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{{short description|Superorder of insects}}
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'''Panorpida''' or '''Mecopterida''' is a proposed superorder of [[Endopterygota]]. The conjectured monophyly of the Panorpida is historically based on morphological evidence, namely the reduction or loss of the [[ovipositor]] and several internal characteristics, including a muscle connecting a pleuron and the first axillary sclerite at the base of the wing, various features of the larval [[Arthropod mouthparts#Insects|maxilla]] and [[Arthropod mouthparts#Insects|labium]], and basal fusion of CuP and A1 veins in the hind wings.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kristensen|first1=Niels Peder|title=The phylogeny of hexapod "orders". A critical review of recent accounts.|journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research|date=1975|volume=1|issue=13|pages=1–44|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.1975.tb00226.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kristensen|first1=Niels Peder|title=Phylogeny of extant hexapods|journal=Insects of Australia|date=1991|pages=126–140}}</ref> The monophyly of the Panorpida is also supported by recent molecular data.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grimaldi |first1=David |last2=Engel |first2=Michael, S. |year=2005 |title=Evolution of the Insects |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA468&lpg=PA468&dq=Panorpida&source=bl&ots=q9DBx7BtGw&sig=zUutAghGbLlvkDQiXSC8s-QBNU4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FGatUrDhOoWRhQfdqIDACg&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Panorpida&f=false 468] |isbn=978-0-521-82149-0}}</ref>
'''Panorpida''' or '''Mecopterida''' is a proposed superorder of [[Holometabola]]. The conjectured monophyly of the Panorpida is historically based on morphological evidence, namely the reduction or loss of the [[ovipositor]] and several internal characteristics, including a muscle connecting a pleuron and the first axillary sclerite at the base of the wing, various features of the larval [[Arthropod mouthparts#Insects|maxilla]] and [[Arthropod mouthparts#Insects|labium]], and basal fusion of CuP and A1 veins in the hind wings.<ref name="Kristensen 1975">{{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Niels Peder|title=The phylogeny of hexapod "orders". A critical review of recent accounts |journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research |date=1975 |volume=1 |issue=13 |pages=1–44 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.1975.tb00226.x|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Niels Peder |title=Phylogeny of extant hexapods |journal=Insects of Australia |date=1991 |pages=126–140}}</ref> The monophyly of the Panorpida is supported by recent molecular data.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grimaldi |first1=David |last2=Engel |first2=Michael, S. |year=2005 |title=Evolution of the Insects |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&dq=Panorpida&pg=PA468 468] |isbn=978-0-521-82149-0}}</ref><ref name=Kjer>{{Cite journal |last1=Kjer |first1=Karl M. |last2=Simon |first2=Chris|author2-link=Chris Simon (biologist) |last3=Yavorskaya |first3=Margarita |last4=Beutel |first4=Rolf G. |date=2016 |title=Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics |journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface |volume=13 |issue=121 |page=121 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 |pmid=27558853 |name-list-style=amp |pmc=5014063 }}</ref>


{{clade
{{clade
|label1=[[Panzygothoraca]], part of [[Endopterygota]]
|label1='''Holometabola''' |sublabel1=(Endopterygota)
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
⚫
|1=[[Hymenoptera]] (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees) [[File:European wasp white bg.jpg|70px]]
|label1='''Panorpida'''
|label2=[[Aparaglossata]]
|1={{clade
|2={{clade
⚫
|label1=Antliophora
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Neuropteroidea]]
⚫
|1={{clade
⚫
|1=[[Diptera]] [[File:Common house fly, Musca domestica.jpg|70px]]
|label1=[[Neuropterida]]
⚫
|1={{clade
|1=[[Raphidioptera]] (snakeflies) [[File:Raphidia icon.png|70px]]
|label2=
|2={{clade
|1=[[Megaloptera]] (alderflies and allies) [[File:Corydalus cornutus illustration (rotated).png|70px]]
|2=[[Neuroptera]] (Lacewings and allies) [[File:Osmylus_(white_background).jpg|70px]]
}}
}}
|label2=[[Coleopterida]]
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=[[Mecoptera]] (scorpionflies, hangingflies, 400 [[Species|spp]].) (exc. Boreidae) [[File:Gunzesrieder Tal Insekt 3.jpg|70px]]
|1=[[Coleoptera]] (beetles) [[File:Pseudacrossus przewalskyi (Reitter, 1887).jpg|50px]]
|2=[[Strepsiptera]] (twisted-wing parasites) [[File:Elenchus koebelei.jpg|70px]]
⚫
|2={{clade
⚫
|1=[[Boreidae]] (snow scorpionflies, 30 spp.) [[File:Boreus hiemalis2 detail.jpg|70px]]
⚫
|2=[[Siphonaptera]] (fleas, 2500 spp.) [[File:Pulex irritans female ZSM.jpg|80px]]
⚫
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Amphiesmenoptera]]
|label2=[[Panorpida]]
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Amphiesmenoptera]]
⚫
|1=[[Trichoptera]] (caddisflies) [[File:Sericostoma.personatum.jpg|70px]]
|1={{clade
⚫
|2=[[Lepidoptera]] (butterflies and moths) [[File:Tyria jacobaeae-lo.jpg|40px]]
⚫
|1=[[Trichoptera]] (caddisflies) [[File:RHYACOPHILA DORSALIS Male Pont Forge de Sailly Watigny 02 MHNT.jpg|70px]]
⚫
|2=[[Lepidoptera]] (butterflies, moths) [[File:Arctia villica SLU.JPG|70px]]
}}
|2='''Antliophora''' <!--see next section, there are alternative hypotheses here-->
}}
}}
}}
}}
⚫
|2=[[Hymenoptera]] (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees) [[File:AD2009Sep09 Vespula germanica 03.jpg|70px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}


==Antliophora==
⚫
{{Wikispecies|Panorpida}}

The Panorpid clade [[Antliophora]] contains one of the major phylogenetic puzzles among the Insecta. It is unclear as of 2020 whether the [[Mecoptera]] (scorpionflies and allies) form a single clade, or whether the [[Siphonaptera]] (fleas) are inside that clade, so that the traditional "Mecoptera" is paraphyletic. However the earlier suggestion that the Siphonaptera are sister to the [[Boreidae]] (snow scorpionflies)<ref name=Whiting2008>{{cite journal |last1=Whiting |first1=Michael F. |author1-link=Michael F. Whiting|last2=Whiting |first2=Alison S. |last3=Hastriter |first3=Michael W. |last4=Dittmar |first4=Katharina |title=A molecular phylogeny of fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera): origins and host associations |journal=Cladistics |date=2008 |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=677–707 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00211.x |citeseerx=10.1.1.731.5211 |s2cid=33808144 }}</ref><ref name=Whiting2002>{{cite journal |last1=Whiting |first1=Michael F. |author1-link=Michael F. Whiting|year=2002 |title=Mecoptera is paraphyletic: multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=93–104 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118916123/abstract |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105095659/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118916123/abstract |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-05 |doi=10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00095.x |s2cid=56100681 }}</ref><ref name=WiegmannYates2012>{{cite book |last1=Wiegmann |first1=Brian |last2=Yeates |first2=David K. |title=The Evolutionary Biology of Flies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rElP5sNn6IYC&pg=PA5 |year=2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50170-5 |page=5 |quote=Recently, a close affinity between Siphonaptera and Mecoptera has been convincingly demonstrated via morphology (Bilinski et al. 1998) and molecular data (Whiting 2002), rendering Mecoptera paraphyletic, but making the clade including Mecoptera and Siphonaptera monophyletic}}</ref> is not supported; instead, there is the possibility that they are sister to another Mecopteran family, the [[Nannochoristidae]] of the Southern hemisphere. The two possible trees are shown below:<ref name="Meusemann Trautwein 2020">{{cite bioRxiv |last1=Meusemann |first1=Karen |last2=Trautwein |first2=Michelle |last3=Friedrich |first3=Frank |last4=Beutel |first4=Rolf G. |last5=Wiegmann |first5=Brian M. |last6=Donath |first6=Alexander |last7=Podsiadlowski |first7=Lars |last8=Petersen |first8=Malte |last9=Niehuis |first9=Oliver |last10=Mayer |first10=Christoph |last11=Bayless |first11=Keith M. |last12=Shin |first12=Seunggwan |last13=Liu |first13=Shanlin |last14=Hlinka |first14=Ondrej |last15=Minh |first15=Bui Quang |last16=Kozlov |first16=Alexey |last17=Morel |first17=Benoit |last18=Peters |first18=Ralph S. |last19=Bartel |first19=Daniela |last20=Grove |first20=Simon |last21=Zhou |first21=Xin |last22=Misof |first22=Bernhard |last23=Yeates |first23=David K.|display-authors=5 |title=Are Fleas Highly Modified Mecoptera? Phylogenomic Resolution of Antliophora (Insecta: Holometabola) |year=2020 |biorxiv=10.1101/2020.11.19.390666}}</ref>

(a) Mecoptera is paraphyletic, containing Siphonaptera:<ref name="Meusemann Trautwein 2020"/>

{{clade
⚫
|label1=[[Antliophora]]
|1={{clade
⚫
|1=[[Diptera]] (true flies) [[File:Common house fly, Musca domestica.jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Pistillifera]] (scorpionflies, hangingflies, 400 [[Species|spp]].) [[File:Scorpionfly (white background).jpg|90px]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Nannochoristidae]] (southern scorpionflies, 8 spp.) <!--NC img http://v3.boldsystems.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=892130-->
⚫
|2=[[Siphonaptera]] (fleas, 2500 spp.) [[File:Pulex irritans female ZSM.jpg|50px]]
}}
|2=[[Boreidae]] (snow scorpionflies, 30 spp.) [[File:Boreus hiemalis2 detail.jpg|85px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}

(b) Mecoptera is monophyletic, sister to Siphonaptera<ref name="Meusemann Trautwein 2020"/>

{{clade
|label1=[[Antliophora]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Diptera]] (true flies) [[File:Common house fly, Musca domestica.jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Mecoptera]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Pistillifera]] (scorpionflies, hangingflies, 400 [[Species|spp]].) [[File:Scorpionfly (white background).jpg|90px]]
⚫
|2=[[Boreidae]] (snow scorpionflies, 30 spp.) [[File:Boreus hiemalis2 detail.jpg|85px]]
}}
|2=[[Nannochoristidae]] (southern scorpionflies, 8 spp.)
}}
|2=[[Siphonaptera]] (fleas, 2500 spp.) [[File:Pulex irritans female ZSM.jpg|50px]]
}}
}}
}}




== References ==
== References ==

{{Reflist}}
{{reflist}}
* {{aut|Minet, J.}}; {{aut|Huang, D-y.}}; {{aut|Wu, H.}}; {{aut|Nel, A.}} 2010: [http://www.zoologie.umh.ac.be/asef/contents.asp?action=detail&ARTID=712 Early Mecopterida and the systematic position of the Microptysmatidae (Insecta: Endopterygota).] [http://ann.sef.free.fr/ ''Annales de la Société Entomologique de France'' (n.s.),] '''46''': 262-270. {{ISSN|0037-9271}}

== Further reading ==

⚫
{{Wikispecies|Panorpida}}

* {{cite journal|last1=Minet|first1=J.|last2=Huang|first2=D-T.|last3=Wu|first3=H.|last4=Nel|first4=A.|year=2010|title=Early Mecopterida and the systematic position of the Microptysmatidae (Insecta: Endopterygota)|journal=[[Annales de la Société entomologique de France]]|series=(N.S.)|volume=46|pages=262-270|doi=10.1080/00379271.2010.10697667|doi-access=free}}


{{Orders of Insects}}
{{Orders of Insects}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q16987281}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q16987281}}


[[Category:Panorpida| ]]
[[Category:Insect superorders]]
[[Category:Insect superorders]]

Latest revision as of 09:47, 7 June 2024

Panorpida
Celastrina argiolus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Clade: Aparaglossata
Superorder: Panorpida
Clades

Panorpida or Mecopterida is a proposed superorder of Holometabola. The conjectured monophyly of the Panorpida is historically based on morphological evidence, namely the reduction or loss of the ovipositor and several internal characteristics, including a muscle connecting a pleuron and the first axillary sclerite at the base of the wing, various features of the larval maxilla and labium, and basal fusion of CuP and A1 veins in the hind wings.[1][2] The monophyly of the Panorpida is supported by recent molecular data.[3][4]

Holometabola

Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)

Aparaglossata
Neuropteroidea
Neuropterida

Raphidioptera (snakeflies)

Megaloptera (alderflies and allies)

Neuroptera (Lacewings and allies)

Coleopterida

Coleoptera (beetles)

Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites)

Panorpida
Amphiesmenoptera

Trichoptera (caddisflies)

Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths)

Antliophora

(Endopterygota)

Antliophora[edit]

The Panorpid clade Antliophora contains one of the major phylogenetic puzzles among the Insecta. It is unclear as of 2020 whether the Mecoptera (scorpionflies and allies) form a single clade, or whether the Siphonaptera (fleas) are inside that clade, so that the traditional "Mecoptera" is paraphyletic. However the earlier suggestion that the Siphonaptera are sister to the Boreidae (snow scorpionflies)[5][6][7] is not supported; instead, there is the possibility that they are sister to another Mecopteran family, the Nannochoristidae of the Southern hemisphere. The two possible trees are shown below:[8]

(a) Mecoptera is paraphyletic, containing Siphonaptera:[8]

Antliophora

Diptera (true flies)

Pistillifera (scorpionflies, hangingflies, 400 spp.)

Nannochoristidae (southern scorpionflies, 8 spp.)

Siphonaptera (fleas, 2500 spp.)

Boreidae (snow scorpionflies, 30 spp.)

(b) Mecoptera is monophyletic, sister to Siphonaptera[8]

Antliophora

Diptera (true flies)

Mecoptera

Pistillifera (scorpionflies, hangingflies, 400 spp.)

Boreidae (snow scorpionflies, 30 spp.)

Nannochoristidae (southern scorpionflies, 8 spp.)

Siphonaptera (fleas, 2500 spp.)


References[edit]

  1. ^ Kristensen, Niels Peder (1975). "The phylogeny of hexapod "orders". A critical review of recent accounts". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 1 (13): 1–44. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1975.tb00226.x.
  2. ^ Kristensen, Niels Peder (1991). "Phylogeny of extant hexapods". Insects of Australia: 126–140.
  3. ^ Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael, S. (2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. p. 468. ISBN 978-0-521-82149-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Kjer, Karl M.; Simon, Chris; Yavorskaya, Margarita & Beutel, Rolf G. (2016). "Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 13 (121): 121. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0363. PMC 5014063. PMID 27558853.
  5. ^ Whiting, Michael F.; Whiting, Alison S.; Hastriter, Michael W.; Dittmar, Katharina (2008). "A molecular phylogeny of fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera): origins and host associations". Cladistics. 24 (5): 677–707. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.731.5211. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00211.x. S2CID 33808144.
  6. ^ Whiting, Michael F. (2002). "Mecoptera is paraphyletic: multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera". Zoologica Scripta. 31 (1): 93–104. doi:10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00095.x. S2CID 56100681. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05.
  7. ^ Wiegmann, Brian; Yeates, David K. (2012). The Evolutionary Biology of Flies. Columbia University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-231-50170-5. Recently, a close affinity between Siphonaptera and Mecoptera has been convincingly demonstrated via morphology (Bilinski et al. 1998) and molecular data (Whiting 2002), rendering Mecoptera paraphyletic, but making the clade including Mecoptera and Siphonaptera monophyletic
  8. ^ a b c Meusemann, Karen; Trautwein, Michelle; Friedrich, Frank; Beutel, Rolf G.; Wiegmann, Brian M.; et al. (2020). "Are Fleas Highly Modified Mecoptera? Phylogenomic Resolution of Antliophora (Insecta: Holometabola)". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.19.390666.

Further reading[edit]

Wikispecies has information related to Panorpida.
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