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{{Short description|Unifier of Slavic tribes (c. 600–c. 658)}} |
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{{About|the Slavic king|other uses}} |
{{About|the Slavic king|other uses}} |
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{{Expand German|Samo|date=November 2015}} |
{{Expand German|topic=bio|Samo|date=November 2015}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} |
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{{Infobox royalty |
{{Infobox royalty |
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|name = Samo |
| name = Samo |
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|title = [[Rex Sclavorum]] (" |
| title = [[Rex Sclavorum]] ("King of the Slavs") |
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|image=King Samo.jpg |
| image = King Samo.jpg |
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|caption=Alleged mural of Samo in a [[Znojmo Rotunda|Moravian rotunda]] |
| caption = Alleged mural of Samo in a [[Znojmo Rotunda|Moravian rotunda]] |
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|succession= |
| succession = |
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|reign=623–658 |
| reign = 623–658 |
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|coronation= |
| coronation = |
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|predecessor= |
| predecessor = Title established |
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|successor= Title dismantled |
| successor = Title dismantled |
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|spouse= At least twelve [[Wends|Wendish]] noblewomen |
| spouse = At least twelve [[Wends|Wendish]] noblewomen |
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|birth_date= {{circa}} 600 |
| birth_date = {{circa}} 600 |
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|birth_place= |
| birth_place = "Senonian country" (''Senonago''), probably modern [[Soignies]] or [[Sens]] |
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|death_date= {{circa}} 658 |
| death_date = {{circa}} 658 |
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|death_place= |
| death_place = |
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|date of burial= |
| date of burial = |
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|place of burial= |
| place of burial = | |
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}} |
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'''Samo''' founded the first recorded political union of [[Slavs|Slavic tribes]], known as [[Samo's Empire]] ( |
'''Samo''' ({{circa|600}}–{{circa|658}}) founded the first recorded political union of [[Slavs|Slavic tribes]], known as [[Samo's Empire]] ("realm", "kingdom", or "tribal union"), ruling from 623 until his death in 658. According to [[Fredegarius]], the only contemporary source, Samo was a [[Franks|Frankish]] merchant<ref>''Lexikon des Mittelalters''. Verlag J.B. Metzler, Vol. 7, cols 1342-1343</ref> who unified several Slavic tribes against robber raids and violence by nearby settled [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], showing such bravery and command skills in battle that he was elected "King of the Slavs" ({{langx|la|[[rex Sclavorum]]}}). In 631, Samo successfully defended his realm against the [[Frankish Kingdom]] in the three-day [[Battle of Wogastisburg]]. |
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==Reign== |
==Reign== |
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[[File:Sámova říše.png|thumb|260px|Borders of Slav territories under Samo, 631]] |
[[File:Sámova říše.png|thumb|260px|Borders of Slav territories under Samo, 631]] |
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The dates for Samo's rule are based on Fredegar, who says that he went to the Slavs in the fortieth year of [[Chlothar II]] (i.e., 623–24) and reigned for thirty five years.<ref name="Curta109">Curta, 109.</ref> The interpretation that places the start of Samo's reign in the year of Fredegar's arrival has been questioned on the basis that the Wends would have most likely rebelled after the defeat of the [[Pannonian Avars|Avar]] [[khagan]] at the [[First Siege of Constantinople]] in 626.<ref name="Curta109"/> The Avars first arrived in the [[Pannonian Basin]] and subdued the local Slavs in the 560s. Samo may have been one of the merchants who supplied arms to the Slavs for their frequent revolts. Whether he became king during a revolt of 623–24 or during one that inevitably followed the Avar defeat in 626, he definitely took advantage of the latter to solidify his position.<ref name="Curta109"/> A string of victories over the Avars proved his ''utilitas'' (usefulness) to his subjects and secured his election as ''rex'' (king).<ref>Curta, 330.</ref> Samo went on to secure his throne by marriage into the major Wendish families, wedding at least twelve women and fathering twenty-two sons and fifteen daughters.<ref name="Curta331">Curta, 331.</ref> |
The dates for Samo's rule are based on Fredegar, who says that he went to the Slavs in the fortieth year of [[Chlothar II]] (i.e., 623–24) and reigned for thirty five years.<ref name="Curta109">Curta, 109.</ref> The interpretation that places the start of Samo's reign in the year of Fredegar's arrival has been questioned on the basis that the [[Wends]] would have most likely rebelled after the defeat of the [[Pannonian Avars|Avar]] [[khagan]] at the [[First Siege of Constantinople]] in 626.<ref name="Curta109"/> The Avars first arrived in the [[Pannonian Basin]] and subdued the local Slavs in the 560s. Samo may have been one of the merchants who supplied arms to the Slavs for their frequent revolts. Whether he became king during a revolt of 623–24 or during one that inevitably followed the Avar defeat in 626, he definitely took advantage of the latter to solidify his position.<ref name="Curta109"/> A string of victories over the Avars proved his ''utilitas'' (usefulness) to his subjects and secured his election as ''rex'' (king).<ref>Curta, 330.</ref> Samo went on to secure his throne by marriage into the major Wendish families, wedding at least twelve women and fathering twenty-two sons and fifteen daughters.<ref name="Curta331">Curta, 331.</ref> |
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{{quote|Each year, the Huns [Avars] came to the Slavs, to spend the winter with them; then they took the wives and daughters of the Slavs and slept with them, and among the other mistreatments [already mentioned] the Slavs were also forced to pay levies to the Huns. But the sons of the Huns, who were [then] raised with the wives and daughters of these Wends [Slavs] could not finally endure this oppression anymore and refused obedience to the Huns and began, as already mentioned, a rebellion. When now the Wendish army went against the Huns, the [aforementioned] merchant Samo accompanied the same. And so the Samo’s bravery proved itself in wonderful ways and a huge mass of Huns fell to the sword of the Wends.|''[[Chronicle of Fredegar]]'', Book IV, Section 48, written circa 642}} |
{{quote|Each year, the Huns [Avars] came to the Slavs, to spend the winter with them; then they took the wives and daughters of the Slavs and slept with them, and among the other mistreatments [already mentioned] the Slavs were also forced to pay levies to the Huns. But the sons of the Huns, who were [then] raised with the wives and daughters of these Wends [Slavs] could not finally endure this oppression anymore and refused obedience to the Huns and began, as already mentioned, a rebellion. When now the Wendish army went against the Huns, the [aforementioned] merchant Samo accompanied the same. And so the Samo’s bravery proved itself in wonderful ways and a huge mass of Huns fell to the sword of the Wends.|''[[Chronicle of Fredegar]]'', Book IV, Section 48, written circa 642}} |
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The most well-documented event of Samo's career was his victory over the Frankish royal army under [[Dagobert I]] in 631 or 632. Provoked to action by a "violent quarrel in the Pannonian kingdom of the Avars or Huns" during his ninth year (631–32), Dagobert led three armies against the Wends, the largest being his own [[Austrasia]]n army.<ref>Curta, 109 n102.</ref> The Franks were routed near [[Battle of Wogastisburg|Wogastisburg]] ([[Latin language|Latin]] ''castrum Vogastisburg''), an unidentified location meaning "fortress/castle of Vogast." The majority of the besieging armies were slaughtered, while the rest of the troops fled, leaving weapons and other equipment lying on the ground. In the aftermath of the Wendish victory, Samo invaded Frankish [[Thuringia]] several times and undertook looting raids there.<ref>[ |
The most well-documented event of Samo's career was his victory over the Frankish royal army under [[Dagobert I]] in 631 or 632. Provoked to action by a "violent quarrel in the Pannonian kingdom of the Avars or Huns" during his ninth year (631–32), Dagobert led three armies against the Wends, the largest being his own [[Austrasia]]n army.<ref>Curta, 109 n102.</ref> The Franks were routed near [[Battle of Wogastisburg|Wogastisburg]] ([[Latin language|Latin]] ''castrum Vogastisburg''), an unidentified location meaning "fortress/castle of Vogast." The majority of the besieging armies were slaughtered, while the rest of the troops fled, leaving weapons and other equipment lying on the ground. In the aftermath of the Wendish victory, Samo invaded Frankish [[Thuringia]] several times and undertook looting raids there.<ref>[https://www.e-stredovek.cz/post/kronika-tzv-fredegara-scholastika/ Kronika tzv. Fredegara scholastika]</ref> The [[Sorbs|Sorbian]] prince [[Dervan]] abandoned the Franks and "placed himself and his people under Samo's realm".<ref name="Curta331n39">Curta, 331 n39.</ref> |
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In 641, the rebellious [[duke of Thuringia]], [[Radulf, King of Thuringia|Radulf]], sought an alliance with Samo against his sovereign, [[Sigebert III]].<ref name="Curta109"/> Samo also maintained long-distance trade relationships.<ref name="Curta331"/> On his death, however, his title was not inherited by his sons.<ref name="Curta331n39"/> Ultimately, Samo can be credited with forging a [[Wends|Wendish]] identity by speaking on behalf of the community that recognised his authority.<ref>Curta, 343.</ref> |
In 641, the rebellious [[duke of Thuringia]], [[Radulf, King of Thuringia|Radulf]], sought an alliance with Samo against his sovereign, [[Sigebert III]].<ref name="Curta109"/> Samo also maintained long-distance trade relationships.<ref name="Curta331"/> On his death, however, his title was not inherited by his sons.<ref name="Curta331n39"/> Ultimately, Samo can be credited with forging a [[Wends|Wendish]] identity by speaking on behalf of the community that recognised his authority.<ref>Curta, 343.</ref> |
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[[File:Avar settlement area.jpg|thumb|The Avar settlement area in the Carpathian Basin from the 7th to the 9th century, according to Éva Garam]] |
[[File:Avar settlement area.jpg|thumb|The Avar settlement area in the Carpathian Basin from the 7th to the 9th century, according to Éva Garam]] |
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All other sources for Samo are derived from Fredegar and are much more recent. The ''Gesta Dagoberti I regis Francorum'' ("Deeds of King Dagobert I of the Franks") was written in the first third of the 9th century. The ''[[Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum]]'' ("Conversion of the Bavarians and Karantanians") from [[Salzburg]] (the Bavarian ecclesiastic centre), written in 871–72, is a very tendentious source, as its name suggests. According mainly to the ''Conversio'', Samo was a Karantanian merchant. |
All other sources for Samo are derived from Fredegar and are much more recent. The ''[[Gesta Dagoberti I regis Francorum]]'' ("Deeds of King Dagobert I of the Franks") was written in the first third of the 9th century. The ''[[Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum]]'' ("Conversion of the Bavarians and Karantanians") from [[Salzburg]] (the Bavarian ecclesiastic centre), written in 871–72, is a very tendentious source, as its name suggests. According mainly to the ''Conversio'', Samo was a Karantanian merchant. |
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The sources Fredegar used to compile his Wendish account are unknown. A few scholars have attacked the entire account as fictitious, but Fredegar displays a critical attitude and a knowledge of detail that suggest otherwise.<ref name="Curta60">Curta, 60.</ref> It is possible that he had an eyewitness in the person of Sicharius, the ambassador of [[Dagobert I]] to the Slavs.<ref name="Curta59"/> According to Fredegar, the "Wends" had long been subjects and ''befulci'' of the [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]]. ''Befulci'' is a term, cognate with the word ''fulcfree'' found in the [[Edict of Rothari]], signifying "entrusted [to guard]", from the [[Old German]] root ''felhan, falh, fulgum'' and [[Middle High German|Middle German]] ''bevelhen''.<ref name="Curta60"/> Fredegar appears to have envisaged the Wends as a military unit of the Avar host. He probably based his account on "native" Wendish accounts.<ref name="Curta60"/> Fredegar records the story of the ''origo gentis'' (origin of the people) of the Wends. The Wends were Slavs, but Samo was the only king of the [[Wends]], at least according to Fredegar.<ref name="Curta60"/> |
The sources Fredegar used to compile his Wendish account are unknown. A few scholars have attacked the entire account as fictitious, but Fredegar displays a critical attitude and a knowledge of detail that suggest otherwise.<ref name="Curta60">Curta, 60.</ref> It is possible that he had an eyewitness in the person of Sicharius, the ambassador of [[Dagobert I]] to the Slavs.<ref name="Curta59"/> According to Fredegar, the "Wends" had long been subjects and ''befulci'' of the [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]]. ''Befulci'' is a term, cognate with the word ''fulcfree'' found in the [[Edict of Rothari]], signifying "entrusted [to guard]", from the [[Old German]] root ''felhan, falh, fulgum'' and [[Middle High German|Middle German]] ''bevelhen''.<ref name="Curta60"/> Fredegar appears to have envisaged the Wends as a military unit of the Avar host. He probably based his account on "native" Wendish accounts.<ref name="Curta60"/> Fredegar records the story of the ''origo gentis'' (origin of the people) of the Wends. The Wends were Slavs, but Samo was the only king of the [[Wends]], at least according to Fredegar.<ref name="Curta60"/> |
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It has also been suggested that Fredegar's sources may have been the reports of Christian missionaries, especially disciples of [[Columbanus]] and the [[Abbey of Luxeuil]].<ref name="Curta60"/> If this is correct, it may explain why he is remarkably free of typical stereotypes of heathen Slavs, and why he was familiar with the Wends as a specifically pagan nation.<ref name="Curta60"/> |
It has also been suggested that Fredegar's sources may have been the reports of Christian missionaries, especially disciples of [[Columbanus]] and the [[Abbey of Luxeuil]].<ref name="Curta60"/> If this is correct, it may explain why he is remarkably free of typical stereotypes of heathen Slavs, and why he was familiar with the Wends as a specifically pagan nation.<ref name="Curta60"/> |
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==Popular |
==Popular works== |
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Few written works have their storyline taking place during Samo's Empire. One of them is the book ''[[Fire Worshipers]]''.<ref> |
Few written works have their storyline taking place during Samo's Empire. One of them is the 2018 book ''[[Fire Worshipers]]'', by Vladimír Olej.<ref>Olej, Vladimír: Fire Worshipers, 2018, {{ISBN|9788097235512}}</ref> He is a major character (in the first few episodes as an amnesiac stranger going by "Vlad") in a Ukrainian-funded series ''[[The Slavs]]'' which was as of September 2024 available on Amazon Video. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Early Slavs]] |
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* [[Sorbs|History of Sorbs]] |
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* [[History of Slovenia]] |
* [[History of Slovenia]] |
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* [[History of the Czech lands]] |
* [[History of the Czech lands]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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* {{Cite book |
* {{Cite book|last=Curta|first=Florin|author-link=Florin Curta|title=The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700|year=2001|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139428880|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC}} |
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* {{cite book |title= Ethnogenesis of Slovaks, Human Affairs, 7, 1997, 1|last= Marsina|first=Richard |
* {{cite book |title= Ethnogenesis of Slovaks, Human Affairs, 7, 1997, 1|last= Marsina|first=Richard |year=1997 |publisher=Faculty of Humanities, [[University of Trnava]] |location= [[Trnava, Slovakia]]}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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[[Category:658 deaths]] |
[[Category:658 deaths]] |
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[[Category:7th-century Frankish people]] |
[[Category:7th-century Frankish people]] |
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[[Category:7th-century |
[[Category:7th-century monarchs in Europe]] |
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[[Category:7th-century Slavs]] |
[[Category:7th-century Slavs]] |
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[[Category:Frankish warriors]] |
[[Category:Frankish warriors]] |
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[[Category:Medieval Czech |
[[Category:Medieval history of the Czech lands|Samo]] |
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[[Category:Medieval Slovakia]] |
[[Category:Medieval history of Slovakia]] |
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[[Category:Medieval Slovenia]] |
[[Category:Medieval history of Slovenia]] |
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[[Category:Year of birth unknown]] |
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]] |
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[[Category:Pannonian Avars]] |
[[Category:Pannonian Avars]] |
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Latest revision as of 12:28, 25 October 2024
 | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (November 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
| Samo | |
|---|---|
| Rex Sclavorum ("King of the Slavs") | |
 Alleged mural of Samo in a Moravian rotunda | |
| Reign | 623–658 |
| Predecessor | Title established |
| Successor | Title dismantled |
| Born | c. 600 "Senonian country" (Senonago), probably modern Soignies or Sens |
| Died | c. 658 |
| Spouse | At least twelve Wendish noblewomen |
Samo (c. 600–c. 658) founded the first recorded political union of Slavic tribes, known as Samo's Empire ("realm", "kingdom", or "tribal union"), ruling from 623 until his death in 658. According to Fredegarius, the only contemporary source, Samo was a Frankish merchant[1] who unified several Slavic tribes against robber raids and violence by nearby settled Avars, showing such bravery and command skills in battle that he was elected "King of the Slavs" (Latin: rex Sclavorum). In 631, Samo successfully defended his realm against the Frankish Kingdom in the three-day Battle of Wogastisburg.
Reign
[edit]
The dates for Samo's rule are based on Fredegar, who says that he went to the Slavs in the fortieth year of Chlothar II (i.e., 623–24) and reigned for thirty five years.[2] The interpretation that places the start of Samo's reign in the year of Fredegar's arrival has been questioned on the basis that the Wends would have most likely rebelled after the defeat of the Avar khagan at the First Siege of Constantinople in 626.[2] The Avars first arrived in the Pannonian Basin and subdued the local Slavs in the 560s. Samo may have been one of the merchants who supplied arms to the Slavs for their frequent revolts. Whether he became king during a revolt of 623–24 or during one that inevitably followed the Avar defeat in 626, he definitely took advantage of the latter to solidify his position.[2] A string of victories over the Avars proved his utilitas (usefulness) to his subjects and secured his election as rex (king).[3] Samo went on to secure his throne by marriage into the major Wendish families, wedding at least twelve women and fathering twenty-two sons and fifteen daughters.[4]
Each year, the Huns [Avars] came to the Slavs, to spend the winter with them; then they took the wives and daughters of the Slavs and slept with them, and among the other mistreatments [already mentioned] the Slavs were also forced to pay levies to the Huns. But the sons of the Huns, who were [then] raised with the wives and daughters of these Wends [Slavs] could not finally endure this oppression anymore and refused obedience to the Huns and began, as already mentioned, a rebellion. When now the Wendish army went against the Huns, the [aforementioned] merchant Samo accompanied the same. And so the Samo’s bravery proved itself in wonderful ways and a huge mass of Huns fell to the sword of the Wends.
— Chronicle of Fredegar, Book IV, Section 48, written circa 642
The most well-documented event of Samo's career was his victory over the Frankish royal army under Dagobert I in 631 or 632. Provoked to action by a "violent quarrel in the Pannonian kingdom of the Avars or Huns" during his ninth year (631–32), Dagobert led three armies against the Wends, the largest being his own Austrasian army.[5] The Franks were routed near Wogastisburg (Latin castrum Vogastisburg), an unidentified location meaning "fortress/castle of Vogast." The majority of the besieging armies were slaughtered, while the rest of the troops fled, leaving weapons and other equipment lying on the ground. In the aftermath of the Wendish victory, Samo invaded Frankish Thuringia several times and undertook looting raids there.[6] The Sorbian prince Dervan abandoned the Franks and "placed himself and his people under Samo's realm".[7]
In 641, the rebellious duke of Thuringia, Radulf, sought an alliance with Samo against his sovereign, Sigebert III.[2] Samo also maintained long-distance trade relationships.[4] On his death, however, his title was not inherited by his sons.[7] Ultimately, Samo can be credited with forging a Wendish identity by speaking on behalf of the community that recognised his authority.[8]
Main sources
[edit]The main source of written information on Samo and his empire is the Fredegarii Chronicon, a Frankish chronicle written in the mid-7th century (c. 660). Though theories of multiple authorship once abounded, the notion of a single Fredegar is now common scholarly fare.[9] The last or only Fredegar was the author of a brief account of the Wends including the best, and only contemporary, information on Samo. According to Fredegar, "Samo [was] a Frank by birth [or nation] from the pago Senonago", which could be present-day Soignies in Belgium or present-day Sens in France. Although he was of Frankish origin, Samo demanded that an ambassador (Sicharius) of Dagobert I (King of the Franks) put on Slavic clothes before entering his castle.
All other sources for Samo are derived from Fredegar and are much more recent. The Gesta Dagoberti I regis Francorum ("Deeds of King Dagobert I of the Franks") was written in the first third of the 9th century. The Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum ("Conversion of the Bavarians and Karantanians") from Salzburg (the Bavarian ecclesiastic centre), written in 871–72, is a very tendentious source, as its name suggests. According mainly to the Conversio, Samo was a Karantanian merchant.
The sources Fredegar used to compile his Wendish account are unknown. A few scholars have attacked the entire account as fictitious, but Fredegar displays a critical attitude and a knowledge of detail that suggest otherwise.[10] It is possible that he had an eyewitness in the person of Sicharius, the ambassador of Dagobert I to the Slavs.[9] According to Fredegar, the "Wends" had long been subjects and befulci of the Avars. Befulci is a term, cognate with the word fulcfree found in the Edict of Rothari, signifying "entrusted [to guard]", from the Old German root felhan, falh, fulgum and Middle German bevelhen.[10] Fredegar appears to have envisaged the Wends as a military unit of the Avar host. He probably based his account on "native" Wendish accounts.[10] Fredegar records the story of the origo gentis (origin of the people) of the Wends. The Wends were Slavs, but Samo was the only king of the Wends, at least according to Fredegar.[10]
It has also been suggested that Fredegar's sources may have been the reports of Christian missionaries, especially disciples of Columbanus and the Abbey of Luxeuil.[10] If this is correct, it may explain why he is remarkably free of typical stereotypes of heathen Slavs, and why he was familiar with the Wends as a specifically pagan nation.[10]
Popular works
[edit]Few written works have their storyline taking place during Samo's Empire. One of them is the 2018 book Fire Worshipers, by Vladimír Olej.[11] He is a major character (in the first few episodes as an amnesiac stranger going by "Vlad") in a Ukrainian-funded series The Slavs which was as of September 2024 available on Amazon Video.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Lexikon des Mittelalters. Verlag J.B. Metzler, Vol. 7, cols 1342-1343
- ^ a b c d Curta, 109.
- ^ Curta, 330.
- ^ a b Curta, 331.
- ^ Curta, 109 n102.
- ^ Kronika tzv. Fredegara scholastika
- ^ a b Curta, 331 n39.
- ^ Curta, 343.
- ^ a b Curta, 59.
- ^ a b c d e f Curta, 60.
- ^ Olej, Vladimír: Fire Worshipers, 2018, ISBN 9788097235512
References
[edit]- Curta, Florin (2001). The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139428880.
- Marsina, Richard (1997). Ethnogenesis of Slovaks, Human Affairs, 7, 1997, 1. Trnava, Slovakia: Faculty of Humanities, University of Trnava.
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