinese coast down to Australia. |
||
''H. kuda'' inhabit estuaries, lagoons, harbors, littoral zones, and coastal seagrass beds, where they are found in shallow waters of up to fifty-five meters in depth. Their habitat regions can include (but are not limited to) tropical, saltwater, or marine regions. |
|||
== Biology == |
|||
The yellow seahorse has a carnivorous diet and feeds on small [[crustaceans]] and other planktonic organisms.<ref>Lim, K.K.P., H.H. Tan and J.K.Y. Low, 2008. Fishes. p. 145-154. In G.W.H. Davison, P.KL. Ng and H.H. Chew (eds.). The Singapore red data book: threatened plants & animals of Singapore. 2nd ed. Nature Society (Singapore), Singapore. viii, 285 p. : col. ill.; 26 cm.</ref> |
|||
== Biological development and reproduction == |
|||
It is [[ovoviviparous]] and it is the male who broods the eggs in its ventral brood pouch. The latter includes villi rich in capillaries that surround each fertilized egg creating a sort of [[placenta]] supplying the embryos. The young (called pups) exit the pouch once fully grown, and from then on live autonomously. |
|||
The mating system of ''H. kuda'' is completely monogamous. The species engages in a unique courtship ritual before engaging in mating. The male will change its color patterns and dance around the female and while producing a clicking with the coronet. Eventually, the tails of the male and female intertwine and the female will place her eggs into the male's ventral brood pouch via an ovipositor. There may be up to one-thousand eggs in a singular pouch, where the developmental process can last from twenty to twenty-eight days. Birth, however, depends largely on the monsoon patterns, lunar cycles, and water temperature. Males typically go into labor during a full moon, and after birth, the baby seahorses average a length of seven millimeters. |
|||
== Predation == |
|||
⚫ | |||
''H. kuda'' are omnivores, feeding on minuscule living prey, such as larval fishes and zooplankton, via suction feeding. They are not strong swimmers. Predators of ''H. kuda'' include crabs, rays, tuna, and sea turtles, as well as humans. |
|||
⚫ | The species is still commonly encountered (especially in Indonesia and New Guinea) but is currently classified as [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]] by the [[IUCN]], as populations face some threat from bycatch in the shrimp trawl fishery, targeted catch for the aquarium and traditional medicine trade, and habitat destruction, coupled with low fecundity due to the involved method of parental brood care. |
||
Internationally, it is also listed in Appendix II of the [[Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora]] (CITES) this means that it is on the list of species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival. |
|||
== Importance to humans == |
|||
''H. kuda'' are extremely valuable to the [[traditional Chinese medicine]] trade. ''H. kuda'' has been said to regulate nervous, reproductive, endocrine, and immune systems. 25 million seahorses are used every year for medicinal purposes. The largest known exporters of ''H. kuda'' are Vietnam, India, the Philippines, and Thailand. |
|||
== In the aquarium == |
== In the aquarium == |
||
''H. kuda'' is a popular species among aquarium keepers. Common seahorses have very small mouths, eating only small animals like [[brine shrimp]] and even newborn [[guppy|guppies]]. Seahorses need to eat approximately 4–5 times daily. Many aquarists who have kept ''H. kuda'' cultivate their own [[brine shrimp]] and [[rotifers]]. ''[[Daphnia]]'' is eaten when other foods are unavailable.<ref name=bailey>Bailey, Mary; Gina Sandford. The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Aquarium Fish & Fish Care. p. 239.</ref> |
|||
Seahorses spend most of their time anchoring to coral reefs and branches with their tails |
Seahorses spend most of their time anchoring to coral reefs and branches with their tails because they are poor swimmers. They therefore need similar anchor points in the aquarium. Seahorses like a quiet tank, without large, belligerent fish, and a slow-moving current. Aquarists have found them to be generally accepting of tankmates like ''[[Synchiropus splendidus]]'' and other bottom-dwelling fishes.<ref name=bailey/> |
||
=== Temperature, pH, and salinity=== |
=== Temperature, pH, and salinity === |
||
[[File:Yellow seahorse in aquarium.jpg|thumb|271x271px|Yellow seahorse in an aquarium]] |
|||
Common seahorses generally do best at a temperature of {{convert|72|-|77|F|C}}, optimally {{convert|73|-|75|F|C}}. They do not tolerate even spikes above {{convert|80|F|C}} well.<ref>{{ |
|||
cite web |first=Pete |last=Giwojna |url=http://www.seahorse.com/index.php?option=com_joomlaboard&Itemid=218&func=view&id=624&view=flat&catid=2 |date=16 January 2006 |title=Re:KH is killing me! |work=Seahorse Forums |publisher=Ocean Rider Club }}</ref> |
Common seahorses generally do best at a temperature of {{convert|72|-|77|F|C}}, optimally {{convert|73|-|75|F|C}}. They do not tolerate even spikes above {{convert|80|F|C}} well.<ref>{{cite web |first=Pete |last=Giwojna |url=http://www.seahorse.com/index.php?option=com_joomlaboard&Itemid=218&func=view&id=624&view=flat&catid=2 |date=16 January 2006 |title=Re:KH is killing me! |work=Seahorse Forums |publisher=Ocean Rider Club |access-date=7 May 2009 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716024953/http://www.seahorse.com/index.php?option=com_joomlaboard&Itemid=218&func=view&id=624&view=flat&catid=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=May 2023}} |
||
⚫ | Their optimal pH range is around 8.1–8.4.<ref>{{cite web |first=Pete |last=Giwojna |url=http://www.seahorse.com/index.php?option=com_joomlaboard&Itemid=218&func=view&view=threaded&id=614&catid=2 |date=6 January 2006 |title=Re:Maybe Seahorses? |work=Seahorse Forums |publisher=Ocean Rider Club |access-date=7 May 2009 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716024929/http://www.seahorse.com/index.php?option=com_joomlaboard&Itemid=218&func=view&view=threaded&id=614&catid=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=May 2023}} The common seahorse can tolerate a range of [[salinity]] from 18 parts per thousand (ppt) to 36 ppt but salinity below about 25ppt should be promptly corrected. About 32 ppt is ideal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seahorse-australia.com.au/pages/aquar_setup.html |title=Setting up your seahorse aquarium |publisher=Seahorse Australia |access-date=2009-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913125246/http://www.seahorse-australia.com.au/pages/aquar_setup.html |archive-date=2009-09-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
||
Their optimal pH range is around 8.1–8.4.<ref>{{ |
|||
⚫ | cite web |first=Pete |last=Giwojna |url=http://www.seahorse.com/index.php?option=com_joomlaboard&Itemid=218&func=view&view=threaded&id=614&catid=2 |date=6 January 2006 |title=Re:Maybe Seahorses? |work=Seahorse Forums |publisher=Ocean Rider Club }}</ref> The common seahorse can tolerate a range of [[salinity]] from 18 parts per thousand (ppt) to 36 ppt but salinity below about 25ppt should be promptly corrected. About 32 ppt is ideal.<ref>{{ |
||
⚫ | |||
cite web |url=http://www.seahorse-australia.com.au/pages/aquar_setup.html |title=Setting up your seahorse aquarium |publisher=Seahorse Australia }} |
|||
⚫ | The species is still commonly encountered (especially in Indonesia and New Guinea) but is currently classified as [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]] by the [[IUCN]], as populations face some threat from bycatch in the shrimp trawl fishery, targeted catch for the aquarium and traditional medicine trade, and [[habitat destruction]], coupled with low fecundity due to the involved method of parental brood care. Internationally, it is also listed in Appendix II of the [[Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora]] (CITES), which means that it is not necessarily threatened with extinction, but its trade must still be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival. Populations of ''H. kuda'' have declined by 30% in the last few decades due to pollution, habitat destruction, and illegal trading in Chinese medicine. |
||
</ref> |
|||
== References == |
== References == |
||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
||
==External links== |
|||
⚫ | |||
{{ |
{{Commons category|Hippocampus kuda}} |
||
⚫ | |||
* {{SealifePhotos|212237}} |
|||
*[https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hippocampus_kuda/ ''Hippocampus kuda'' (Common seahorse)] |
|||
{{Taxonbar}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q716470}} |
||
[[Category:Hippocampus|kuda]] |
[[Category:Hippocampus (genus)|kuda]] |
||
[[Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean]] |
[[Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean]] |
||
[[Category:Fish of Oceania]] |
[[Category:Fish of Oceania]] |
||
Line 66: | Line 81: | ||
[[Category:Vulnerable fauna of Asia]] |
[[Category:Vulnerable fauna of Asia]] |
||
[[Category:Vulnerable fauna of Oceania]] |
[[Category:Vulnerable fauna of Oceania]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Taxa named by Pieter Bleeker]] |
||
[[Category:Fish described in 1852]] |
[[Category:Fish described in 1852]] |
||
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]] |
Latest revision as of 18:31, 9 August 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2023) |
Hippocampus kuda | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Syngnathiformes |
Family: | Syngnathidae |
Genus: | Hippocampus |
Species: | H. kuda
|
Binomial name | |
Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852
| |
Synonyms | |
|
Hippocampus kuda is a species of seahorse, also known as the common seahorse, estuary seahorse, yellow seahorse or spotted seahorse. The common name sea pony has been used for populations formerly treated as the separate species Hippocampus fuscus, now a synonym of H. kuda.
Physical description
[edit]The yellow seahorse is a small fish that can reach a length of 17–30 cm. The body is quite large, elongated, and has no spines, all bumps are rounded. The head is relatively large compared to the body. The snout is short and thick. The coronet is small and rises towards the rear, it can also sometimes have more or less long filaments. Some adults have a black line running through the dorsal fin in the direction of its width. The body coloration is often dark with a grainy texture but can also be yellow, cream, or reddish blotches and numerous small dark spots.
The seahorse possesses a tail that is used as a bending and grasping appendage. The seahorse is able to bend its tail ventrally due to its possession of body plates. The hypoxia muscle is responsible for bending the seahorse's tail. The plates send forces to the hypoxia muscles to ensure bending of the tail. These functions of the musculoskeletal system allow us to understand the anatomy of seahorses in further depth.
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Hippocampus kuda inhabits waters from the Persian Gulf to Southeast Asia, Australia, Japan, and several Pacific islands including Hawaii, and is also found the eastern coast of Africa from Tanzania to South Africa, including the Indo-Pacific region ranging from the northwest Indian Ocean to the central areas of the Pacific Ocean. The majority of H. kuda populates the Chinese coast down to Australia.
H. kuda inhabit estuaries, lagoons, harbors, littoral zones, and coastal seagrass beds, where they are found in shallow waters of up to fifty-five meters in depth. Their habitat regions can include (but are not limited to) tropical, saltwater, or marine regions.
Biological development and reproduction
[edit]The mating system of H. kuda is completely monogamous. The species engages in a unique courtship ritual before engaging in mating. The male will change its color patterns and dance around the female and while producing a clicking with the coronet. Eventually, the tails of the male and female intertwine and the female will place her eggs into the male's ventral brood pouch via an ovipositor. There may be up to one-thousand eggs in a singular pouch, where the developmental process can last from twenty to twenty-eight days. Birth, however, depends largely on the monsoon patterns, lunar cycles, and water temperature. Males typically go into labor during a full moon, and after birth, the baby seahorses average a length of seven millimeters.
Predation
[edit]H. kuda are omnivores, feeding on minuscule living prey, such as larval fishes and zooplankton, via suction feeding. They are not strong swimmers. Predators of H. kuda include crabs, rays, tuna, and sea turtles, as well as humans.
Importance to humans
[edit]H. kuda are extremely valuable to the traditional Chinese medicine trade. H. kuda has been said to regulate nervous, reproductive, endocrine, and immune systems. 25 million seahorses are used every year for medicinal purposes. The largest known exporters of H. kuda are Vietnam, India, the Philippines, and Thailand.
In the aquarium
[edit]H. kuda is a popular species among aquarium keepers. Common seahorses have very small mouths, eating only small animals like brine shrimp and even newborn guppies. Seahorses need to eat approximately 4–5 times daily. Many aquarists who have kept H. kuda cultivate their own brine shrimp and rotifers. Daphnia is eaten when other foods are unavailable.[3]
Seahorses spend most of their time anchoring to coral reefs and branches with their tails because they are poor swimmers. They therefore need similar anchor points in the aquarium. Seahorses like a quiet tank, without large, belligerent fish, and a slow-moving current. Aquarists have found them to be generally accepting of tankmates like Synchiropus splendidus and other bottom-dwelling fishes.[3]
Temperature, pH, and salinity
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Yellow_seahorse_in_aquarium.jpg/271px-Yellow_seahorse_in_aquarium.jpg)
Common seahorses generally do best at a temperature of 72–77 °F (22–25 °C), optimally 73–75 °F (23–24 °C). They do not tolerate even spikes above 80 °F (27 °C) well.[4][unreliable source?] Their optimal pH range is around 8.1–8.4.[5][unreliable source?] The common seahorse can tolerate a range of salinity from 18 parts per thousand (ppt) to 36 ppt but salinity below about 25ppt should be promptly corrected. About 32 ppt is ideal.[6]
Conservation status
[edit]The species is still commonly encountered (especially in Indonesia and New Guinea) but is currently classified as vulnerable by the IUCN, as populations face some threat from bycatch in the shrimp trawl fishery, targeted catch for the aquarium and traditional medicine trade, and habitat destruction, coupled with low fecundity due to the involved method of parental brood care. Internationally, it is also listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which means that it is not necessarily threatened with extinction, but its trade must still be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival. Populations of H. kuda have declined by 30% in the last few decades due to pollution, habitat destruction, and illegal trading in Chinese medicine.
References
[edit]- ^ Aylesworth, L. (2014). "Hippocampus kuda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T10075A16664386. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T10075A16664386.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ a b Bailey, Mary; Gina Sandford. The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Aquarium Fish & Fish Care. p. 239.
- ^ Giwojna, Pete (16 January 2006). "Re:KH is killing me!". Seahorse Forums. Ocean Rider Club. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
- ^ Giwojna, Pete (6 January 2006). "Re:Maybe Seahorses?". Seahorse Forums. Ocean Rider Club. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
- ^ "Setting up your seahorse aquarium". Seahorse Australia. Archived from the original on 2009-09-13. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png)
- Photos of Hippocampus kuda on Sealife Collection
- Hippocampus kuda (Common seahorse)