View source for York

{{About|the city in the United Kingdom|other uses}}
{{Redirect|City of York}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = York
|nickname = "Capital of the North",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/mar/26/2|publisher=The Guardian|title=Head to the capital of the north|accessdate=30 September 2008 | location=London | first=Debbie | last=Andalo | date=26 March 2008}}</ref> "Chocolate City"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.yorkpress.co.uk/1999/8/24/322649.html|work=York Press|title=The Chocolate City|year=1999|accessdate=30 September 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100523015053/http://archive.yorkpress.co.uk/1999/8/24/322649.html|archivedate=23 May 2010}}</ref>
|settlement_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary Authority]] and [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]]}}
|motto = 'Let the Banner of York Fly High'
|image_skyline = York (Aerial view).jpg
|imagesize = 260px
|image_caption = An aerial view of York, with [[York Minster]] in the centre
|image_blank_emblem = York City Council.png
|blank_emblem_type = Arms of City of York Council
|blank_emblem_size = 150px
|blank_emblem_link = Coat of arms of York
|pushpin_map =United Kingdom North Yorkshire
|pushpin_map_alt = York within North Yorkshire
|map_caption = York shown within North Yorkshire and England
|coordinates_region = GB
|subdivision_type = Sovereign state
|subdivision_name = United Kingdom
|subdivision_type1 = [[Constituent country]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[England]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of England|Region]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Yorkshire and the Humber]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial county]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[North Yorkshire]]
|subdivision_type4 = Admin HQ
|subdivision_name4 = York City Centre
|
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = [[Unitary authority|Unitary Authority]], [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]]
|leader_title = Governing&nbsp;body
|leader_name = City of York Council
|leader_title1 = [[Local government in England#Councillors and mayors|Leadership]]:
|leader_name1 = Leader and Executive
|leader_title2 = Executive:
|leader_name2 = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
|leader_title3 = [[MPs elected in the UK general election, 2010|MPs]]:
|leader_name3 = [[Hugh Bayley]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]]<br />[[Julian Sturdy]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|(C)]]
|established_title = Founded
|established_date = as [[Eboracum]] [[circa|c.]] 71&nbsp;[[Anno Domini|AD]]
|established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
|established_date3 =
|
|area_total_km2 = 271.94
|
|population_as_of = {{English statistics year}}
|population_total = {{EnglishDistrictPopulation|ONS=00FF}} ([[List of English districts by population|Ranked {{EnglishDistrictRank|ONS=00FF}}]])
|population_density_km2 = 687
|population_blank2_title = Ethnicity<br /><small>('''2009 Estimates''')<ref name=Stats>{{cite web | year = 2010 | title = Key Figures for People and Society: Population and Migration | publisher = Office for National Statistics | url = http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=276825&c=york&d=13&e=13&g=392932&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1331488262338&enc=1
 | accessdate = 11 March 2012}}</ref> </small>
|population_blank2 = 92.8% Any [[White people|White]]<br />3.4% Any [[Asian people|Asian]]<br />1.3% [[Multiracial|Mixed]]<br />1.2% Any [[Black people|Black]]<br />1.4% Any [[Chinese people|Chinese]] or other
|
|timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]]
|utc_offset = +0
|timezone_DST = [[British Summer Time]]
|utc_offset_DST = +1
|coordinates_display = display=inline,title
|latd = 53 |latm = 57 |lats = 30 |latNS = N
|longd = 1 |longm = 4 |longs = 49 |longEW = W
|postal-code_type 102.32
|postal_code_type = Postcode
|postal_code = [[YO postcode area|YO]]
|area_code = 01904
|blank_name = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|ISO 3166-2]]
|blank_info = GB-YOR
|blank1_name = [[ONS coding system|ONS code]]
|blank1_info = 00FF
|blank2_name = [[British national grid reference system|OS grid reference]]
|blank2_info = SE603517
|blank3_name = [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS]] 3
|blank3_info = UKE21
|
|website = [http://www.york.gov.uk/ www.york.gov.uk]
|footnotes =
}}
'''York''' ({{IPAc-en|local|audio=en-uk-York.ogg|ˈ|j|ɔː|k}}) is a [[Defensive wall|walled city]], situated at the confluence of the Rivers [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|Ouse]] and [[River Foss|Foss]] in [[North Yorkshire]], England. The [[city status in the United Kingdom|city]] has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence. The city offers a wealth of historic attractions, of which [[York Minster]] is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural and sporting activities.

The city was founded by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] in 71&nbsp;AD, under the name of [[Eboracum]]. It became in turn the capital of the Roman province of [[Britannia Inferior]], and of the kingdoms of [[Northumbria]] and [[Jorvik]]. In the [[Middle Ages]], York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern [[ecclesiastical province]] of the [[Church of England]], a role it has retained.<ref name = "timeline"/> 

In the 19th&nbsp;century York became a hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre. In recent decades, the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway-related industries to one that provides services. The [[University of York]] and health services have become major employers, whilst tourism has become an important element of the local economy. 

From 1996, the term City of York describes a [[unitary authority area]] which includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries. In 2001 the urban area had a population of [[List of urban areas in England by population|137,505]],<ref name="KS01">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/index.html
|title = KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas
|publisher = Office for National Statistics
|accessdate = 11 March 2012
}}</ref> while in 2010 the entire unitary authority had an estimated population of 202,400 <ref name=Stats />

== History ==
{{Main|History of York}}

=== Toponymy ===
The word 'York' is partly related to the [[Latin (language)|Latin]] name for the city, variously rendered as ''Eboracum'', ''Eburacum'' or ''Eburaci''. The first mention of York by this name is dated to [[circa|c.]]&nbsp;95&ndash;104&nbsp;AD as an address on a wooden [[stylus]] tablet from the Roman fortress of [[Vindolanda]] in [[Northumberland]].<ref name=Hall-13>{{cite book | last = Hall | first = Richard | title = English Heritage: Book of York | edition = 1st | year = 1996 | publisher = B.T.Batsford Ltd | isbn = 0-7134-7720-2 | page = 13}}</ref>

The [[toponymy]] of Eboracum is uncertain because the language of the pre-Roman [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous population]] of the area was never recorded. These people are thought to have spoken a Celtic language, related to modern Welsh.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |title=A History of Britain: At the Edge of the World? - 3000 BC&ndash;AD 1603 |publisher=BBC Books |year=2003 |volume=1 |isbn=0-563-48714-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Terry |title=Barbarians |publisher=BBC Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-563-53916-2}}</ref><ref name="Britain1">{{cite book |last=Pryor |first=Francis |title=Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland Before the Romans  |publisher=HarperPerennial |date=6 September 2004 |isbn=978-0-00-712693-4}}</ref> Therefore, it is thought that ''Eboracum'' is derived from the [[British language (Celtic)|Brythonic]] word ''Eborakon'', that is a combination of ''eburos'' "yew-tree" (cf. Old Irish ''ibar'' "yew-tree", Welsh ''efwr'' "alder buckthorn", Breton ''evor'' "alder buckthorn") and suffix ''*-āko(n)'' "place" (cf. Welsh ''-og'')<ref>[[Xavier Delamarre]], ''Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise'', éditions errance 2003, p. 159.</ref> meaning either "place of the [[Taxus baccata|yew]] trees" (cf. ''efrog'' in [[Welsh language|Welsh]], ''eabhrac'' in [[Irish Gaelic]] and ''eabhraig'' in [[Scottish Gaelic]], by which names the city is known in those languages) or less probably “Eburos′property”, that is really a personal Celtic name, mentioned in different documents Eβουρος, ''Eburus'', ''Eburius'' combined with the same suffix ''*-āko(n)'', that could mark a property.<ref>Pierre-Yves Lambert, ''La langue gauloise'', éditions errance 1994, p. 39.</ref><ref>Xavier Delamarre, ''Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise'', éditions errance 2003, p. 159.</ref>

The name ''Eboracum'' was turned into ''Eoforwic'' by the [[Angles|Anglian]]s in the 7th&nbsp;century : a compound of ''Eofor-'', from the old name, and ''-wic'' “village”. This was probably by conflation of the element ''Ebor-'' with a [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] root ''*eburaz'' (boar); by the 7th&nbsp;century the [[Old English]] for 'boar' had become ''eofor''. When the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danish]] army conquered the city in 866, the name became rendered as ''[[Jórvík]]''.<ref name=coyyh>{{cite web | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/ | title = York's history | publisher = City of York Council | date = 20 December 2006 | accessdate = 1 October 2007}}</ref>

''Jórvík'' was gradually reduced to ''York'' in the centuries following the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman Conquest]], moving from the [[Middle English]] ''Yerk'' in the 14th&nbsp;century through to ''Yourke'' in the 16th&nbsp;century and then ''Yarke'' in the 17th&nbsp;century. The form ''York'' was first recorded in the 13th&nbsp;century.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web|url=http://www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080108205146/http://www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp|archivedate=8 January 2008|publisher=York Tourism Bureau|work=Visit York|title=Timeline|year=2005|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref><ref name=Willis35>{{cite book | last = Willis | first = Ronald | year = 1988 | title = The illustrated portrait of York | edition = 4th | publisher = Robert Hale Limited | isbn = 0-7090-3468-7 | page = 35}}</ref> Many present day names of companies and places, such as Ebor taxis and the Ebor race meeting, refer to the Roman name.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=2757&isa=Category
|title=Ebor Festival
|publisher=York City of Festivals
|accessdate=17 May 2009
}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}
</ref>
The [[Archbishop of York]] also uses ''Ebor'' as his surname in his signature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/professions/religion/church-of-england/archbishops-of-canterbury-and-york.aspx |title=How to address the Archbishops of Canterbury and York - Forms of Address, Church of England, Religion |publisher=Debretts.com |date= |accessdate=4 December 2011}}</ref>

===Early history===
[[File:Roman Fortifications in Museum Gardens York.jpg|thumb|left|Roman wall and the west corner tower of [[Eboracum]]. The top half is medieval.]]
Archaeological evidence suggests that [[Mesolithic]] people settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000&nbsp;BC, although it is not known whether these settlements were permanent or temporary. By the time of the [[Roman conquest of Britain]], the area was occupied by a [[tribe]] known to the Romans as the [[Brigantes]]. The Brigantian tribal area initially became a Roman client state, but, later its leaders became more hostile to Rome. As a result the Roman [[Legio IX Hispana|Ninth Legion]] was sent north of the [[Humber]] into Brigantian territory.<ref name=Willis26>{{cite book | last = Willis | first = Ronald | year = 1988 | title = The illustrated portrait of York | edition = 4th | publisher = Robert Hale Limited | isbn = 0-7090-3468-7 | pages = 26&ndash;27}}</ref>

The city itself was founded in 71&nbsp;AD, when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a wooden military [[castra|fortress]] on flat ground above the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]] close to its [[confluence]] with the [[River Foss]]. The fortress, which was later rebuilt in stone, covered an area of {{convert|50|acre|ha}} and was inhabited by 6,000 soldiers. The site of the Roman fortress lies under the foundations of [[York Minster]], and excavations in the Minster's undercroft have revealed some of the original walls.<ref name = coyyh/><ref name = ytss-2/>

The Emperors [[Hadrian]], [[Septimius Severus]] and [[Constantius I]] all held court in York during their various campaigns. During his stay, the Emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of [[Britannia Inferior]], and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a [[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]] or city. Constantius I died in 306&nbsp;AD during his stay in York, and his son [[Constantine I|Constantine the Great]] was proclaimed Emperor by the troops based in the fortress.<ref name=ytss-2>{{cite book | last = Shannon | first = John | coauthors = Tilbrook, Richard | title = York - the second city | publisher = Jarrold Publishing | year = 1990 | isbn = 0-7117-0507-0 | page = 2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm|title = Lower (Britannia Inferior) and Upper Britain (Britannia Superior)|publisher=Vanderbilt University|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref>

While the Roman ''[[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]]'' and fortress were located on high ground, by 400 the town itself was victim to periodic flooding from the rivers [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|Ouse]] and [[River Foss|Foss]] and lay abandoned.<ref>{{Citation | last=Russo | first=Daniel G. | year=1998 | title=Town Origins and Development in Early England, c. 400&ndash;950 A.D. | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | publication-date=1998 | pages=119&ndash;120 | isbn=978-0-313-30079-0}}</ref> York declined in the [[sub-Roman Britain|post-Roman]] era, and was taken  and settled by the [[Angles]] in the 5th century.<ref>{{Citation | last1=Jones | first1=Barri |last2=Mattingly | first2=David | year=1990 | title=An Atlas of Roman Britain | publisher=Blackwell Publishers | publication-date=2007 | publication-place=Cambridge | page=317 | isbn=978-1-84217-067-0}}. Cemeteries that are identifiably Anglian date from this period.</ref> 

Reclamation of the flooded parts of the town were initiated in the 7th&nbsp;century under [[Edwin of Northumbria|King Edwin]] of [[Northumbria]], and York became his chief city.<ref>{{cite web | title = York history timeline | url =http://www.yorkhistory.com/timeline/index.php| publisher = YorkHistory.com | year = 2007 | accessdate = 4 October 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070314135055/http://www.yorkhistory.com/timeline/index.php |archivedate = 14 March 2007}}</ref> The first [[minster (church)|Minster church]] was built in York for the baptism of Edwin in 627.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/anglian-york/the-first-minster
|title=The First Minster: History of York
|publisher= York Museums Trust
|work= History of York
|accessdate=18 July 2009
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref> Edwin ordered that this small wooden church should be rebuilt in stone, however, he was killed in 633 and the task of completing the stone Minster fell to his successor [[Oswald of Northumbria|Oswald]].<ref name=coyyh/><ref name = ymhist/> In the following century [[Alcuin of York]] came to the cathedral school of York. He had a long career as a teacher and scholar, first at the school at York now known as [[St Peter's School, York]], which was founded in 627&nbsp;AD, and later as [[Charlemagne]]'s leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational affairs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/alcuin_01.shtml|title=Alcuin of York
|last=Ritchie
|first=Dr Anna
|date=1 July 2001
|work=BBC History Online
|publisher=BBC
|accessdate=18 July 2009}}</ref>

In 866, Northumbria was in the midst of internecine struggles when the [[Viking]]s raided and captured York. Under Viking rule the city became a major river port, part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe. The last ruler of an independent Jórvík, [[Eric Bloodaxe]], was driven from the city in the year 954 by King [[Edred of England|Edred]] in his successful attempt to complete the unification of England.<ref name=coyyjv>{{cite web | title = Jorvik: Viking York | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/03_jorvik/ | date = 20 December 2006 | accessdate = 5 October 2007}}</ref>

===Post conquest===
[[File:York Shambles.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''[[The Shambles (York)|The Shambles]]'', a medieval street in York]]
In 1068, two years after the [[Norman Conquest of England]], the people of York rebelled. Initially the rebellion was successful, however, upon the arrival of [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] the rebellion was put down. William at once built two wooden fortresses on [[Motte-and-bailey|mottes]], which are still visible, on either side of the river Ouse. York was ravaged by him as part of the [[harrying of the North]].<ref>{{cite web
 | title = York
 | url = http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/York
 | publisher = 1911 Encyclopedia
 | accessdate = 4 October 2007
}}</ref>

The first stone Minster church was badly damaged by fire in the uprising and the Normans later decided to build a new Minster on a new site. Around the year 1080 [[Thomas I of York|Archbishop Thomas]] started building a cathedral that in time became the current Minster.<ref name="ymhist">
{{cite web
 |url = http://www.yorkminster.org/learning/the-minsters-history/
 |title = York Minster: a very brief history
 |publisher = York Minster
 |accessdate = 15 June 2009
}}
</ref>
In the 12th&nbsp;century York started to prosper. In 1190, [[York Castle#12th century|York Castle]] was the site of an infamous [[12th century English pogroms|massacre]] of its [[Jew]]ish inhabitants, in which at least 150 Jews died  (although some authorities put the figure as high as 500).<ref name=bbcpog>{{cite web
| title = Death in York
| publisher = BBC
| date = 28 September 2006
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/pogromyork_1.shtml
| accessdate = 10 October 2007
}}</ref>

The city, through its location on the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]] and its proximity to the [[Great North Road (Great Britain)|Great North Road]] became a major trading centre. [[Henry I of England|King Henry I]] granted the city's first [[charter]], confirming trading rights in England and Europe.<ref name=ymhist/><ref name=coynm>{{cite web
| title = Norman and Medieval York
| publisher = City of York Council
| url = http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/04_norman/
| date = 20 December 2006
| accessdate = 1 October 2007
}}</ref> During the course of the later Middle Ages York merchants imported wine from [[France]], cloth, wax, canvas, and oats from the [[Low Countries]], timber and furs from the [[Baltic region|Baltic]] and exported grain to [[Gascony]] and grain and wool to the Low Countries.<ref name="VCH">
{{cite book
| url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36335&strquery=wool
| title = ''A History of the County of York: the City of York'': The later middle ages - Communications, markets and merchants
| publisher = British History Online
| accessdate = 18 July 2009
| year = 1961
| editor = P.M. Tillott
| pages = 97&ndash;106
}}</ref> York became a major cloth manufacturing and trading centre. [[Edward I]] further stimulated the city's economy by using the city as a base for his war in [[Scotland]].  The city was the location of significant unrest during the so-called [[Peasants' Revolt]] in 1381.  The city acquired an increasing degree of autonomy from central government including the privileges granted by a charter of [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] in 1396.

===Tudor and Stuart times===
[[File:RidsdalePanorma.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A panorama of 15th century York by [[E Ridsdale Tate]], [[York Castle]] is on the right hand side of river, opposite the abandoned motte of [[Baile Hill, York|Baile Hill]]]]
The city underwent a period of economic decline during [[Tudor period|Tudor]] times. Under [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] saw the end of the York's many [[Monastery|monastic houses]], including several orders of [[friars]], the hospitals of St Nicholas and of St Leonard, the largest such institution in the north of England. This led to the [[Pilgrimage of Grace]], an uprising of northern Catholics in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire who were opposed to religious reform. Henry VIII restored his authority through the establishment of the [[Council of the North]] in York in the dissolved St Mary's Abbey. The city very much became a trading and service centre during this period.<ref name=coyad>{{cite web | title = The Age of Decline | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/05_the_age_of_decline/  | date = 20 December 2006 | accessdate = 5 October 2007}}</ref><ref name = iadbpm/>  

[[Guy Fawkes]], who was born and educated in York, was a member of a group of [[Roman Catholic]] restorationists  that planned the [[Gunpowder Plot]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thisweek-online.com/2005/September/30bonfire.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051215081802/http://www.thisweek-online.com/2005/September/30bonfire.html |archivedate=15 December 2005|publisher=ThisWeek Newspapers |work=ThisWeek Online |title=Transplanted Englishman brings country's Guy Fawkes party tradition to Burnsville |date=24 October 2007}}</ref> Its aim was to displace [[Protestant]] rule by blowing up the [[Houses of Parliament]] while King [[James I of England|James I]] and the entire Protestant  and even most of the Catholic [[aristocracy]] and [[nobility]] were inside.

In 1644, during the [[English Civil War|Civil War]], the [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]] [[Siege of York|besieged York]], and many medieval houses outside the city walls were lost. The [[barbican]] at Walmgate Bar was undermined and explosives laid, but, the plot was discovered. On the arrival of [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert]], with an army of 15,000&nbsp;men, the siege was lifted. The Parliamentarians retreated some {{convert|6|mi|km|0}} from York with Rupert in pursuit, before turning on his army and soundly defeating it at the [[Battle of Marston Moor]]. Of Rupert's 15,000&nbsp;troops, no fewer than 4,000 were killed and 1,500 captured. The siege was renewed, nevertheless, the city could not hold out for long, and on 15 July the city surrendered to [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Sir Thomas Fairfax]].<ref name=coyad/>

Following the [[English Restoration|restoration of the monarchy]] in 1660, and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688, the city was dominated by the local gentry and merchants, although the clergy were still important. Competition from the nearby cities of [[Leeds]] and [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], together with silting of the River Ouse, resulted in York losing its pre-eminent position as a trading centre. Nevertheless, the city's role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was on the rise. York's many elegant [[townhouse]]s, such as the [[Mansion House, York|Lord Mayor's Mansion House]] and [[Fairfax House, York|Fairfax House]] (now owned by [[York Civic Trust]]) date from this period, as do the [[York Assembly Rooms|Assembly Rooms]], the [[Theatre Royal, York|Theatre Royal]], and the [[York Racecourse|Racecourse]].<ref name=iadbpm>{{cite web
 | title = Post-medieval York
 | publisher = York Archaeological Trust
 | work = Secrets Beneath Your Feet
 | url = http://www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk/secrets/pmedieval.htm
 | accessdate = 18 July 2009
 | year = 1998
}}</ref><ref name=coygt>{{cite web | title = Georgian York - social capital of the North | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/07_georgian/ | date = 22 July 2008 | accessdate =5 October 2007}}</ref>

===Modern history===
[[File:York Walls.JPG|thumb|right|The [[York Minster|Minster]] and railway war memorial seen from the Station Road [[York city walls|walls]]]]
{{quote|mak all t'railways cum to York|[[George Hudson]]|<ref>{{citation| url =http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pyn6-wNZFbwC& |title= Dow's Dictionary of Railway Quotations| editor = Andrew Dow| publisher = JHU Press| year = 2006|at= 774. YORK}}</ref>}}
The railway promoter [[George Hudson]] was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. Although Hudson's career as a railway entrepreneur eventually ended in disgrace and bankruptcy, his promotion of his own railway company, the [[York and North Midland Railway]] and of York over Leeds, helped establish York as a major railway centre by the late 1800s.<ref>Sources:
*{{citation| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4Da8AAAAIAAJ| title = A History of modern Leeds| editor = Derek Fraser| publisher = Manchester University Press | year = 1980 |isbn = 0-7190-0747| chapter = V. Leeds becomes a transport centre| author = R.W. Unwin|at = pp.132-133| chapterurl = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4Da8AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA132#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
*{{citation| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MmaYSbOrTH0C| title = Stability And Change in an English County Town: A Social Study of York 1801-51| author = Alan Armstrong| publisher =Cambridge University Press| year = 1974 (reprint 2005)|pages = 37–43}}
*{{cite news
| url = http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/features/4473355.York_s_part_in_the_history_of_the_East_Coast_Main_Line/
| title = East Coast Main Line: York's part in the history of the railways
| first = Stephen
| last = Lewis
| work = York Press
| date = 3 July 2009
| accessdate = 20 March 2012}}
*{{cite web
|url = http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RAhudson.htm
|title = George Hudson
|publisher = Sparticus Educational
|work = SchoolNet
|accessdate = 12 June 2009
}}</ref> 

The introduction of the railways also established engineering in the city.<ref>{{citation| url =http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Bv2BrOMo8cIC| title = Civil engineering heritage: Northern England| author = Robert William Rennison| publisher = Thomas Telford| year = 1996| at = 5. York and North Yorkshire, pp.133.134}}</ref><ref name="ind1">{{citation| url = http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/industrialisation| title = Industrialisation| work = www.historyofyork.org.uk}}</ref> At the turn of the 20th&nbsp;century, the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the [[North Eastern Railway (UK)|North Eastern Railway]], which employed over 5,500 people in York. The railway was also instrumental in the expansion of [[Rowntree's|Rowntree's Cocoa Works]]. Rowntree's was founded in York in 1862 by Henry Isaac Rowntree, who was joined in 1869 by his brother the [[philanthropist]] [[Joseph Rowntree (Philanthropist)|Joseph Rowntree]].<ref name=history>{{cite web
 |url = http://www.nestle.co.uk/OurBrands/AboutOurBrands/ConfectioneryAndCakes/History+of+Rowntree.htm
 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080104184252/http://www.nestle.co.uk/OurBrands/AboutOurBrands/ConfectioneryAndCakes/History+of+Rowntree.htm
 |archivedate = 4 January 2008
 |publisher = Nestlé UK Ltd
 |title = History of Nestlé Rowntree
 |year = 2008
 |accessdate = 19 July 2009
}}</ref>  [[Terry's|Terry's Confectionery Works]] was also a major employer in the city.<ref name=iadbpm/><ref name = coyrapd/> By 1900 the railways and confectionery had become the two major industries of the city.<ref name="ind1"/>

With the emergence of [[tourism]] as a major industry, the historic core of York became one of the city's major assets, and in 1968 it was designated a [[conservation area]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/yorkplan/Conservation%20Area%201.pdf
|title = Conservation Area 1
|format = PDF
|publisher = York City Council
|accessdate = 12 June 2009
}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
</ref> The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the [[National Railway Museum]] in York in 1975<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.nrm.org.uk/AboutUs/history.aspx
|title = History of the NRM
|publisher = National Railway Museum
|accessdate = 15 June 2009
}}
</ref> and the [[Jorvik Viking Centre]] in 1984.  The opening of the [[University of York]] in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/alumnidinner.htm
|title = Founding students return to York 40 years on
|publisher = University of York
|date = 7 October 2003
|accessdate = 15 June 2009
}}
</ref>

York was voted as European Tourism City of the Year by  European Cities Marketing in June 2007. York beat 130 other European cities to gain first place, surpassing [[Gothenburg]] in Sweden (second) and [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]] in Spain (third).<ref name=yorkaward>
{{cite news
 | title = York voted top city for tourists
 | publisher = BBC
 | work = [[BBC News Online]]
 | url =
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/6751753.stm
 | date = 14 June 2007
 | accessdate = 28 July 2008
}}</ref>

==Governance==
===Parliamentary constituencies===
From 1997 to 2010 the central part of the district was covered by the [[City of York (UK Parliament constituency)|City of York]] constituency, while the remainder was split between the constituencies of [[Ryedale (UK Parliament constituency)|Ryedale]], [[Selby (UK Parliament constituency)|Selby]], and [[Vale of York (UK Parliament constituency)|Vale of York]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndexMP.asp?bcr=1
|title = Your MPs
|publisher = City of York Council
|accessdate = 19 July 2009
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20090509032822/http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndexMP.asp?bcr=1 <!--Added by H3llBot-->
|archivedate = 9 May 2009
}} 
</ref> These constituencies were represented by [[Hugh Bayley]], [[John Greenway]], [[John Grogan (UK politician)|John Grogan]], and [[Anne McIntosh]] respectively.

Following their review in 2003 of parliamentary representation in [[North Yorkshire]], the [[Boundary Commission for England]] recommended the creation of two new seats for the City of York, in time for the [[United Kingdom general election, 2010|general election in 2010]].  These are [[York Central (UK Parliament constituency)|York Central]], which covers the inner urban area, and is entirely surrounded by the [[York Outer (UK Parliament constituency)|York Outer]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.boundarycommissionforengland.org.uk/review_areas/downloads/FR_NR_NYorks_York.doc
|title = Final recommendations for Parliamentary constituencies in the County of North Yorkshire and the City of York
|format = [[Microsoft Word|Microsoft Word document]]
|publisher = Boundary Commission for England
|date = 5 November 2003
|accessdate = 20 April 2010
}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

The whole of the city and local authority area lies within the [[Yorkshire and the Humber (European Parliament constituency)|Yorkshire and the Humber]] constituency of the [[European Parliament]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndexMEP.aspx?bcr=1
|title = Your MEPs
|publisher = City of York Council
|accessdate = 6 March 2011
}}</ref>

===Local government===
[[File:Guildhall York Council.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Guildhall, York|The Guildhall]] where members of the City of York Council meet.]]
York is the traditional [[county town]] of [[Yorkshire]], yet it did not form part of any of the three historic [[Riding (division)|ridings]], or divisions, of Yorkshire. York is an ancient [[borough]], and was one of the boroughs reformed by the [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]] to form a [[municipal borough]]. It gained the status of a [[county borough]] in 1889, under the [[Local Government Act 1888]], and existed so until 1974, when, under the [[Local Government Act 1972]], it became a [[non-metropolitan district]] in the county of [[North Yorkshire]].<ref>
{{cite web
 |url = http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=1960380&word=NULL
 |title = Gazetteer of the British Isles entry for York
 |year = 1887
 |accessdate = 19 July 2009
 |work = A Vision of Britain Through Time
 |publisher = Great Britain Historical GIS Project
 |last = Bartholomew
 |first = John
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.gazetteer.co.uk/gazmap2.htm
|title=Gazetteer of British Place Names - Map 2. Administrative counties and unitary authority areas
|publisher= Association of British Counties
|date = 10 September 2006
|accessdate = 17 May 2009
}}
</ref>

As a result  of [[1990s UK local government reform]], York  regained unitary status and saw a substantial alteration in its borders, taking in parts of [[Selby (district)|Selby]] and [[Harrogate (borough)|Harrogate]] districts, and about half the population of the [[Ryedale]] district.<ref>
{{cite book
 |url = http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1995/Uksi_19950610_en_9.htm
 |title=The North Yorkshire (District of York) (Structural and Boundary Changes) Order
 |publisher = Stationery Office Books
 |isbn = 978-0-11-052605-8
 |date = 6 April 1995
 |accessdate = 17 May 2009
}}</ref> The new boundary was imposed after central government rejected the council's own proposal.

The City of York Council has 47 councillors.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndex.asp?bcr=1
|title = Your councillors
|publisher = City of York Council
|accessdate = 19 July 2009
}}</ref><ref name="Constitution">
{{cite web
 |url = http://democracy.york.gov.uk/Published/StdDataDocs/3/1/6/0/SD00000613/$part1.doc.pdf
 |title = The Constitution - Part 1 Summary and explanation
 |publisher = City of York Council
 |format = PDF
 |accessdate = 19 July 2009
}}</ref> As a result of the [[United Kingdom local elections, 2011|2011 local elections]] the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] won 26 seats to give them a majority of five seats. The [[Liberal Democrats]] have eight councillors. The [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] has ten councillors and the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Greens]] have two with one Independent.<ref name=bbccoun>
{{cite news
 | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/council/Elections_and_democracy/elections/Elections_results/2011-05-05/result
 | title = City of York local elections 2011
 | publisher = City of York Council
 |work =
 | date = 6 May 2011
 | accessdate = 9 September 2011}}</ref>

York Council operates on a [[cabinet-style council|Leader and Cabinet]] style of governance. Councillors are appointed to the cabinet by the full council of 47. Cabinet Members make decisions on their portfolio areas individually.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=676
|publisher=York City Council
|accessdate=10 May 2010
|title=committee details - leisure culture and social inclusion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=672
|publisher=York City Council
|accessdate=10 May 2010
|title=committee details - city strategy}}</ref>

{{As of|2011|May}}, York’s Right Honourable [[Lord Mayor]] is Councillor David Horton and his wife, Jane Horton, is the new Lady Mayoress. Alan Deller is the new [[Sheriff]] with his wife, Ann, the Sheriff's Lady.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.york.gov.uk/news/latestNews/PR2068
|title = David Horton sworn in as new Lord Mayor of York
|date = May 2011
|publisher = City of York Council
|accessdate = 26 May 2010
}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Both appointments are made each May for a period of one year. Although York’s Sheriff office is the oldest in England it is now a purely [[ceremonial]] post. The Lord Mayor also carries out civic and ceremonial duties in addition to [[chair (official)|chairing]] full meetings of the council.<ref name="Constitution"/>

The York Youth Council consists of several young people who negotiate with the councillors to get better facilities for York's young people.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.yorkyouthcouncil.co.uk/
|title = York Youth Council
|publisher = York Youth Council
|accessdate = 16 October 2011
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/8460315.York_youth_council_holds_first_meeting/?ref=rss
|title = York youth council holds first meeting
|date = 19 October 2010
|work = York Press
|accessdate = 24 October 2011}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"  style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''Party'''
! valign="top"| '''Seats'''
! colspan="26" | [[York Council election, 2011|City of York Council (2011 election)]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Labour Party (UK)}}
| 26
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp; 
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
|-
|{{Party name with color|Conservative Party (UK)}}
| 10
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| colspan="16"  style="width:4px; background:#fff;"|  &nbsp;
|-
|{{Party name with color|Liberal Democrats}}
| 8
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Liberal Democrats/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Liberal Democrats/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Liberal Democrats/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Liberal Democrats/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Liberal Democrats/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Liberal Democrats/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Liberal Democrats/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Liberal Democrats/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| colspan="18"  style="width:4px; background:#fff;"|  &nbsp;
|-
|{{Party name with color|Green Party of England and Wales}}
| 2
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Green Party of England and Wales/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Green Party of England and Wales/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| colspan="24"  style="width:4px; background:#fff;"|  &nbsp;
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
| 1
| rowspan="1" style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{Independent/meta/color}}|  &nbsp;
| colspan="25"  style="width:4px; background:#fff;"|  &nbsp;
|}

== Geography ==
{{Main|Areas of the City of York}}

=== Location ===
York lies within the [[Vale of York]], a flat area of fertile arable land bordered by the [[Pennines]], the [[North York Moors]] and the [[Yorkshire Wolds]] The original city was built at the confluence of the Rivers [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|Ouse]] and [[River Foss|Foss]] on a terminal [[moraine]] left by the last [[Ice Age]].<ref name=Hall-25>
{{cite book
 | last = Hall
 | first = Richard
 | title = English Heritage: Book of York
 | edition = 1st
 | year = 1996
 | publisher = B.T.Batsford Ltd
 | isbn = 0-7134-7720-2
 | page = 25
}}</ref>

During Roman times, the land surrounding the rivers Ouse and Foss was very marshy, making the site easier to defend. The city is prone to [[flood]]ing from the River Ouse, and has an extensive (and mostly effective) network of flood defences. These include walls along the Ouse, and a liftable barrier across the [[River Foss]] where it joins the Ouse at the 'Blue Bridge'. In October and November 2000 York experienced the worst flooding in 375 years with over 300 homes being flooded.<ref name=dmcbflood>
{{cite web
 | title = The impact of the October–November 2000 floods on contaminant metal dispersal in the [[River Swale]] catchment, North Yorkshire, UK
 | url = http://www.aber.ac.uk/iges/staff/Macklin%20files/HP%20Dennis%20et%20al.%202003.pdf
 | publisher = Wiley InterScience
 | year = 2002
 | last = Dennis
 | first = Ian A.
 | coauthors = Macklin, Mark G.; Coulthard, Tom J.; Brewer, Paul A.
 | page = 1
 | accessdate = 23 September 2007
 | format = PDF
 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071129111926/http://www.aber.ac.uk/iges/staff/Macklin+files/HP+Dennis+et+al.+2003.pdf
 | archivedate = 29 November 2007}}</ref> Much land in and around the city is on flood plains and has always been too flood-prone for development other than agriculture. The ''ings'' are flood meadows along the River Ouse, while the ''[[Strays of York|strays]]'' are open common grassland in various locations around the city.

===Climate===
York has a [[temperate]] climate with four distinct [[season]]s. As with the rest of the [[Vale of York]] the city's climate is drier and warmer than the rest of the [[Yorkshire and Humberside]] region. Because of its lowland location York is prone to frosts, fog, and cold winds during winter, spring and very early summer.<ref>{{cite web | title = England Rural Development Programme: Appendix A3 – Yorkshire and The Humber Region - Section 1 Description Of Current Situation In The Yorkshire And The Humber Region | pages = &nbsp;2&ndash;3 | url=http://www.hull.ac.uk/coastalobs/media/pdf/appendixa3.pdf| format = PDF | publisher = East Yorkshire Coastal Observatory  | accessdate = 15 June 2009}}</ref> In summer the average maximum temperature is 22&nbsp;[[°C]] (72&nbsp;[[°F]]) although some days can see highs of up to 28&nbsp;°C (82&nbsp;°F) rarely exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). Nights are significantly colder averaging minimum of 15&nbsp;°C (60&nbsp;°F), although these can consistently dip below 10&nbsp;°C (50&nbsp;°F). The average daytime temperature in winter is 7&nbsp;°C (45&nbsp;°F) and 2&nbsp;°C (36&nbsp;°F) at night. Snow can fall in winter from December onwards to as late as April but quickly melts. The wettest months are November, December and January with an average of 17 days per month with rainfall more than {{convert|0.25|mm|in|2}}. From May to July York experiences the most sunshine with an average of six hours per day.<ref>{{cite web | title =Average Conditions:York, United Kingdom | publisher =BBC | work = [[BBC Weather]] | url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003820/ | accessdate = 24 July 2008}}</ref>
Extremes recorded at the University of York campus between 1998 and 2010 include a highest temperature of 33&nbsp;°C (91.4&nbsp;°F) (Monday 17 July 2006) and a lowest temperature of -12.3&nbsp;°C (9.9&nbsp;°F) (Monday 6 December 2010). The most rainfall in one day was {{convert|62.4|mm|in|1}}.<ref>
{{cite web
 |url = http://weather.elec.york.ac.uk/
 |title = Weather Pages
 |publisher = Department of Electronics, University of York
 |accessdate = 27 May 2011
}}
</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = York, England
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 15
|Feb record high C = 17
|Mar record high C = 21
|Apr record high C = 24
|May record high C = 29
|Jun record high C = 32
|Jul record high C = 31
|Aug record high C = 33
|Sep record high C = 29
|Oct record high C = 26
|Nov record high C = 19
|Dec record high C = 16
|year record high C = 33
|Jan high C = 6
|Feb high C = 7
|Mar high C = 10
|Apr high C = 13
|May high C = 16
|Jun high C = 19
|Jul high C = 21
|Aug high C = 21
|Sep high C = 18
|Oct high C = 14
|Nov high C = 10
|Dec high C = 7
|year high C = 13.5
|Jan mean C = 3.5
|Feb mean C = 4
|Mar mean C = 6
|Apr mean C = 8.5
|May mean C = 11.5
|Jun mean C = 14.5
|Jul mean C = 16.5
|Aug mean C = 16.5
|Sep mean C = 14
|Oct mean C = 11.5
|Nov mean C = 7
|Dec mean C = 4.5
|year mean C = 9.75
|Jan low C = 1
|Feb low C = 1
|Mar low C = 2
|Apr low C = 4
|May low C = 7
|Jun low C = 10
|Jul low C = 12
|Aug low C = 12
|Sep low C = 10
|Oct low C = 7
|Nov low C = 4
|Dec low C = 2
|year low C = 6
|Jan record low C = -14
|Feb record low C = -10
|Mar record low C = -13
|Apr record low C = -3
|May record low C = -1
|Jun record low C = 2
|Jul record low C = 5
|Aug record low C = 4
|Sep record low C = -1
|Oct record low C = -4
|Nov record low C = -8
|Dec record low C = -11
|year record low C = -14
|Jan precipitation mm = 59
|Feb precipitation mm = 46
|Mar precipitation mm = 37
|Apr precipitation mm = 41
|May precipitation mm = 50
|Jun precipitation mm = 50
|Jul precipitation mm = 62
|Aug precipitation mm = 68
|Sep precipitation mm = 55
|Oct precipitation mm = 56
|Nov precipitation mm = 65
|Dec precipitation mm = 50
|year precipitation mm = 639
|Jan precipitation days = 17
|Feb precipitation days = 15
|Mar precipitation days = 13
|Apr precipitation days = 13
|May precipitation days = 13
|Jun precipitation days = 14
|Jul precipitation days = 15
|Aug precipitation days = 14
|Sep precipitation days = 14
|Oct precipitation days = 15
|Nov precipitation days = 17
|Dec precipitation days = 17
|year precipitation days = 177
|Jan sun = 31
|Feb sun = 56
|Mar sun = 93
|Apr sun = 130
|May sun = 186
|Jun sun = 180
|Jul sun = 186
|Aug sun = 150
|Sep sun = 120
|Oct sun = 93
|Nov sun = 60
|Dec sun = 31
|year sun = 1316
|source 1 = [[BBC Weather]]<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003820 | title = Average Conditions - York, United Kingdom | publisher = BBC | work = BBC Weather |accessdate= 8 March 2010}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

==Demography==
{| class="wikitable" id="toc" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; width: 40%; font-size: 90%;" cellspacing="5"
|-
!colspan="4"|'''York Compared in 2010'''
|-
|'''2010 UK Population Estimates'''<ref name=Stats />
||'''York'''||'''Yorkshire and the Humber'''||'''England'''
|-
|Total population||202,400||5,301,300||52,234,000
|-
|White||92.8%||89.6%||87.5%
|-
|Mixed||1.3%||1.5%||1.9%
|-
|Asian||3.4%||6.2%||6.0%
|-
|Black||1.2%||1.5%||2.9%
|-
|Chinese or other||1.4%||1.3%||1.6%
|}
The York urban area had a population of [[List of urban areas in England by population|137,505]]<ref name="KS01"/> comprising 66,142 males and 71,363 females in 2001.
Also at the time of the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 UK census]], the City of York had a total population of 181,094 of whom 93,957 were female and 87,137 were male. Of the 76,920 households in York, 36.0% were married couples living together, 31.3% were one-person households, 8.7% were [[cohabitation|co-habiting]] couples and 8.0% were lone parents. The figures for lone parent households were below the national average of 9.5%, and the percentage of married couples was also close to the national average of 36.5%; the proportion of one person households was slightly higher than the national average of 30.1%.<ref>
{{cite web
 |url = http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=276825&c=York&d=13&e=15&g=392940&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1242741872656&enc=1&dsFamilyId=55
 |title =  2001 Census: Key Statistics: Household Composition (KS20): Area: York (Local Authority)
 |work = Neighbourhood Statistics
 |publisher = [[Office for National Statistics]]
 |accessdate = 19 May 2009
}}</ref>

The population density was {{convert|4368|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="KS01"/>  Of those aged 16–74 in York, 24.6% had no academic qualifications, a little lower than 28.9% in all of England. Of York’s residents, 5.1% were born outside the United Kingdom, significantly lower than the national average of 9.2%. [[White British]] form 95% of the population, the largest single minority group was recorded as Asian, at 1.9% of the population.

The number of theft-from-a-vehicle offences and theft of a vehicle per 1,000 of the population was 8.8 and 2.7 compared to the English national average of 6.9 and 2.7 respectively.<ref name="CrimeFigs">
{{cite web
 |url = http://www.upmystreet.com/local/crime-in-york.html
 |title = Crime figures for 2007/08 in York
 |publisher = UpMyStreet
 |accessdate = 19 May 2009
}}</ref> The number of sexual offences was 0.9, in line with the national average.<ref name="CrimeFigs"/> The national average of violence against another person was 16.2 compared to the York average of 16.8.<ref name="CrimeFigs"/> The figures for crime statistics were all recorded during the 2006&ndash;07 financial year.

===Population change===
The table below details the population change since 1801.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:70%; border:0; text-align:center; line-height:120%;"
! colspan="24" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|[[Population growth]] in York since 1801
|-
!  style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;"| Year
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1801
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1811
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1821
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1831
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1841
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1851
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1861
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1871
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1881
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1891
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1901
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1911
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1921
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1931
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1941{{ref label|1939|a|a}}
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1951
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1961
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1971
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1981
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1991
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 2001{{ref label|2001|b|b}}
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 2011
|- style="text-align:center;"
!  style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;"| Population
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 24,080
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 27,486
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 30,913
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 36,340
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 40,337
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 49,899
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 58,632
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 67,364
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 76,097
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 81,802
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 90,665
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 100,487
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 106,278
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 112,402
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 123,227
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 135,093
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 144,585
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 154,749
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 158,170
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 172,847
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 181,131
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 202,400
|-
| colspan="24" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|<small>Source: ''Vision of Britain''<ref>{{cite web
 |url = http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10057127&c_id=10001043&add=N
 |title = York UA/City: Total Population
 |accessdate = 19 July 2009
 |work = A Vision of Britain Through Time
 |publisher = Great Britain Historical GIS Project
}}</ref> </small>
|}

===Religion===
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: 1em; width: 30em; font-size: 90%;"
!colspan="4"|'''Religion in York 2001'''<ref name="York2001">{{cite web
 |url = http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=3&b=276825&c=york&d=13&e=16&g=392940&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&enc=1&bhcp=1
 |title =  2001 Census: Census Area Statistics: Key Figures: Area: York (Local Authority)
 |work = Neighbourhood Statistics
 |publisher = [[Office for National Statistics]]
 |accessdate = 11 July 2007}}</ref>
|-
![[United Kingdom Census 2001|UK Census 2001]] || York || [[Yorkshire and the Humber|Yorkshire and<br>the Humber]]|| England
|-
|Christian||74.42%||73.07%||71.74%
|-
|No religion||16.57%||14.09%||14.59%
|-
|Muslim||0.58%||3.81%||3.1%
|-
|Buddhist||0.21%||0.14%||0.28%
|-
|Hindu||0.19%||0.32%||1.11%
|-
|Jewish||0.11%||0.23%||0.52%
|-
|Sikh||0.05%||0.38%||0.67%
|-
|Other religions||0.30%||0.19%||0.29%
|-
|Religion not stated||7.57%||7.77%||7.69%
|}
{{Main|Religion in York}}
At the time of the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 UK census]] the population of York was 181,094 and its ethnic composition was 97.84% white, compared with the English average of 90.92%. York's population has a slightly higher elderly population than the national average.<ref name="York2001"/>
[[Christianity]] is the religion with the largest following in York with 74.4% residents reporting themselves as Christian in the 2001 census.

These census figures show no other single religion returned affiliation, as a percentage of population, above the national average for England, but, those responding as "No Religion" was higher than the national average.

There are 33 active [[Anglican]] [[church (building)|churches]] in York which is home to the [[Archbishop of York]] and the [[Mother Church]], [[York Minster]], and administrative centre of the [[Province of York|northern province]] of the Church of England and the [[Diocese of York]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Diocese of York Directory 2011/12|year=2011|publisher=Diocese of York|pages=187–200}}</ref> 
York is in the [[Roman Catholic]] [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough|Diocese of Middlesbrough]], has eight Roman Catholic churches and a number of different Catholic religious orders.<ref name="Middiocese">
{{cite web
 |url = http://middlesbrough-diocese.org.uk/?page_id=64
 |title = Parishes
 |year = 2007
 |publisher = Middlesbrough Diocese
 |accessdate = 19 July 2009
}}</ref>

Other Christian denominations that are active in York include [[Religious Society of Friends]] who have a number of [[Friends meeting house|meeting houses]] in York,<ref>
{{cite web
 |url = http://www.yorkquakers.org.uk/
 |title = Quakers in the York area
 |publisher = yorkquakers.org.uk
 |accessdate = 19 July 2009
}}</ref> [[Methodist]]s with the York North and York South circuits of The Methodist Church York and Hull District,<ref>
{{cite web
 |url = http://www.yorkhullmethodist.org.uk/index.php?cid=29&pid=20
 |title = Circuits & Churches
 |publisher = The Methodist Church York and Hull District
 |accessdate = 6 March 2011
}}</ref>  and [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]]. There is one [[mosque]] in York which also contains a [[UK Islamic Mission]] Islamic centre.<ref>
{{cite web
 |url = http://yorkmosque.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=6
 |title = York Mosque and Islamic Centre - About Us
 |publisher = York Mosque
 |accessdate = 15 June 2009
}}
</ref> Various [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] traditions are represented in the city and around York.<ref>
{{cite web
 |url = http://www.communigate.co.uk/brad/leedsbuddhistgroup/page5.phtml
 |title = Buddhist organisations in York, NY, North-East areas
 |work = CommuniGate
 |publisher = This is Bradford
 |accessdate = 19 July 2009
}}
</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:P4150008.JPG|thumb|left|Offices of [[Aviva]] in York]]
York's economy is based on the [[service industry]], which in 2000 was responsible for 88.7% of employment in the city.<ref name=NOMIS>
{{cite web
 |url = https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/2038432023/report.aspx
 |title = Labour Market ProfileYork
 |publisher = [[Office for National Statistics]]
 |work = Nomis
 |accessdate = 17 July 2009
}}
</ref> The service industries in York include public sector employment, health, education, finance, [[information technology]] (IT) and [[tourism]] that accounts for 10.7% of employment. Tourism has become an important element of the local economy, with the city offering a wealth of historic attractions, of which [[York Minster]] is the most prominent, as well as a variety of cultural activities. In 2009, York was the 7th most visited city by UK residents and the 13th most visited by overseas visitors.<ref>{{Citation|title=Top 20 Most visited English Cities and Towns in 2009 by UK Residents|url=http://www.enjoyengland.com/Images/top%20towns%202009_tcm21-190501.pdf|accessdate=7 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 20 Most Popular UK Cities for International Visitors|url=
http://gouk.about.com/od/getawaysandshorthops/qt/top20.htm|accessdate=7 September 2010}}</ref>

[[Unemployment]] in York is low at 4.2% in 2008 compared to the United Kingdom national average of 5.3%.<ref name=NOMIS/> The biggest employer in York is the City of York Council, with over 7,500 employees. Employers with more than 3,000 staff include [[Aviva]] (formerly Norwich Union Life), Selby and York Primary Care Trust, [[Shepherd Building Group]] (including [[Portakabin]]), and [[University of York]]. Other major employers include [[British Telecom]], [[CPP Group]] (life assistance products), [[Nestlé]], [[NFU Mutual]] and a number of railway companies.<ref>
{{cite web
 | title = The Major Employers in the City of York Council area.
 | publisher = City of York Council
 | year = 2008
 | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/content/45053/31645/Economic_intelligence/major_companies.pdf
 | accessdate = 1 June 2009
 |format=PDF
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
 | title = University of York Profile 2009.
 | publisher = University of York
 | year = 2009
 | url = http://www.york.ac.uk/media/communications/corporatepublications/Profile%202009%20reduced%203.pdf
 | accessdate = 3 August 2009
 |format=PDF
}}</ref>

Today's economic position is very different from the position of the economy as recently as the 1950s, when York's prosperity was based on chocolate manufacturing and the railways. This position continued until the early 1980s when 30% of the workforce were employed by just five employers and 75% of manufacturing jobs were in four companies.<ref name=FYGREPORT/> Most of the industry around the railway has gone, including the carriage works (known as [[ABB Group|Asea Brown Boveri]] or ABB at the time of closure) which at its height in 1880s employed 5,500 people, but, closed in the mid 1990s.<ref name=FYGREPORT>
{{cite web
 | title = The Future York Group Report: An Independent Strategic Review of the York Economy
 | publisher = The Future York Group Report
 | year = 2007
 | month = June
 | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/content/45053/31645/Economic_intelligence/FYG_Main_Report.pdf
 | format = PDF
 | accessdate = 22 January 2008}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
 |url = http://www.thepress.co.uk/news/917865.yet_more_railway_jobs_axed_in_york/
 | title = Yet more railway jobs axed in York
 | publisher = Newsquest Media Group
 | work = The Press
 | date = 13 September 2006
 | accessdate = 19 July 2009
}}</ref> York is the headquarters of the confectionery manufacturer Nestlé York (formerly Nestlé Rowntrees), and home to the ''[[KitKat]]'' and eponymous [[Yorkie (chocolate bar)|''Yorkie'' bar]] chocolate brands. [[Terry's]] chocolate factory, makers of the ''[[Terry's Chocolate Orange|Chocolate Orange]]'', was also located in the city; but it closed on 30 September 2005, when production was moved by its owners, [[Kraft Foods]], to Poland. However, the historic factory building can still be seen, situated next to the Knavesmire racecourse.

It was announced on 20 September 2006 that Nestlé would be cutting 645 jobs at the Rowntree's chocolate factory in York.<ref name=bbcrown>
{{cite news
 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5363992.stm
 | title = More jobs lost at chocolate firm
 | publisher = BBC
 | work = [[BBC News Online]]
 | date = 20 September 2006
 | accessdate = 19 July 2009
}}</ref> This came after a number of other job losses in the city at [[Aviva]], [[British Sugar]] and Terry's chocolate factory.<ref name=bbcjobs>
{{cite news
 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5345168.stm
 | title = Job losses 'bitter blow' for city
 | publisher = BBC
 | work = [[BBC News Online]]
 | date = 14 September 2006
 | accessdate = 19 July 2009
}}</ref> Despite this, the employment situation in York remained fairly buoyant until the effects of the [[late 2000s recession]] began to be felt.<ref name=pressjobs>
{{cite news
 | url = http://www.thepress.co.uk/search/4263943.York_reels_from_Norwich_Union_job_cuts_shock/
 | title = York reels from Norwich Union job cuts shock
 | publisher = Newsquest Media Group
 | work = York Press
 | date = 3 April 2009
 | accessdate = 8 April 2009
}}</ref>

Since the closure of York's carriage-works, the site has been developed into the headquarters for CPP Group and two housing schemes, one of which was a [[self-build]] project. York's economy has been developing in the areas of [[science]], [[technology]] and the [[creative industries]].  The city has become a founding National Science City with the creation of a [[science park]] near the [[University of York]].<ref>
{{cite web
 | url = http://www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/
 | title = Welcome to Science City York - 10 Years Promoting Innovation and Creativity
 | publisher = Science City York
 | accessdate = 15 June 2009
}}
</ref> Between 1998 and 2008 York gained 80 new technology companies and 2,800 new jobs in the sector.<ref>{{cite web
 | title = About Science City York
 | publisher = Science City York
 | year = 2006
 | url = http://www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/about/index.html
 | accessdate = 19 January 2008
 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070804055318/http://www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/about/index.html
 | archivedate = 4 August 2007}}</ref>

Regional [[gross value added]] figures for York, at 2005 basic prices in [[pounds sterling]], are:<ref name=strgv>{{cite web
 | url = http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf
 | title = Regional Gross Value Added
 | format = PDF
 | publisher = Office of National Statistics
 | year = 2005
 | pages = &nbsp;240&ndash;253
 | accessdate = 19 July 2009
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Agriculture || Industry || Services || Total
|-
| 1995 || 30 || 579 || 1,443 || '''2,052'''
|-
| 2000 || 13 || 782 || 2,168 || '''2,963'''
|-
| 2003 || 16 || 779 || 2,505 || '''3,299'''
|}

==Transport==
York's location on the River Ouse and in the centre of the Vale of York means that it has always had a significant position in the nation's transport system.<ref name = VCH/> The city grew up as a river port at the confluence of the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]] and the [[River Foss]]. The Ouse was originally a [[tidal river]], accessible to sea-going ships of the time. Today both of these rivers remain navigable, although the Foss is only navigable for a short distance above the confluence. A [[canal lock|lock]] at [[Naburn]] on the Ouse to the south of York means that the river in York is no longer tidal.<ref name = wscapouse/>

Until the end of the 20th&nbsp;century, the Ouse was used by [[barge]]s to carry freight between York and the port of [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]]. The last significant traffic was the supply of [[newsprint]] to the local newspaper's Foss-side print works, which continued until 1997. Today navigation is almost exclusively leisure-oriented. [[YorkBoat]] provides cruises on the river.<ref name=wscapouse>
{{cite web
 | title = History of the River Ouse (Yorkshire)
 | publisher = British Waterways
 | work = waterscape.com
 | url = http://www.waterscape.com/canals-and-rivers/river-ouse-yorkshire/history
 | accessdate = 10 October 2007}}</ref>

{{Wide image|York night.JPG|1000px|<center>Panorama of the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]] looking south from Lendal Bridge</center>}}
Like most cities founded by the Romans, York is well served by long distance trunk roads. The city lies at the intersection of the [[A19 road]] from [[Doncaster]] to [[Tyneside]], the [[A59 road]] from [[Liverpool]] to York, the [[A64 road]] from [[Leeds]] to [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]], and the [[A1079 road]] from York to [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]]. The A64 road provides the principal link to the [[motorway]] network, linking York to both the [[A1 road (Great Britain)|A1(M)]] and the [[M1 motorway]]s at a distance of about {{convert|10|mi|km}} from the city.

[[File:York Davygate.jpg|thumb|right|Stonegate is pedestrianised during the day]]
The city is surrounded on all sides by an outer ring road, at a distance of some {{convert|3|mi|km}} from the centre of the city, which allows through traffic to by-pass the city. The street plan of the historic core of the city dates from medieval times and is not suitable for modern traffic. As a consequence many of the routes inside the city walls are designated as [[Car-free zone|car free]] during business hours or restrict traffic entirely. To alleviate this situation, five bus based [[York Park and Ride|park and ride]] sites operate in York. The sites are located towards the edge of the urban area, with easy access from the ring road, and allow out of town visitors to complete their journey into the city centre by bus.<ref name=coypar>{{cite web | title = Park & Ride | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Parking/Park_and_Ride/ | date = 31 August 2007 | accessdate = 9 October 2007}}</ref>

[[File:York railway station and Royal York Hotel - April 10 2005.jpg|thumb|left|[[York railway station]] and Royal York Hotel]]
York has been a major railway centre since the first line arrived in 1839 at the beginning of the railway age. For many years the city hosted the headquarters and works of the [[North Eastern Railway (UK)|North Eastern Railway]].<ref name=coyrapd>{{cite web | title = The Railway Age to the present day | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/08_the_railway_age/ | date = 20 December 2006 | accessdate = }}</ref> [[York railway station]] is a principal stop on the [[East Coast Main Line]] from London to [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] and [[Edinburgh]]. It takes less than two hours to get to York from London by rail, with at least 25 direct trains each weekday. The station is also served by long distance trains on [[Cross Country services]] linking Edinburgh and Newcastle with destinations in south and west England via [[Birmingham]].<ref name = coyrail/> [[First TransPennine Express|TransPennine Express]] provide a frequent service of semi-fast trains linking York to Newcastle, [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]], [[Leeds]], [[Manchester]], [[Manchester Airport]], and [[Liverpool]]. Local stopping services by [[Northern Rail]] connect York to [[Bridlington]], [[Harrogate]], [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], Leeds, [[Sheffield]] and many intermediate points, as well as many other stations across Greater Manchester and Lancashire.<ref name = coyrail/>

York has an airfield at the former [[RAF Elvington]], some {{convert|7|mi|km}} south-east of the city centre, which is the home of the [[Yorkshire Air Museum]]. Elvington is used for [[private aviation]]. Plans have been drafted to expand the site for business aviation or a full commercial service.<ref name=tpelb>{{cite web | url = http://archive.thisisyork.co.uk/2003/10/9/258266.html | title = Up in the air for Elvington | publisher = Newsquest Media Group | work = Evening Press | date = 9 October 2003 | accessdate = 20 July 2009}}</ref>

York is linked to [[Manchester Airport]] by an hourly direct [[First TransPennine Express|TransPennine Express]] train, giving access to the principal airport serving the north of England, with connections to many destinations in Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia.<ref name=coyrail>{{cite web | title = Trains | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/trains/ | date = 31 August 2007 | accessdate = 9 October 2007}}</ref> [[Leeds Bradford Airport]] is closer to York but the hourly ''York Air Coach'' service operated by [[First York]] was withdrawn as of April 2009.<ref name=fgyac>{{cite web | url = http://www.yorkaircoach.com | title = Welcome to YorkAirLink.com | publisher = First Group plc | accessdate = 20 September 2009}}</ref>  Leeds Bradford Airport provides connections to most major European and North African airports as well as [[Pakistan]] and [[New York City|New York]].

[[File:York ftr.jpg|thumb|right|A York [[FTR (bus)|FTR bus]]]]
Public transport within the city is largely [[bus]] based. The principal bus operator is [[First York]], a part of [[FirstGroup plc]]. First York operates the majority of the city's local bus services, as well as the [[York park and ride]] services. York is the location of the first implementation of FirstGroup's experimental, and controversial, [[FTR (bus)|ftr bus concept]], which seeks to confer the advantages of a modern [[tram]]way system at a lower cost.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/ftr/
|title = ftr - York's new public transport scheme
|publisher = City of York Council
|date = 22 May 2008
|accessdate = 20 July 2009
}}
</ref> [[Transdev York]] and [[York Pullman]] also operate a number of local bus services. Open top tourist and sightseeing buses are operated by Transdev York on behalf of [[City Sightseeing]], and by York Pullman.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Millar |first=Alan |title=K&J revives York Pullman identity to expand its local market |journal=[[Buses Magazine|Buses]] |publisher=[[Ian Allan Publishing]] |issue=672 |date=June 2007 |page=8}}</ref>

Rural services, linking local towns and villages with York, are provided by a number of companies.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/buses/Bus_Operators/
|title = Bus companies operating in York
|publisher = City of York Council
|date = 9 June 2009
|accessdate = 20 July 2009
}}</ref>
Longer distance bus services are provided by a number of operators including, [[Arriva Yorkshire]] services to Selby, [[East Yorkshire Motor Services]]
on routes to Hull, Beverley, Pocklington, [[Harrogate & District]] services to [[Knaresborough]] and [[Harrogate]]. [[Yorkshire Coastliner]] links [[Leeds]] via York with Scarborough, [[Filey]], [[Bridlington]] and [[Whitby]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.yorkshirecoastliner.co.uk/about/history.asp
|title=History of the Yorkshire Coastliner - Linking Leeds and York with the Coast
|publisher = Yorkshire Coastliner
|accessdate = 17 May 2009
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20090331080709/http://www.yorkshirecoastliner.co.uk/about/history.asp <!--Added by H3llBot-->
|archivedate = 31 March 2009
}}
</ref>

===Local Transport Plan 2006===
English local authorities are required to produce Local Transport Plans (LTPs), strategies for developing local integrated transport as part of a longer-term vision. LTPs are used by central government to allocate funding for transport schemes.The final Local Transport Plan 2006&ndash;2011 for York was submitted to central government in March 2006. The plan addresses the fact that traffic in York is predicted to grow considerably over the coming years. The key aims of the plan are to ease congestion and improve accessibility, air quality and safety. Major funding allocations earmarked for the first five years of the plan's life span include outer ring road improvements, improved management of the highway network, improvements to the bus network including park and ride services, provision of off-road walking and cycling routes, air quality improvements and safety measures.<ref>
{{cite web
 |url = http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Local_transport_plan/LocalTransportPlan/
 |title = Local Transport Plan 2006&ndash;2011
 |publisher = City of York Council
 |date = 23 February 2007
 |accessdate = 18 May 2009
}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:York central hall.jpg|thumb|left|[[University of York]], view across the lake to Central Hall]]
{{See also|List of schools in York}}
The [[University of York]]'s main campus is on the southern edge of the city at [[Heslington]] and is currently undergoing significant expansion with new buildings and departments including Management, Law, Theatre, Film, and Television at [[Heslington East]].  The Department of Archaeology and the graduate Centres for Eighteenth Century Studies and Medieval Studies are located in the historic King's Manor in the city centre.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.york.ac.uk/
|title = The University of York
|publisher = University of York
|accessdate = 19 May 2009
}}</ref> It was York's only institution with university status until 2006, when the more centrally located [[York St John University]], formerly an autonomous college of the [[University of Leeds]], attained full university status. The city also hosts a branch of [[The College of Law]]. The University of York also has a highly rated<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/universityguide2005/table/0,15905,-5163909,00.html|title=Guardian Medical school ranking tables
|year = 2009
|work = Guardian Education
|publisher = Guardian News and Media Limited
|accessdate = 17 July 2009
| location=London}}</ref> medical school, [[Hull York Medical School]].

The city has two major further education institutions. [[York College (York)|York College]] is an amalgamation of York Technical College and York Sixth Form College. Students there study a very wide range of academic and vocational courses, and range from [[School leaving age|school leavers]] and [[sixth form]]ers to people training to make career moves.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.yorkcollege.ac.uk/new-college/news/index.html
|title = About the new college
|publisher = York College
|accessdate = 19 May 2009
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20090403015541/http://www.yorkcollege.ac.uk/new-college/news/index.html <!--Added by H3llBot-->
|archivedate = 3 April 2009
}}</ref> [[Askham Bryan College]] offers further education courses, foundation and honours degrees, specialising in more vocational subjects such as [[horticulture]], [[agriculture]], animal management and even [[golf course]] management.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.askham-bryan.ac.uk/
|title = Welcome to Askham Bryan College
|publisher = Askham Bryan College
|accessdate = 19 May 2009
}}</ref>

There are 70 [[Local Education Authority|local authority]] schools with over 24,000 pupils in the City of York Council area.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/
|title = Schools and colleges
|publisher = City of York Council
|date = 4 February 2009
|accessdate = 17 June 2009
}}
</ref> The City of York Council manages most primary and secondary schools within the city. [[Primary education|Primary schools]] cover education from ages 5&ndash;11, with some offering early years education from age 3. From 11&ndash;16 education is provided by 10 [[secondary school]]s, four of which offer additional education up to the age of 18.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/Secondary_schools_directory/
|title = Secondary schools in York
|publisher = City of York Council
|date = 1 February 2007
|accessdate = 17 June 2009
}}
</ref> In 2007 Oaklands Sports College and Lowfield Comprehensive School merged to become one school known as [[York High School, York|York High School]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.thepress.co.uk/news/942080.10m_merger_unveiled_as_york_high_school/
|title = £10m merger unveiled as ‘York High School’
|publisher = Newsquest Media Group
|work = The Press
|date = 28 September 2006
|accessdate = 19 May 2009
}}</ref>

York also has several private schools. [[St Peter's School, York|St Peter's School]] was founded in 627 and the scholar [[Alcuin]], who went on to serve Charlemagne, taught here.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01276a.htm
|title = Catholic Encyclopedia: Alcuin
|publisher = New Advent
|accessdate = 1 May 2009
}}
</ref> It was also the school attended by [[Guy Fawkes]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.st-peters.york.sch.uk/history/guyfawkes.htm
|title = Guy Fawkes History
|publisher = St Peter's School Archives
|accessdate = 1 May 2009
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080419054604/http://www.st-peters.york.sch.uk/history/guyfawkes.htm
|archivedate = 19 April 2008}}
</ref> Two schools have [[Quaker]] origins: [[Bootham School]] is [[co-education]]al<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.boothamschool.com/school_ethos.html
|title = The School and its Ethos
|publisher = Bootham School York
|accessdate = 19 May 2009
}}
</ref> and [[The Mount School, York|The Mount School]] is all-girls.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.mountschoolyork.co.uk/mount-parents.php
|title = Welcome to The Mount School York
|publisher = The Mount School York
|accessdate = 19 May 2009
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20090323032829/http://www.mountschoolyork.co.uk/mount-parents.php? <!--Added by H3llBot-->
|archivedate = 23 March 2009
}}
</ref> On the outskirts of the city is [[Queen Margaret's School, York|Queen Margaret's School]]. Pupils from The [[Minster School, York]] sing in York Minster choir.

==Public services==
Under the requirements of the [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]], York City Council had to appoint a [[Watch Committee]] which established a police force and appointed a chief constable.<ref>
{{cite book
| url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36381#s8
| title = ''A History of the County of York: the City of York'': Public services
| publisher = British History Online
| accessdate = 20 September 2009
| year = 1961
| editor = P.M. Tillott
| pages = 460&ndash;472
}}</ref> On 1 June 1968 the York City, East Riding of Yorkshire and North Riding of Yorkshire police forces were amalgamated to form the [[York and North East Yorkshire Police]]. Since 1974, [[Home Office]] policing in York has been provided by the [[North Yorkshire Police]]. The force's "Central Area" has its headquarters for policing York and nearby [[Selby (district)|Selby]] in Fulford, York.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.northyorkshire.police.uk/index.aspx?articleid=1051
|title = North Yorkshire Police : Central Area Commander - Chief Superintendent Ali Higgins
|publisher = North Yorkshire Police
|accessdate = 20 July 2009
}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
</ref>
[[Fire service in the United Kingdom|Statutory emergency fire and rescue service]] is provided by the [[North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service]], whose headquarters is at [[Northallerton]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.northyorksfire.gov.uk/index.html
|title = Welcome to the website of North Yorkshire Fire & Rescue Service
|publisher = North Yorkshire fire and Rescue Service
|accessdate = 18 May 2009
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20090428224504/http://www.northyorksfire.gov.uk/index.html <!--Added by H3llBot-->
|archivedate = 28 April 2009
}}
</ref>

[[File:York City Court, York.jpg|thumb|right|York Crown Court]]
The first hospital in York, the York County Hospital, opened in 1740 in Monkgate<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.yorkhistory.org.uk/hospital.html
|title = York County Hospital
|publisher = York History
|accessdate = 10 August 2010}}</ref> and was funded by public subscription. It closed in 1976 when it was replaced by the purpose built [[York Hospital]], which opened in 1976 and gained [[NHS foundation trust|Foundation status]] in April 2007. It has 524 adult inpatient beds and 127 special purpose beds providing general healthcare and some specialist inpatient, daycase and outpatient services.<ref name=YDH>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.nhs.uk/servicedirectories/pages/hospital.aspx?id=rcb55
|title = York Hospital - About our hospital
|publisher = National Health Service
|accessdate = 18 May 2009
}}
</ref> It is  also known as York District Hospital and YDH.<ref name=YDH/>

The [[Yorkshire Ambulance Service]] NHS Trust was formed on 1 July 2006 bringing together South Yorkshire Ambulance Service, West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service and the North and East Yorkshire parts of Tees, East and North Yorkshire Ambulance Service to provide  patient transport.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.yas.nhs.uk/AboutUs/aboutus.html
|title = About Us - Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust
|publisher = Yorkshire Ambulance Service
|accessdate = 18 May 2009
}}
</ref> Other forms of [[health care]] are provided for locally by several small clinics and surgeries.

The city's first subscription library opened in 1794,<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.yorkhistory.org.uk/library.html
|title = York History - York Public Library
|publisher = York History
|accessdate = 24 January 2011
}}
</ref> but it wasn't until 1893 that York's first free [[York library|public library]] was built to mark Queen Victoria's jubilee. The library was initially on Clifford Street, but a new building was built on Museum Street which opened in 1927, and which is still the library today.

Since 1998 [[waste management]] has been co-ordinated via the York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.letstalklessrubbish.com/ltlr/Main.nsf/LookupUnid/D2703AD852D1C83E802572E30053BEE9?opendocument
|title=History
|publisher=The York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership
|accessdate=18 May 2009
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090520193555/http://www.letstalklessrubbish.com/ltlr/Main.nsf/LookupUnid/D2703AD852D1C83E802572E30053BEE9?opendocument <!--Added by H3llBot-->
|archivedate=20 May 2009
}}
</ref> York's [[Distribution Network Operator]] for electricity is [[CE Electric UK]];<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.ceelectricuk.co.uk/page/index.cfm
|title = Welcome - CE Electric UK
|publisher = CE Electric UK
|accessdate = 18 May 2009
}}
</ref> there are no [[power station]]s in the city. [[Yorkshire Water]], which has a local water extraction plant on the [[River Derwent, Yorkshire|River Derwent]] at Elvington, manages York's [[drinking water|drinking]] and [[waste water]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.yorkshirewater.com/your-water-services.aspx
|title = Your water services
|publisher = Yorkshire Water
|accessdate = 18 May 2009
}}
</ref>
The city has its own [[Magistrates' Court (England and Wales)|Magistrates' Court]],<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/HMCSCourtFinder/SearchLinked.do?court_name=York%20Magistrates%27%20Court
|title = Her Majesty's Courts Service - York Magistrates' Court
|publisher = Her Majesty's Courts Service
|accessdate = 17 May 2009
}}
</ref> and more unusually a [[Crown Court]]<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=692
|title = Crown Court Directory - York
|publisher = CourtServe Legal Information Centre
|accessdate = 24 April 2012
}}
</ref> and [[County Court]] too.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=691
|title = County Court Directory - York
|publisher = CourtServe Legal Information Centre
|accessdate = 24 April 2012
}}
</ref> The Crown Court was designed by the architect [[John Carr (architect)|John Carr]], next to the then prison (including execution area).<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/timeline/georgian/john-carr-architect
|title = John Carr - Architect: History of York
|publisher = York Museums Trust
|accessdate = 17 May 2009
}}
</ref> The former prison is now the [[York Castle Museum|Castle Museum]] but still contains the cells.

==Main sights==
{{See also|York sites of interest|medieval churches of York}}
[[York Minster]], the largest [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] cathedral in [[northern Europe]], stands at the city's centre.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A20361881
|title = York Minster, York, UK
|publisher = BBC
|date = 19 March 2007
|accessdate = 12 June 2009
}}
</ref>
[[File:CLIFFOR1.JPG|thumb|left|[[Clifford's Tower]], part of York Castle]] [[York Castle]], a complex of buildings ranging from the medieval Clifford's Tower to the 20th century entrance to the [[York Castle Museum]] (formerly a prison) has had a chequered history.

York's centre is enclosed by [[York city walls|the city's medieval walls]], which are a popular walk.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.york.gov.uk/visiting/citywalls/
|title = The city walls
|publisher = York City Council
|date = 19 March 2012
|accessdate = 19 March 2012
}}
</ref> These defences are the most complete in England.  They have the only walls set on high ramparts and they retain all their principal gateways.<ref>Wilson, Barbara and Frances Mee. (2005) ''The City Walls and Castles of York: The Pictorial Evidence'', p.ix [[York Archaeological Trust]]. ISBN 978-1-874454-36-1 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Check digit (1) does not correspond to calculated figure.}}.</ref> They incorporate part of the walls of the Roman fortress and some Norman and medieval work, as well as 19th- and 20th-century renovations.<ref>{{cite book  | last = Pevsner | first = Nikolaus | authorlink = Nikolaus Pevsner | coauthors = and Neave, David  | title = Yorkshire: York and the East Riding | origyear = 1972 | edition = 2nd | year = 1995 | page = 192 | publisher = Penguin Books | location = London | isbn = 0-14-071061-2 }}</ref> The entire circuit is approximately {{convert|2.5|mi|km|0}}, and encloses an area of {{convert|263|acres|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>Wilson and Mee, p.1.</ref> The north-east section includes a part where walls never existed, because the Norman [[moat]] of York Castle, formed by damming the [[River Foss]], also created a lake which acted as a city defence. This lake was later called the King's Fishpond, as the rights to fish belonged to the Crown.

[[File:York city.jpg|thumb|right|Looking towards the [[York Minster|Minster]] from the [[York city walls|city walls]]]]
A feature of central York is the [[Snickelways of York|Snickelways]], narrow pedestrian routes, many of which led towards the former market-places in Pavement and [[Samson of Dol|St Sampson]]'s Square.<ref>{{cite book | last = Jones | first = Mark W | authorlink = | coauthors = Et al | title = A Walk Around the Snickelways of York | publisher = Dales Court Press | date = 31 January 2004 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-1-871125-72-6 }}</ref> [[The Shambles]] is a narrow [[medieval]] street, lined with shops, boutiques and [[tea room]]s. Most of these premises were once butchers' shops, and the hooks from which carcasses were hung and the shelves on which meat was laid out can still be seen outside some of them. The street also contains the Shrine of [[Margaret Clitherow]], although it is not located in the house where she lived.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.insideyork.co.uk/shambles
|title = The Shambles, York UK
|publisher = Inside York
|accessdate = 12 June 2009
}}
</ref> Goodramgate has many medieval houses including the early 14th&nbsp;century Lady Row built to finance a [[Chantry]], at the edge of the churchyard of Holy Trinity church.

As well as the Castle Museum, the city contains numerous other museums and historic buildings such as the [[Yorkshire Museum]] and its [[Museum Gardens]], [[JORVIK Viking Centre]], the [[York Art Gallery]], the [[Richard III Museum]], the [[Merchant Adventurers' Hall]], the reconstructed medieval house [[Barley Hall]] (owned by the [[York Archaeological Trust]]), Fairfax House (owned by the [[York Civic Trust]]), the [[Mansion House, York|Mansion House]] (the historic home of the Lord Mayor), and the [[Treasurer's House, York|Treasurer's House]] (owned by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]).<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.touristnetuk.com/Ne/york/attractions/museums.htm
|title = York - Museums & Art Galleries
|publisher = Tourist Net UK Ltd
|accessdate = 12 June 2009
}}
</ref> The [[National Railway Museum]] is situated just beyond the station, and is home to a vast range of transport material and the largest collection of railway locomotives in the world. Included in this collection are the world's fastest steam locomotive [[LNER 4468 Mallard]] and the world famous [[LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman|4472 Flying Scotsman]], which is being overhauled in the Museum.<ref name=nrmfs>{{cite web | title = About Flying Scotsman | url = http://www.flyingscotsman.org.uk/about.aspx | publisher = [[National Railway Museum]] | accessdate = 3 September 2007}}</ref>

York is noted for its numerous churches and pubs. Most of the remaining churches in York are from the medieval period. [[St William's College]] behind the Minster, and [[Bedern Hall]], off Goodramgate, are former dwelling places of the [[Canon (priest)|canons]] of the Minster.<ref>
{{cite book
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=t5gaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA503&lpg=PA503&dq=%22ralph+de+paganel%22&source=bl&ots=X3Br0xvR_d&sig=7SUmWMZLbKX1s5b8EJPSKWpIgxU&hl=en&ei=vFcoSq-FM464lAeP5_WtAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8#PPA501,M1
|title = History and Topography of the City of York, the East Riding of Yorkshire and a Portion of the West Riding
|first = James Joseph
|last = Sheahan
|coauthors = Whellan, T.
|volume = 1
|page = 501
|year = 1857
|publisher = Google Books
|accessdate = 12 June 2009
}}
</ref>

==Culture==
===Theatre===
[[File:Theatre Royal, York.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Theatre Royal, York|Theatre Royal]]]]
The [[York Theatre Royal|Theatre Royal]], which was established in 1744, produces an annual pantomime which attracts loyal audiences from around the country to see its veteran star, [[Berwick Kaler]].<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2008/dec/15/theatre-review-dick-turpin-pantomime
| title = Theatre review: Dick Turpin - Theatre Royal, York
| publisher = Guardian News and Media Limited
| work = guardian.co.uk
| date = 15 December 2008
| accessdate = 18 May 2009
| location=London
| first=Alfred
| last=Hickling}}
</ref> The [[Grand Opera House (York)|Grand Opera House]] and Joseph Rowntree Theatre also offer a variety of productions.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.grandoperahouseyork.org.uk/whatson.asp?venueid=94
|title = What's on Grand Opera House York
|publisher = Grand Opera House York
|accessdate = 15 June 2009
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://jrtheatre.co.uk/about/
|title = About Joseph Rowntree Theatre
|publisher = Joseph Rowntree Theatre Limited
|accessdate = 15 June 2009
}}
</ref> The city is home to the [[Riding Lights Theatre Company]], which as well as operating a busy national touring department, also operates a busy youth theatre and educational departments. York is also home to a number of amateur dramatic groups.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.ridinglights.org/aboutus/
|title = About Riding Lights
|publisher = Riding Lights Theatre Company
|accessdate = 15 June 2009
}}
</ref> The Department of Theatre, Film and Television, and Student Societies of the University of York  put on public drama performances.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/tft/
|title = Department of Theatre, Film and Television - The University of York
|publisher = Department of Theatre, Film and Television, University of York
|accessdate = 15 June 2009
}}
</ref>

The [[York Mystery Plays]] are performed every 4 years with texts based on the original medieval plays of this type that were performed by the guilds - often with specific connections to the subject matter of each play. (For instance the fishmongers used to present the play of ''Noah and the Flood''). The York Cycle of Mystery Plays or Pageants is the most complete in England. Originally performed from wagons at various locations around the city, following their resurrection in the middle of the 20th century as part of the quadrennial York City Festival, they were mostly produced in a temporary open-air theatre within the ruins of St. Mary's Abbey, using a mixture of professional and amateur actors.  Lead actors have included [[Christopher Timothy]] (in the role of Christ) and Dame [[Judi Dench]] (who has appeared three times).  Latterly the cycle has also been presented within York Minster and occasionally from wagons in the streets, recreating the original productions. In 2012 the York Mystery Plays will be performed between 2 and 27 August at [[St Mary's Abbey, York|St. Mary's Abbey]] in the [[York Museum Gardens]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.yorkmysteryplays-2012.com/
|title = York Mystery Plays 2012
|accessdate = 13 March 2012
}}
</ref>

===Music===
{{tone|section|date=May 2011}}
Among many music groups performing regularly in York are the [[Academy of St Olave's]], a [[chamber orchestra]] which gives concerts in the beautiful setting of [[St Olave's Church, York|St Olave's Church, Marygate]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.academyofstolaves.org.uk/
|title = Academy of St. Olave's Orchestra - Welcome
|publisher = Academy of St Olave's
|year = 2008
|accessdate = 17 June 2009
}}
</ref> A former church, [[Medieval churches of York#St Margaret, Walmgate|St Margaret's, Walmgate]], is now the [[National Centre for Early Music]], which hosts concerts, broadcasts, competitions and events through the year, especially during the [[York Early Music Festival]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.ncem.co.uk/
|title = The National Centre for Early Music, York: Welcome
|publisher = The National Centre for Early Music
|accessdate = 17 June 2009
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.ncem.co.uk/yemf.shtml
|title = York Early Music Festival: Overview
|publisher = The National Centre for Early Music
|accessdate = 17 June 2009
}}
</ref> Students, staff and visiting artists of [[York St John University]] music department regularly perform lunchtime concerts in the University chapel, alongside special performances such as the annual Christmas concert. The staff and students of the [[University of York]] also perform in the city and particularly in the Sir Jack Lyons Concert Hall on the Heslington campus.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://music.york.ac.uk/concerts/newconcerts/
|title = University of York Concerts
|publisher = University of York
|accessdate = 17 June 2009
}}
</ref>

=== Gastronomy ===
[[File:407877 9f05b347-by-Stanley-Howe.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate|Bettys Café]] Tea Rooms]]
In September, York has an annual Festival of Food and Drink, which has been held in the city since 1997. The aim of the festival is to spotlight food culture in York and North Yorkshire by promoting local food production.The Festival generates up to 150,000 visitors over 10 days, from all over the country.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.yorkfoodfestival.com/AboutUs.htm
|title = York Festival of Food and Drink - Who we are and what we do:
|publisher = York Food Festival Ltd
|accessdate=15 June 2009
}}
</ref> One of the notable local products is York ham, a type of cured ham,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.information-britain.co.uk/food/foodlegends/York%20Ham/|title=Food Legends of the United Kingdom: York Ham|publisher=Information Britain |accessdate=11 November 2009}}</ref> which is a mild-flavoured [[ham]] that has delicate pink meat and does not need further cooking before eating. It is traditionally served with [[Madeira wine#Characteristics|Madeira Sauce]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://homecooking.about.com/library/weekly/blham.htm
|title = Home Cooking - Ham Varieties and Terminology
|publisher = The New York Times Company
|work = About.com
|date = 16 September 2008
|accessdate = 5 October 2008
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.recipetips.com/search.asp?index=recipes&querytext=york+ham
|title = Recipe Favourites York ham and other recipes related to York ham
|publisher = Recipe Tips
|accessdate = 5 October 2008
}}</ref> It is a lightly smoked, dry-cured ham, which is saltier but milder in flavour than other European dry-cured hams.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.foodsubs.com/MeatcureHams.html
|title = Cook's Thesaurus: Ham
|publisher = Food Subs
|first = Lori
|last = Alden
|accessdate = 5 October 2008
}}</ref> Folklore has it that the oak construction for York Minster provided the sawdust for smoking the ham. Robert Burrow Atkinson's [[butcher]]y shop, in Blossom Street, is the birthplace of the original “York Ham” and the reason why the premises became famous.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.oliversofthemount.com/history.html
|title = History of 57 & 59 Blossom Street
|publisher = Oliver's Of The Mount
|accessdate = 5 October 2008}}</ref>

In the centre of York, in St Helen’s Square, there is the York branch of [[Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate|Bettys Café]] Tea Rooms. Bettys founder, Frederick Belmont, travelled on the maiden voyage of the ''[[RMS Queen Mary|Queen Mary]]'' in 1936. He was so impressed by the splendour of the ship that he employed the Queen Marys’ designers and craftsmen to turn a dilapidated furniture store in York into an elegant café in St Helen’s Square. A few years after Bettys opened in York war broke out, and the basement ‘Bettys Bar’, became a favourite haunt of the thousands of airmen stationed around York. ‘Bettys Mirror’, on which many of them engraved their signatures with a diamond pen, remains on display today as a tribute to them.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.bettys.co.uk/cafe.asp?storyid={EBCDFAEA-C6F5-4F2A-AB0E-7C07A94D5241}
|title = Bettys Café Tea Rooms, York
|publisher = Bettys & Taylors of Harrogate Limited
|accessdate = 14 June 2009
}}
</ref>

==Media==
The York area is served by a local newspaper, ''[[The Press (York)|The Press]]'' (known as the ''Evening Press'' until April 2006), The York Advertiser newspaper (based at The Press on Walmgate), and two local radio stations [[Minster FM]] and [[BBC Radio York]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.thepress.co.uk/news/
|title = York news, North Yorkshire news and information from ''The Press'' newspaper in York
|publisher = Newsquest Media Group
|work = The Press
|accessdate = 12 June 2009
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneandother.com/ |title=Events in York, Visit York, Local News Yorkshire, Things to Do in York – Oneandother.com - York |publisher=Oneandother.com |date=26 November 2011 |accessdate=4 December 2011}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.minsterfm.com/mi/welcome/
|title = Minster FM - Welcome
|publisher = The Local Radio Company
|work = Minster FM
|accessdate = 12 June 2009
}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/local_radio/
|title = BBC Radio York
|publisher = BBC
|work = BBC Local - York & North Yorkshire
|accessdate = 12 June 2009
}}
</ref> Local news and events are covered by a social media enterprise called One&Other.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oneandother.com/about-us/ |title=About Us|year=2012 [last update] |accessdate=25 March 2012}}</ref>

[[York St John University]] has a Film and Television Production department with links to many major industrial partners. The department hosts an annual festival of student work and a showcase of other regional films.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www2.yorksj.ac.uk/default.asp?Page_ID=4724
|title = Film & Television Production BA (Hons) Entry Profile
|publisher = York St John University
|year = 2006
|accessdate = 12 June 2009
}}
</ref>

The [[University of York]] has its own television station [[York Student Television]] (YSTV) and two campus newspapers ''[[Nouse]]'' and ''[[York Vision]]''.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://ystv.york.ac.uk/
|title = YSTV - Watch TV. Make TV. YSTV
|publisher = York Student Television
|accessdate = 12 June 2009
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref> Its radio station [[University Radio York|URY]] is the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK, and was voted [[BBC Radio 1]] Student Radio Station of the Year 2005.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://ury.york.ac.uk/about.php
|title=University Radio York - About URY
|publisher=University Radio York
|accessdate=21 July 2009
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080602223445/http://ury.york.ac.uk/about.php
|archivedate = 2 June 2008}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.mediauk.com/the_knowledge/i.muk/URY
|title=URY - Media UK
|publisher=Media UK
|accessdate=21 July 2009
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080616185026/http://www.mediauk.com/the_knowledge/i.muk/URY |archivedate = 16 June 2008}}
</ref>

==Sport==
[[File:After the match - geograph.org.uk - 577429.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bootham Crescent]] is the home ground of [[York City F.C.]]]]
The city's [[Football (soccer)|football]] team is [[York City F.C.|York City]], and are playing in [[League Two]] at the start of the 2012&ndash;2013 season. York have played as high as the [[Football League Second Division|old Second Division]] but are best known for their "giant killing" status in cup competitions, having reached the [[FA Cup]] semi-final in 1955 and beaten [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] 3&ndash;0 during the 1995–96 [[Football League Cup|League Cup]]. Their matches are played at [[Bootham Crescent]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.ycfc.net/
|title = York City FC Official Website
|publisher = York City FC
|accessdate = 12 June 2009
}}
</ref>

York also has a strong [[rugby league]] history. York FC, later known as [[York City Knights|York Wasps]], formed in 1901, were one of the oldest rugby league clubs in the country but the effects of a move to the out of town [[Huntington Stadium]], poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002.<ref>
{{cite news
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/1882617.stm
|title = York lose survival fight
|publisher = BBC
|work = [[BBC Sport]]
|date = 20 March 2002
|accessdate = 15 June 2009
}}
</ref> The supporters formed a new club, [[York City Knights]], who now play at the same stadium in [[Championship 1]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.yorkcityknights.co.uk/index2.html
|title = Welcome to the Official York City Knights website
|publisher = York City Knights
|accessdate = 12 June 2009
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20090522142922/http://www.yorkcityknights.co.uk/index2.html <!--Added by H3llBot-->
|archivedate = 22 May 2009
}}
</ref> There are three amateur rugby league teams in York, [[New Earswick]] All Blacks, York Acorn and Heworth. [[York International 9s]] is a [[rugby league nines]] tournament which takes place in York each year.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=3982
|title = York International Rugby 9s
|publisher = York City of Festivals
|year = 2005
|accessdate = 20 July 2009
}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}
</ref>
Amateur side [[York Lokomotive]] compete in the [[Rugby League Conference]].

An open rowing club [[York City Rowing Club]] is located underneath Lendal Bridge.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.ycrc.co.uk/
|title = York City Rowing Club
|publisher = York City Rowing Club
|accessdate = 12 June 2009
}}
</ref> The rowing clubs of The University of York, [[York St John University Rowing Club]] and [[Leeds University Boat Club]] as well as York City RC using the Ouse for training.

[[File:York Racecourse - Stands.jpg|thumb|right|A view of the Stands at [[York Racecourse]]]]
[[York Racecourse]] was established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running. This major [[horseracing]] venue is located on the [[Knavesmire]] and sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings. The Knavesmire Racecourse also hosted [[Royal Ascot]] in 2005.<ref>
{{cite news
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/4088800.stm
|title = Day One: Royal Ascot at York
|publisher = BBC
|work = [[BBC Sport]]
|date = 14 June 2005
|accessdate = 19 July 2009
}}
</ref> In August racing takes place over the three day [[Ebor Festival]] that includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.yorkracecourse.co.uk/about-york-racecourse/history
|title = York Racecourse History
|publisher = York Racecourse
|accessdate = 12 June 2009
}}
</ref>

Motorbike speedway once took place at York. The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged. In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.defunctspeedway.co.uk/York%20Speedway.htm
|title = York Speedway
|publisher = John Skinner
|accessdate = 19 July 2009
}}
</ref>

The most notable sportsmen to come from York in recent years are footballer [[Marco Gabbiadini]] and former [[England national football team|England]] manager [[Steve McClaren]],<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.millthorpeschool.co.uk/school/expupils/nunthorpe.php
|title = Millthorpe School - Steve McClaren - Nunthorpe Grammar School
|publisher = Millthorpe School
|accessdate = 19 July 2009
}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
</ref> who both attended Nunthorpe Grammar School (now called [[Millthorpe School]]).<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://archive.thenorthernecho.co.uk/2006/5/6/224457.html
|title = Saturday Spotlight: McClaren makes his mark on Marco
|publisher = Newsquest Media Group
|work = The Northern Echo
|date = 6 May 2006
|accessdate = 19 July 2009
}}
</ref>

There are two sailing clubs close to York, both of which sail dinghies on the River Ouse. The York RI (Railway Institute) Sailing Club has a club bouse and boat park on the outskirts of [[Bishopthorpe]], a village {{convert|3|mi|km}} to the south of York. The Yorkshire Ouse Sailing Club has a club house in the village of [[Naburn]], {{convert|5|mi|km}} south of York.

==Twin cities==
York is twinned with: [[Dijon]], France (1953)<ref name="Twin">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.york.gov.uk/visiting/Town_twinning/
|title = Town twinning - City of York Council
|publisher = City of York Council
|date = 20 April 2009
|accessdate = 19 May 2009
}}
</ref>
and [[Münster]], Germany (1957).<ref name="Twin"/> There is also a community link with [[Fanteakwa District]], Ghana.<ref>[http://yowla.wordpress.com/partnerships/york-fanteakwa-community-link/ York Fanteakwa Community Link] YOWLA Online</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of people associated with York]]

==Notes==
:{{note label|1939|a|a}}There was no census in 1941: figures are from National Register. United Kingdom and Isle of Man. Statistics of Population on 29 September 1939 by Sex, Age and Marital Condition.
:{{note label|2001|b|b}}There is a discrepancy of 37 between Office of National Statistics  figures (quoted before) and those on the ''Vision of Britain'' website (quoted here).

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|York}}
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;Photos and images
* [http://library.york.gov.uk/uhtbin/cgisirsi/x/YORKIMAGES/0/57/49?user_id=YORKIMAGES Imagine York: Historic Photographs] Online Council Library Archive of historic photographs of York, searchable by keyword.
* [http://www.yayas.free-online.co.uk/evelyn.html The [[Evelyn collection]] of pictures of York from the early 20th century]
* [http://www.vryork.com/ Virtual Tour of York] Panoramic views from 2000 to the present day.
* [http://www.thisisyork.net/photos.php?l=en Pictures from York.]

;Historical and genealogical sources
*[http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/ARY/York/index.html The City of York]: historical and genealogical information at [[GENUKI]]
*[http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/ History of York] Comprehensive site dedicated to the history of the city.
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/17848 	Life in a Mediæval City Illustrated by York in the XVth Century]
{{Hanseatic League}}
{{Yorkshire and the Humber}}
{{North Yorkshire}}
{{UK cities}}
{{Unitary authorities of England}}

{{Good article}}

[[Category:York| ]]
[[Category:71 establishments]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1st century]]
[[Category:County towns in England]]
[[Category:Leeds City Region]]
[[Category:Local government districts of North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Unitary authorities of England]]
[[Category:Trading posts of the Hanseatic League]]
[[Category:University towns in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Roman colonies]]
[[Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (UK English)]]
[[Category:Cities in Yorkshire and the Humber]]
[[Category:Local government districts of Yorkshire and the Humber]]
[[Category:Walled towns]]

[[ang:Eoforwic]]
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[[be:Горад Ёрк]]
[[bg:Йорк]]
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