View source for Alliance 90/The Greens

{{short description|Green political party in Germany}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox political party
| country          = Germany
| name             = Alliance 90/The Greens
| native_name      = Bündnis 90/Die Grünen
| native_name_lang = de
| logo             = Bündnis 90 - Die Grünen Logo (transparent).svg
| logo_size        = 200
| colorcode        = {{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}
| leader1_title    = Co-Leaders
| leader1_name     = {{plainlist|
* [[Ricarda Lang]]
* [[Omid Nouripour]]
}}
| leader2_title    = Parliamentary leaders
| leader2_name     = {{plainlist|
* [[Katharina Dröge]]
* [[Britta Haßelmann]]
}}
| foundation       = {{plainlist|
* 14 May 1993
}}
| merger           = {{plainlist|
* The Greens
* [[East German Green Party|Green Party]]
* [[Alliance 90]]
}}
| membership_year  = March 2024
| membership       = {{increase}} ~130,000<ref name="Membership-2024_source1">{{cite web|url=https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2024-03/gruene-mitglieder-zuwachs-2024|title=Grüne verzeichnen starken Mitgliederzuwachs |author=zeit.de |date=1 March 2024 |language=de|access-date=22 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Membership-2024_source2">{{cite web|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/nach-mitgliederschwund-im-jahr-2023-grune-verzeichnen-starkste-eintrittswelle-der-parteigeschichte-11297197.html|title=Nach Mitgliederschwund im Jahr 2023: Grüne verzeichnen stärkste Eintrittswelle der Parteigeschichte |author=tagesspiegel.de |date=1 March 2024 |language=de|access-date=22 June 2024}}</ref>
| ideology         = [[Green politics]]<br>[[Social liberalism]]
| position         = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]
| international    = [[Global Greens]]
| european         = [[European Green Party]]
| europarl         = [[Greens–European Free Alliance|Greens/EFA]]
| colours          = {{color box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border= darkgray}} Green
| seats1_title     = [[Bundestag]]
| seats1           = {{Composition bar|117|733|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| seats2_title     = [[Bundesrat of Germany|Bundesrat]]
| seats2           = {{Composition bar|12|69|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| seats3_title     = [[Composition of the German State Parliaments|State Parliaments]]
| seats3           = {{Composition bar|320|1894|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| seats4_title     = [[2019 European Parliament election in Germany|European Parliament]]
| seats4           = {{Composition bar|12|96|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| seats5_title     = [[Minister president (Germany)|Heads of State Governments]]
| seats5           = {{Composition bar|1|16|hex= {{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| headquarters     = Platz vor dem Neuen Tor 1<br>10115 [[Berlin]]
| youth_wing       = [[Green Youth (Germany)|Green Youth]]
| flag             = B90Gruene RGB aufTanne.svg
| website          = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''Alliance 90/The Greens''' ({{langx|de|link=no|Bündnis 90/Die Grünen}}, {{IPA|de|ˈbʏntnɪs ˈnɔʏntsɪç diː ˈɡʁyːnən|pron|De-Bündnis 90-Die Grünen.ogg}}), often simply referred to as '''Greens'''{{efn|name=abbr}} ({{lang|de|Grüne}}, {{IPA|de|ˈɡʁyːnə|pron|De-Grüne.ogg}}), is a [[Green (politics)|green]] [[political party in Germany]].<ref name="Nordsieck"/> It was formed in 1993 by the merger of the Greens (formed in [[West Germany]] in 1980) and [[Alliance 90]] (formed in [[East Germany]] in 1990). The Greens had itself merged with the [[East German Green Party]] after [[German reunification]] in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.bpb.de/politik/grundfragen/parteien-in-deutschland/42151/geschichte |title= Etappen der Parteigeschichte der GRÜNEN |publisher= [[Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung]] |access-date= 2 November 2016}}</ref>

Since January 2022, [[Ricarda Lang]] and [[Omid Nouripour]] have been co-leaders of the party. It currently holds 118 of the 736 seats in the [[Bundestag]], having won 14.8% of votes cast in the [[2021 German federal election|2021 federal election]], and its parliamentary group is the third largest of six. Its parliamentary co-leaders are [[Britta Haßelmann]] and [[Katharina Dröge]]. The Greens have been part of the federal government twice: first as a junior partner to the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]] (SPD) from 1998 to 2005, and then with the SPD and the [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]] (FDP) in the [[traffic light coalition]] since the [[2021 German federal election]]. In the incumbent [[Scholz cabinet]], the Greens have five ministers, including Vice-Chancellor [[Robert Habeck]] and Foreign Minister [[Annalena Baerbock]].

The party holds seats in all of Germany's state legislatures, except the [[Saarland]], and is a member of coalition governments in eleven states. [[Winfried Kretschmann]], [[List of Ministers-President of Baden-Württemberg|Minister-President of Baden-Württemberg]], is the only Green head of government in Germany. The [[Landtag of Baden-Württemberg]] is also the only state legislature in which Alliance 90/The Greens is the largest party; it is the second largest party in the legislatures of [[Berlin]], [[Hamburg]], and [[Schleswig-Holstein]].

Alliance 90/The Greens is a founding member of the [[European Green Party]] and the [[Greens–European Free Alliance]] group in the [[European Parliament]]. It is currently the largest party in the G/EFA group, with 21 [[MEPs]]. In the [[2019 European Parliament election in Germany|2019 European election]], Alliance 90/The Greens was the second largest party in Germany, winning 20.5% of votes cast. The party had 126,451 members in December 2022, making it the fourth largest party in Germany by membership.<ref name="Membership-2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/mitgliederzahl-gruene-2022-101.html|title=So viele Grüne "wie nie zuvor" |author=tagesschau.de |date=1 March 2023 |language=de|access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref>

==History==

===Background===
The Green Party was initially founded in West Germany as ''Die Grünen'' (the Greens) in January 1980. It grew out of the anti-nuclear energy, environmental, peace, new left, and new social movements of the late 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heberer |first1=Eva-Maria |title=Prostitution: An Economic Perspective on its Past, Present, and Future |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9783658044961 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHPGBAAAQBAJ&q=%22Die+Gr%C3%BCnen%22+january+1980&pg=PA60 |access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>

''Grüne Liste Umweltschutz'' (green list for environmental protection) was the name used for some branches in [[Lower Saxony]] and other states in the Federal Republic of Germany. These groups were founded in 1977 and took part in several elections. Most of them merged with The Greens in 1980.

The [[West Berlin]] state branch of The Greens was founded as ''Alternative Liste'', or precisely, ''Alternative Liste für Demokratie und Umweltschutz'' (AL; alternative list for democracy and environmental protection) in 1978 and became the official West Berlin branch of The Greens in 1980. In 1993, it renamed to Alliance 90/The Greens Berlin after the merger with East Berlin's Greens and Alliance 90.

The [[Alliance 90/The Greens Hamburg|Hamburg state branch]] of the Green Party was called ''Grün-Alternative Liste Hamburg'' (GAL; green-alternative list) from its foundation in 1982 until 2012. In 1984, it became the official Hamburg branch of The Greens.

===12–13 January 1980: Foundation congress===
The political party '''The Greens''' ({{langx|de|link=no|Die Grünen}}) sprung out of the wave of [[New social movements|New Social Movements]] that were active in the 1970s, including [[Environmental movement|environmentalist]], [[Anti-war movement|anti-war]], and [[Anti-nuclear movement|anti-nuclear]] movements which can trace their origin to the [[protests of 1968|student protests of 1968]]. Officially founded as a German national party on 13 January 1980 in [[Karlsruhe]], the party sought to give these movements political and parliamentary representation, as the pre-existing {{interlanguage link|Volkspartei (Parteityp)#Deutschland|de|lt=peoples parties}} were not organised in a way to address their stated issues.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaelberer|first=Matthias|date=September 1998|title=Party competition, social movements and postmaterialist values: Exploring the rise of green parties in France and Germany|journal=[[Contemporary Politics]]|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|pages=299–315|doi=10.1080/13569779808449970|issn=1356-9775}}</ref> Its membership included organisers from former attempts to achieve institutional representation such as {{interlanguage link|Grüne Liste Umweltschutz|de|lt=GLU}} and {{interlanguage link|Aktionsgemeinschaft Unabhängiger Deutscher|de|lt=AUD}}. Opposition to pollution, use of [[nuclear power]], [[NATO]] military action, and certain aspects of [[Industrialisation|industrialised society]] were principal campaign issues.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The party also championed [[Sexual revolution|sexual liberation]] and some of their members supported the abolition of [[Age of consent reform|age of consent laws]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=16 July 2021|title=The German Experiment That Placed Foster Children with Pedophiles|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/07/26/the-german-experiment-that-placed-foster-children-with-pedophiles|access-date=27 July 2021|magazine=The New Yorker|publisher=Condé Nast|language=en-US}}</ref>

The formation of a party was purportedly first discussed by movement leaders in 1978. Important figures in the first years were&nbsp;– among others&nbsp;– [[Petra Kelly]], [[Joschka Fischer]], [[Gert Bastian]], {{interlanguage link|Lukas Beckmann|de}}, [[Rudolf Bahro]], [[Joseph Beuys]], [[Antje Vollmer]], {{interlanguage link|Herbert Gruhl|de}}, [[August Haußleiter]],<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/merchants-of-despair | title=Merchants of Despair: Radical Environmentalists, Criminal Pseudo-Scientists, and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism | publisher=New Atlantis Books | author=Zubrin, Robert | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-59403-476-3}}</ref> [[Luise Rinser]], {{interlanguage link|Dirk Schneider (politician)|de|lt=Dirk Schneider}}, [[Christian Ströbele]], [[Jutta Ditfurth]], [[Baldur Springmann]] and [[:de:Werner Vogel (Politiker)|Werner Vogel]].

In the foundational [https://bnn.de/lokales/karlsruhe/gruendungsparteitag-der-gruenen-1980-in-karlsruhe-das-war-eine-ziemlich-schwere-geburt congress of 1980], the ideological tenets of the party were consolidated, proclaiming the famous Four Pillars of the Green Party:
* [[Social justice]]
* [[Ecological wisdom]]
* [[Grassroots democracy]]
* [[Nonviolence]]

===1980s: Parliamentary representation on the federal level===
In 1982, the conservative factions of the Greens broke away to form the [[Ecological Democratic Party]] (ÖDP). Those who remained in the Green party were more strongly [[Pacifism|pacifist]] and against restrictions on immigration and [[reproductive rights]], while supporting the legalisation of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] use, placing a higher priority on working for [[LGBT rights in Germany|LGBT rights]], and tending to advocate what they described as "anti-authoritarian" concepts of education and child-rearing. They also tended to identify more closely with a culture of protest and [[civil disobedience]], frequently clashing with police at demonstrations against [[nuclear weapons]], [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]], and the construction of a new runway ({{lang|de|Startbahn West}}) at [[Frankfurt Airport]]. Those who left the party at the time might have felt similarly about some of these issues, but did not identify with the forms of protest that Green party members took part in.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}}

After some success at [[States of Germany|state-level]] elections, the party won 27 seats with {{percentage|5.7|100|1}} of the vote in the Bundestag, the lower house of the German parliament, in the [[1983 West German federal election|1983 federal election]]. Among the important political issues at the time was the deployment of [[Pershing II]] [[Intermediate-range ballistic missile|IRBM]]s and nuclear-tipped [[cruise missile]]s by the U.S. and [[NATO]] on West German soil, generating strong opposition in the general population that found an outlet in mass demonstrations. The newly formed party was able to draw on this popular movement to recruit support. Partly due to the impact of the [[Chernobyl disaster]] in 1986, and to growing awareness of the threat of air pollution and [[acid rain]] to German forests ({{lang|de|[[Forest dieback|Waldsterben]]}}), the Greens increased their share of the vote to {{percentage|8.3|100|1}} in the [[1987 West German federal election|1987 federal election]]. Around this time, [[Joschka Fischer]] emerged as the unofficial leader of the party, which he remained until resigning all leadership posts following the [[2005 German federal election|2005 federal election]].

The Greens were the target of attempts by the East German secret police to enlist the cooperation of members who were willing to align the party with the agenda of the [[German Democratic Republic]]. The party ranks included several politicians who were later discovered to have been [[Stasi]] agents, including [[Bundestag]] representative Dirk Schneider, [[European Parliament]] representative [[Brigitte Heinrich]], and [[Red Army Faction]] defense lawyer [[Klaus Croissant]]. Greens politician and Bundestag representative [[Gert Bastian]] was also a founding member of {{interlanguage link|Generals for Peace|de|Generale für den Frieden}}, a pacifist group created and funded by the Stasi, the revelation of which may have contributed to the murder-suicide in which he killed his partner and Greens founder [[Petra Kelly]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hilton |first1=Isabel |title=The Green with a smoking gun |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/the-green-with-a-smoking-gun-theres-no-mystery-about-who-killed-petra-kelly-and-her-lover-gert-1372660.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811222609/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/the-green-with-a-smoking-gun-theres-no-mystery-about-who-killed-petra-kelly-and-her-lover-gert-1372660.html |archive-date=11 August 2016 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=26 April 1994}}</ref> A study commissioned by the Greens determined that 15 to 20 members intimately cooperated with the Stasi and another 450 to 500 had been informants.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chase |first1=Jefferson |title=Study confirms that Stasi infiltrated Greens |url=https://www.dw.com/en/study-confirms-that-stasi-infiltrated-greens/a-36024911 |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] | language = en |date=12 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Decker |first1=Markus |title=Das Interesse der Stasi an den Grünen |url=http://www.fr.de/politik/die-gruenen-das-interesse-der-stasi-an-den-gruenen-a-305312 | language = de |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |date=12 October 2016}}</ref>

Until 1987, the Greens included a faction involved in [[pedophile activism]], the {{lang|de|SchwuP}} short for {{lang|de|Arbeitsgemeinschaft "Schwule, Päderasten und Transsexuelle"}} (approx. ''working group "Gays, Pederasts and Transsexuals"''). This faction campaigned for repealing  § 176 of the German penal code, dealing with [[child sexual abuse]]. This group was controversial within the party itself, and was seen as partly responsible for the poor election result of 1985.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13513384.html Torso von SchwuP] [[Der Spiegel]] 13/1985.</ref> [[:de:Pädophilie-Debatte (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen)|This controversy re-surfaced in 2013]] and chairwoman [[Claudia Roth]] stated she welcomed an independent scientific investigation on the extent of influence pedophile activists had on the party in the mid-1980s.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/gruene-roth-will-paedophilie-aufarbeitung-unterstuetzen-12168499.html | title = Roth will Pädophilie-Aufarbeitung unterstützen | work = [[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] | date = 1 May 2013 | language = de | df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/past-pedophile-links-haunt-german-green-party-a-899544.html |title=Shadows from the Past: Pedophile Links Haunt Green Party |first1=Jan | last1 =  Fleischhauer | first2 = Ann-Katrin | last2 = Müller | first3 = René | last3 = Pfister |year=2013 | work = [[Der Spiegel]]}}</ref> In November 2014, the political scientist Franz Walter presented the final report about his research on a press conference.<ref>{{cite news| last1=Leithaeuser | first1= Johannes|title=Viele Entschuldigungen und ein Erklärungsversuch|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/paedophilie-gruene-studie-zu-eigener-haltung-13261752.html|work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]|access-date=4 August 2015|location=[[Berlin]] | language = de |date=11 December 2014 | df = dmy-all}}</ref>

===1990s: German reunification, electoral failure in the West, formation of Alliance 90/The Greens===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-0208-015, Logo Grüne Partei der DDR.svg|thumb|left|The 1990 [[East German Green Party|GDR's Green Party]] logo]]
In the [[1990 German federal election|1990 federal elections]], taking place post-[[German reunification|reunified Germany]], the Greens in the West did not pass the 5% limit required to win seats in the Bundestag. It was only due to a temporary modification of German election law, applying the five-percent "hurdle" separately in East and West Germany, that the Greens acquired any parliamentary seats at all. This happened because in the [[new states of Germany]], the Greens, in a joint effort with [[Alliance 90]], a heterogeneous grouping of [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] activists, were able to gain more than 5% of the vote. Some critics attribute this poor performance to the reluctance of the campaign to cater to the prevalent mood of [[nationalism]], instead focusing on subjects such as [[global warming]]. A campaign poster at the time proudly stated, "Everyone is talking about Germany; we're talking about the weather!", paraphrasing a popular slogan of [[Deutsche Bundesbahn]], the German national railway. The party also opposed imminent reunification that was in process, instead wanting to initiate debates on ecology and nuclear issues before reunification causing a drop in support in Western Germany.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams|first1=Carol J.|title=Greens, E. German Leftists Join Election Forces|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-09-24-mn-955-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> After the [[1994 German federal election|1994 federal election]]; however, the merged party returned to the Bundestag, and the Greens received 7.3% of the vote nationwide and 49 seats.

===1998–2002: Greens as governing party, first term===
[[File:Gruenen Velotaxi 20050813.jpg|230px|thumb|left|A [[cycle rickshaw]] (velotaxi) in front of the German Bundestag in Berlin with the Alliance 90/The Greens livery for the [[2005 German federal election|2005 federal election]]]]

In the [[1998 German federal election|1998 federal election]], despite a slight fall in their percentage of the vote (6.7%), the Greens retained 47 seats and joined the federal government for the first time in '[[Red–green alliance|Red-Green]]' [[coalition government]] with the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (SPD). [[Joschka Fischer]] became [[Vice-Chancellor of Germany]] and [[Foreign Minister of Germany|foreign minister]] in the new government, which had two other Green ministers ([[Andrea Fischer]], later [[Renate Künast]], and [[Jürgen Trittin]]).

Almost immediately the party was plunged into a crisis by the question of German participation in the [[Kosovo War|NATO actions]] in Kosovo. Numerous anti-war party members resigned their party membership when the first post-war deployment of German troops in a military conflict abroad occurred under a Red-Green government, and the party began to experience a long string of defeats in local and state-level elections. Disappointment with the Green participation in government increased when anti-nuclear power activists realised that shutting down the nation's nuclear power stations would not happen as quickly as they wished, and numerous pro-business SPD members of the federal cabinet opposed the environmentalist agenda of the Greens, calling for tacit compromises.

In 2001, the party experienced a further crisis as some Green Members of Parliament refused to back the government's plan of sending military personnel to help with the [[Operation Enduring Freedom|2001 invasion of Afghanistan]]. [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]] [[Gerhard Schröder]] called a vote of confidence, tying it to his strategy on the war. Four Green MPs and one Social Democrat voted against the government, but Schröder was still able to command a majority.

On the other hand, the Greens achieved a major success as a governing party through the 2000 decision to phase out the use of nuclear energy. [[Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety|Minister of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety]] Jürgen Trittin reached an agreement with energy companies on the gradual phasing out of [[List of nuclear reactors#Germany|the country's nineteen nuclear power plants]] and a cessation of civil usage of nuclear power by 2020. This was authorised through the [[Nuclear Exit Law]]. Based on an estimate of 32 years as the normal period of operation for a nuclear power plant, the agreement defines precisely how much energy a power plant is allowed to produce before being shut down. This law has since been overturned.

===2002–2005: Greens as governing party, second term===
Despite the crises of the preceding electoral period, in the [[2002 German federal election|2002 federal election]], the Greens increased their total to 55 seats (in a smaller parliament) and 8.6%. This was partly due to the perception that the internal debate over the war in Afghanistan had been more honest and open than in other parties, and one of the MPs who had voted against the Afghanistan deployment, [[Hans-Christian Ströbele]], was directly elected to the Bundestag as a district representative for the [[Berlin-Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg – Prenzlauer Berg East|Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg – Prenzlauer Berg East constituency]] in Berlin, becoming the first Green to ever gain a [[first-past-the-post]] seat in Germany.

The Greens benefited from increased inroads among traditionally left-wing demographics which had benefited from Green-initiated legislation in the 1998–2002 term, such as environmentalists ([[Renewable Energies Act]]) and LGBT groups ([[Registered Partnership]] Law). Perhaps most important for determining the success of both the Greens and the SPD was the increasing threat of war in Iraq, which was highly unpopular with the German public, and helped gather votes for the parties which had taken a stand against participation in this war. Despite losses for the SPD, the Red-Green coalition government retained a very slight majority in the Bundestag (4 seats) and was renewed, with [[Joschka Fischer]] as foreign minister, [[Renate Künast]] as minister for consumer protection, nutrition and agriculture, and [[Jürgen Trittin]] as minister for the environment.

One internal issue in 2002 was the failed attempt to settle a long-standing discussion about the question of whether members of parliament should be allowed to become members of the party executive. Two party conventions declined to change the party statute. The necessary majority of two-thirds was missed by a small margin. As a result, former party chairpersons [[Fritz Kuhn]] and [[Claudia Roth]] (who had been elected to parliament that year) were no longer able to continue in their executive function and were replaced by former party secretary general [[Reinhard Bütikofer]] and former Bundestag member [[Angelika Beer]]. The party then held a member referendum on this question in the spring of 2003 which changed the party statute. Now members of parliament may be elected for two of the six seats of the party executive, as long as they are not ministers or caucus leaders. 57% of all party members voted in the member referendum, with 67% voting in favor of the change. The referendum was only the second in the history of Alliance 90/The Greens, the first having been held about the merger of the Greens and Alliance 90. In 2004, after Angelika Beer was elected to the [[European Parliament]], Claudia Roth was elected to replace her as party chair.

[[File:Bdk-oldenburg-2005-kuenast.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Federal party convention in Oldenburg; Renate Künast speaking (2005)]]

The only party convention in 2003 was planned for November 2003, but about 20% of the local organisations forced the federal party to hold a special party convention in [[Cottbus]] early to discuss the party position regarding ''[[Agenda 2010]]'', a major reform of the German welfare programmes planned by Chancellor Schröder.

The November 2003 party convention was held in [[Dresden]] and decided the election platform for the 2004 [[European Parliament]] elections. The German Green list for these elections was headed by [[Rebecca Harms]] (then leader of the Green party in Lower Saxony) and [[Daniel Cohn-Bendit]], previously Member of the European Parliament for [[The Greens (France)|The Greens of France]]. The November 2003 convention is also noteworthy because it was the first convention of a German political party ever to use an [[electronic voting]] system.

The Greens gained a record 13 of Germany's 99 seats in these elections, mainly due to the perceived competence of Green ministers in the federal government and the unpopularity of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]].

In early 2005, the Greens were the target of the [[German Visa Affair 2005]], instigated in the media by the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU). At the end of April 2005, they celebrated the decommissioning of the [[Obrigheim nuclear power station]]. They also continue to support a bill for an [[Anti-Discrimination Law]] ({{interlanguage link|Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz|de}}) in the [[Bundestag]].

In May 2005, the only remaining state-level [[red-green coalition]] government lost the vote in the [[2005 North Rhine-Westphalia state election|North Rhine-Westphalia state election]], leaving only the federal government with participation of the Greens (apart from local governments). In the early [[2005 German federal election|2005 federal election]] the party incurred very small losses and achieved 8.1% of the vote and 51 seats. However, due to larger losses of the SPD, the previous coalition no longer had a majority in the Bundestag.
[[File:National Vote map die Gruenen.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Map showing Alliance 90/The Greens vote in each of the German constituencies at the [[2005 German federal election]]]]

===2005–2021: In opposition===
[[File:Bundestag 2009 Buendnisgruene.svg|thumb|250px|right|Map showing Alliance 90/The Greens vote in each of the German constituencies at the [[2009 German federal election]]]]
For almost two years after the federal election in 2005, the Greens were not part of any government at the state or federal level. In June 2007, the Greens in [[Bremen]] entered into a coalition with the Social Democratic Party (SPD) following the [[2007 Bremen state election]].
[[File:Greens in Government G-Coordination.png|thumb|Professionalization of G-Coordination since 2007]]
In April 2008, following the [[2008 Hamburg state election]], the Green-Alternative List (GAL) in [[Hamburg]] entered into a coalition with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), the first {{interlanguage link|Schwarz-grüne Koalition|de|lt=such}} state-level coalition in Germany. Although the GAL had to agree to the deepening of the [[Elbe]] River, the construction of a new [[coal-fired power station]] and two road projects they had opposed, they also received some significant concessions from the CDU. These included reforming state schools by increasing the number of primary school [[educational stage]]s, the restoration of trams as public transportation in the [[city-state]], and more [[Pedestrian zone|pedestrian-friendly]] real estate development. On 29 November 2010, the coalition collapsed, resulting in [[2011 Hamburg state election|an election]] that was won by SPD.

Following the [[2009 Saarland state election|Saarland state election]] of August 2009, The Greens held the balance of power after a close election where no two-party coalitions could create a stable [[majority government]]. After negotiations, the Saarland Greens rejected the option of a left-wing 'red-red-green' coalition with the SPD and [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] ({{Lang|de|Die Linke}}) in order to form a centre-right state government with the CDU and [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]] (FDP), a historical first time that a [[Jamaica coalition (politics)|Jamaica coalition]] has formed in German politics.

In June 2010, in the first state election following the victory of the [[CDU/CSU]] and FDP in the [[2009 German federal election|2009 federal election]], the "black-yellow" CDU-FDP coalition in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] under [[Jürgen Rüttgers]] lost its majority. The Greens and the SPD came one seat short of a governing majority, but after multiple negotiations about coalitions of SPD and Greens with either the FDP or The Left, the SPD and Greens decided to form a [[minority government]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,701274,00.html |title=Krafts Machtplan: Rot-Grün plant Minderheitsregierung in NRW |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=17 June 2010 |publisher=Spiegel.de |access-date=3 June 2012|last1=Brandt |first1=Andrea |last2=Medick |first2=Veit }}</ref> which was possible because under the [[constitution of North Rhine-Westphalia]] a plurality of seats is sufficient to elect a [[Minister-President|minister-president]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://recht.nrw.de/lmi/owa/br_text_anzeigen?v_id=2320020927105939563#det364590|title=Gesetze und Verordnungen – Landesrecht NRW|author=Ministerium für Inneres und Kommunales des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Referat|work=nrw.de|access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> So a red-green government in a state where it was defeated under [[Peer Steinbrück]] in 2005 came into office again on 14 June 2010 with the election of [[Hannelore Kraft]] as minister-president ([[Cabinet Kraft I]]).

The Greens founded the first international chapter of a German political party in the U.S. on 13 April 2008 at the [[Goethe-Institut]] in Washington D.C. Its main goal is "to provide a platform for politically active and green-oriented German citizens, in and beyond Washington D.C., to discuss and actively participate in German Green politics. [...] to foster professional and personal exchange, channeling the outcomes towards the political discourse in Germany."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gruene-washington.de/about-us/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928072416/http://gruene-washington.de/about-us/|url-status=dead|title=Grüner Ortsverband Washington: About us|archive-date=28 September 2009}}</ref>

In March 2011 (two weeks after the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster|Fukushima nuclear disaster]] had begun), the Greens made large gains in [[2011 Rhineland-Palatinate state election|Rhineland-Palatinate]] and in [[2011 Baden-Württemberg state election|Baden-Württemberg]]. In Baden-Württemberg they became the senior partner in a governing coalition for the first time. [[Winfried Kretschmann]] is now the first Green to serve as [[Minister-President]] of a German State ([[Cabinet Kretschmann I]] and [[Cabinet Kretschmann II|II]]). Polling data from August 2011 indicated that one in five Germans supported the Greens.<ref name="nytgrowth">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/02/world/europe/02greens.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all |title=Greens Gain in Germany, and the World Takes Notice |last=Kulish |first=Nicholas |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 September 2011 |access-date=2 September 2011}}</ref> From 4 October 2011 to [[2016 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election|4 September 2016]], the party was represented in all state parliaments.

Like the Social Democrats, the Greens backed Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] on most bailout votes in the German parliament during her second term, saying their pro-European stances overrode party politics.<ref>Tony Czuczka and Patrick Donahue (24 September 2013), [Merkel's Cold Embrace Leaves SPD Wary of Coalition Talks] ''[[Bloomberg News]]''.</ref> Shortly before the elections, the party plummeted to a four-year low in the polls, undermining efforts by [[Peer Steinbrück]]'s Social Democrats to unseat Merkel.<ref>Patrick Donahue (11 September 2013), [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-11/germany-s-greens-slump-dimming-spd-chances-of-unseating-merkel.html Germany's Greens Slump, Dimming SPD Chances of Unseating Merkel] ''[[Bloomberg News]]''.</ref> 
While being in opposition on the federal level since 2005, the Greens have established themselves as a powerful force in Germany's political system. By 2016, the Greens had joined 11 out of 16 state governments in a variety of coalitions.<ref name="Jungjohann-2017">{{Cite web|url=https://eu.boell.org/sites/default/files/greens_in_government.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019170632/https://eu.boell.org/sites/default/files/greens_in_government.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2018 |url-status=live|title=German Greens in Coalition Governments. A Political Analysis|last=Jungjohann|first=Arne|date=2017|website=eu.boell.org|publisher=Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung European Union and Green European Foundation|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref> Over the years, they have built up an informal structure called G-coordination to organize interests between the federal party office, the parliamentary group in the Bundestag, and the Greens governing on the state level.<ref name="Jungjohann-2017" />

The Greens remained the smallest of six parties in the Bundestag in the [[2017 German federal election|2017 federal election]], winning 8.9% of votes. After the election, they entered into talks for a [[Jamaica coalition (politics)|Jamaica coalition]] with the CDU and FDP. Discussions collapsed after the FDP withdrew in November.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paun |first1=Carmen |title=Angela Merkel Ready to Move Forward with Jamaica Coalition |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/angela-merkel-ready-to-move-forward-with-jamaica-coalition/ |date=7 October 2017 |publisher=[[Politico]] |access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FDP bricht Jamaika-Sondierungen ab|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/eilmeldung/eilmeldung-3173.html|publisher=tagesschau|date=20 November 2017|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>

After the federal election and unsuccessful Jamaica negotiations, the party held elections for two new co-leaders; incumbents Özdemir and Peter did not stand for re-election. [[Robert Habeck]] and [[Annalena Baerbock]] were elected with 81% and 64% of votes, respectively. Habeck had served as deputy premier and environment minister in [[Schleswig-Holstein]] since 2012, while Baerbock had been a leading figure in the party's Brandenburg branch since 2009. Their election was considered a break with tradition, as they were both members of the moderate wing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/annalena-baerbock-robert-habeck-german-greens-elect-new-leadership-duo/|title=German Greens elect new leadership duo|date=27 January 2018|publisher=[[Politico]]}}</ref>

The Greens saw a major surge in support during the [[2018 Bavarian state election|Bavarian]] and [[2018 Hessian state election|Hessian]] state elections in October 2018, becoming the second largest party in both.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45835795|title=Bavaria election: German conservatives lose their fizz|publisher=bbc.com|date=14 October 2018|access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46012098|title=Germany election: Further blow for Merkel in Hesse|publisher=bbc.com|date=28 October 2018|access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref> They subsequently rose to second place behind the CDU/CSU in national polling, averaging between 17% and 20% over the next six months.<ref name="pollofpoll">{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/europe-poll-of-polls/germany/|title=Poll of Polls – Germany|date=15 February 2022|publisher=pollofpolls.eu}}</ref>
[[File:2019 European election in Germany - Greens results.svg|thumb|250px|right|A map showing the percentage of votes won by the Greens by district and state in the [[2019 European Parliament election in Germany|2019 European Parliament election]]. Darker shades indicate a higher vote share.]]
In the [[2019 European Parliament election in Germany|2019 European Parliament election]], the Greens achieved their best ever result in a national election, placing second with 20.5% of the vote and winning 21 seats.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.de/20190526/greens-surge-amid-heavy-losses-for-germanys-ruling-parties-in-eu-elections-exit-poll|title=Greens surge amid heavy losses for Germany's ruling parties in EU election|date=26 May 2019|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref> National polling released after the election showed a major boost for the party. The first poll after the election, conducted by Forsa, showed the Greens in first place on 27%. This was the first time the Greens had ever been in first place in a national opinion poll, and the first time in the history of the Federal Republic that any party other than the CDU/CSU or SPD had placed first in a national poll.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-politics-poll-idUSKCN1T23F7|title=Germany's Greens shoot into first place in poll, overtaking Merkel's conservatives|date=2 June 2019|access-date=2 June 2019}}</ref> This trend continued as polls from May to July showed the CDU/CSU and Greens trading first place, after which point the CDU/CSU pulled ahead once more. The Greens continued to poll in the low 20% range into early 2020.<ref name="pollofpoll"/>

The Greens recorded best-ever results in the [[2019 Brandenburg state election|Brandenburg]] (10.8%) and [[2019 Saxony state election|Saxony]] (8.6%) state elections in September 2019, and subsequently joined coalition governments in both states.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brandenburg: Dietmar Woidke als Ministerpräsident wiedergewählt: Landtagswahl Brandenburg 2019: Endgültiges Ergebnis |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/brandenburg-dietmar-woidke-von-kenia-koalition-zum-ministerpraesidenten-gewaehlt-a-1297353.html |website=Spiegel Online |date=20 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mdr.de/sachsen/politik/regierung-kenia-koalitionsvertrag-unterzeichnet-100.html|title=Sachsens Kenia-Regierung ist besiegelt|publisher=MDR.de|date=20 December 2019}}</ref> They suffered an unexpected decline in the [[2019 Thuringian state election|Thuringian]] election in October, only narrowing retaining their seats with 5.2%. In the February [[2020 Hamburg state election]], the Greens became the second largest party, winning 24.2% of votes cast.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Reuters|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/23/far-right-afd-ejected-from-hamburg-state-parliament-after-attack|title=Merkel's CDU suffers worst ever result in Hamburg elections|date=23 February 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=24 February 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In March 2021, the Greens improved their performance in [[2021 Baden-Württemberg state election|Baden-Württemberg]], where they remained the strongest party with 32.6% of votes, and [[2021 Rhineland-Palatinate state election|Rhineland-Palatinate]], where they moved into third place with 9.3%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/baden-wuerttemberg-alle-ergebnisse-der-landtagswahl-2021-im-ueberblick-a-181b2648-0398-46f6-a854-22115d9c396b|title=This is how Baden-Württemberg voted – current results|date=15 March 2021|publisher=[[Der Spiegel]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/rheinland-pfalz-alle-ergebnisse-der-landtagswahl-2021-im-ueberblick-a-6c819b8d-2b10-404a-99f9-1110ec3ede2e|title=This is how Rhineland-Palatinate voted – current results|date=15 March 2021|publisher=[[Der Spiegel]]}}</ref>

Due to their sustained position as the second most popular party in national polling ahead of the [[2021 German federal election|September 2021 federal election]], the Greens chose to forgo the traditional dual lead-candidacy in favour of selecting a single Chancellor candidate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fr.de/politik/gruene-baerbock-habeck-bundestagswahl-2021-spitzenkandidat-kanzler-deutschland-news-90326625.html|title=Greens: Baerbock or Habeck – what speaks for whom?|date=7 April 2021|publisher=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]]|access-date=12 April 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412022217/https://www.fr.de/politik/gruene-baerbock-habeck-bundestagswahl-2021-spitzenkandidat-kanzler-deutschland-news-90326625.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Co-leader Annalena Baerbock was announced as Chancellor candidate on 19 April<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/buendnis-90-die-gruenen-annalena-baerbock-soll-kanzlerkandidatin-werden-a-051558bb-f24a-42da-85f9-bf069de0c3f8|title=Annalena Baerbock is to run as a candidate for chancellor for the Greens|date=19 April 2021|language=de|publisher=[[Der Spiegel]]|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419090525/https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/buendnis-90-die-gruenen-annalena-baerbock-soll-kanzlerkandidatin-werden-a-051558bb-f24a-42da-85f9-bf069de0c3f8|url-status=live}}</ref> and formally confirmed on 12 June with 98.5% approval.<ref>{{cite news |title=German Greens confirm Annalena Baerbock as chancellor candidate |url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-greens-confirm-annalena-baerbock-as-chancellor-candidate/a-57868627 |access-date=12 June 2021 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=12 June 2021}}</ref>
[[File:2021 German federal election - Greens result.svg|thumb|250px|right|A map showing the percentage of votes won by the Greens by constituency and state in the 2021 federal election. Darker shades indicate a higher vote share.]]
The Greens surged in opinion polls in late April and May, briefly surpassing the CDU as the most popular party in the country, but their numbers slipped back after Baerbock was caught up in several controversies. Her personal popularity also fell below that of both [[Armin Laschet]] and [[Olaf Scholz]], the Chancellor candidates for the CDU and SPD, respectively. The party's fortunes did not reverse even after the [[2021 European floods|July floods]], which saw climate change return as the most important issue among voters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/11/germanys-greens-were-riding-high-in-the-polls-but-fell-from-grace.html|title=The Greens were once favorites ahead of Germany's 'rollercoaster' election, but not anymore|date=11 August 2021|website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> The situation worsened in August as the SPD surged into first place to the detriment of both the CDU and Greens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-election-spd-makes-major-gains-against-merkels-cdu/a-59066377|title=German election: SPD makes major gains against Merkel's CDU|date=2 September 2021|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref>

=== 2021–present: Return to government ===
The Greens finished in third place in the [[2021 German federal election|2021 federal election]] with 14.8% of votes. Though their best ever federal election result, it was considered a bitter disappointment in light of their polling numbers during the previous three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-green-party-a-victory-that-doesnt-feel-like-one/a-59328354|title=Germany's Green Party: A victory that doesn't feel like one|date=27 September 2021|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> They entered coalition talks with the FDP and SPD, eventually joining a [[traffic light coalition]] under Chancellor [[Olaf Scholz]] which took office on 8 December 2021.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 December 2021|title=Grüne stimmen für Koalitionsvertrag mit SPD und FDP|language=de|work=Zeit.de|url=https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2021-12/gruene-stimmen-fuer-koalitionsvertrag-mit-spd-und-fdp|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> The Greens have five ministers in the [[Scholz cabinet]], including Robert Habeck as Vice-Chancellor and Annalena Baerbock as foreign minister.<ref>{{cite news|last=Connolly|first=Kate|date=24 November 2021|title=German parties agree coalition deal to make Olaf Scholz chancellor|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/24/german-parties-agree-coalition-deal-to-make-olaf-scholz-chancellor|access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>

Since party statute mandates that party leaders may not hold government office, Baerbock and Habeck stepped down after entering cabinet. At a party conference in January 2022, [[Ricarda Lang]] and [[Omid Nouripour]] were elected to succeed them. At the time of her election, Lang was 28 years old, speaker for women's issues, and a former leader of the [[Green Youth (Germany)|Green Youth]]. 46-year-old Nouripour was foreign affairs spokesman and a member of the Bundestag since 2006. Of the new leaders, Lang is considered a representative of the party's left-wing, while Nouripour represents the right-wing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-green-party-elects-new-leaders-at-volatile-moment/a-60582495|title=German Green Party elects new leaders at volatile moment|last=Knight|first=Ben|date=29 January 2022|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/01/29/ricarda-lang-and-omid-nouripour-elected-to-lead-german-greens|title=Ricarda Lang and Omid Nouripour elected to lead German Greens|agency=Associated Press|date=29 January 2022|website=[[Euronews]]}}</ref>

Lang and Nouripour announced their resignations as party leaders in September 2024 after heavy defeats in the [[2024 Saxony state election|Saxony]], [[2024 Thuringian state election|Thuringia]] and [[2024 Brandenburg state election|Brandenburg]] state elections that month. In all three states, governing coalitions involving the Greens were not returned, and the party was wiped out in the latter two states while only narrowly retaining representation in Saxony. The party had fallen out of five state governments (additionally [[Berlin]] and [[Hesse]]) since entering the federal governing coalition in 2021. Analysts pointed to its participation in the federal government requiring it to take stances that are contrary to its traditional clean-energy and pacifist ideals, as well as a stark collapse in support with young voters. Lang and Nouripour remain in office until successors are elected in November.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Connolly |first1=Kate |title=Leaders of Germany’s Greens resign after state election defeats |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/25/leaders-germany-greens-party-resign-state-elections-ricarda-lang-omid-nouripour |work=The Guardian |date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Grünen-Spitze tritt zurück: Rettet das die Partei? |url=https://www.br.de/nachrichten/deutschland-welt/gruenen-spitze-tritt-zurueck-rettet-das-die-partei |work=BR24 |date=25 September 2024 |language=de}}</ref>

==Ideology and platform==
The party's main ideological trends are [[green politics]]<ref name="Nordsieck">{{cite web|url= http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/germany.html|title= Germany|first= Wolfram|last= Nordsieck|website= Parties and Elections in Europe|date= 2017}}</ref> and [[social liberalism]].<ref name="left-liberal">Thomas Bräuninger and Marc Debus (10 February 2021). [https://www.bpb.de/themen/parteien/wer-steht-zur-wahl/baden-wuerttemberg-2021/326189/buendnis-90-die-gruenen/ BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN]. "In der Wirtschaftspolitik vertritt die Partei eher linke Positionen, bei gesellschaftspolitischen Themen wie gleichgeschlechtlicher Ehe oder Einwanderung nimmt die Partei linksliberale Positionen ein."</ref><ref name=Filip>Filip, Alexandru (6 March 2018). "[http://www.dahrendorf-forum.eu/new-radical-centrism On New and Radical Centrism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326180238/https://www.dahrendorf-forum.eu/new-radical-centrism/ |date=26 March 2023 }}".  Dahrendorf Forum website. Retrieved 15 January 2018.</ref> The party has also been described as [[left-libertarian]]<ref name="Kitschelt2004">{{cite book|author=Herbert Kitschelt|chapter=Political-Economic Context and Partisan Strategies in the German Federal Elections, 1990–2002|editor1=Herbert Kitschelt|editor2=Wolfgang Streeck|title=Germany: Beyond the Stable State|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-1-13575-518-8|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10KQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|page=127}}</ref> and influenced by the [[postmaterialism|postmaterialist]] left.<ref name="Schmidt2002">{{cite book|author=Manfred G. Schmidt|chapter=Germany: The Grand-coalition State|editor= Josep Colomer|title= Political Institutions in Europe, 2nd ed.|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=978-1-134-49732-4|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=EHOBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA66|page=66}}</ref><ref name="Jehlicka2003">{{cite book|author=Petr Jehlicka|chapter=Environmentalism in Europe: an east-west comparison|title=Social Change And Political Transformation: A New Europe?|editor1=Chris Rootes|editor2=Howard Davis|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn= 978-1-135-369835-|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2OAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117|page=117}}</ref> The party's political position is generally described to be centre-left,<ref name="Sloat-2020"/><ref name="Aydin-Düzggit2012"/> but there are also journalistic sources describing the party as [[Centrism|centrist]].<ref name="Guardian 1">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/13/german-cdu-on-verge-of-electing-divisive-figure-friedrich-merz-to-replace-angela-merkel |title=German CDU on verge of electing divisive figure to replace Angela Merkel |quote=Merz's backers concede that their candidate's divisive views could drive liberal CDU voters into the arms of a buoyant and centrist German Green party. |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=13 January 2021 |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="MIR">{{cite news|url=https://www.mironline.ca/italys-surprisingly-long-and-tortured-history-with-electoral-reform/ |title=Italy's Surprisingly Long and Tortured History with Electoral Reform |quote=The numerous European elections held this year show just how crucial it is to find a proper electoral system. The Dutch's extreme form of PR has created a fractured parliament and seemingly relentless negotiation, to no avail. Conversely, with Germany's MMP system establishing a 5% threshold for parliamentary representation, their September elections are expected to yield a stable coalition of the conservative right, the free-market right, and centrist Greens. |work=The McGill International Review |date=11 July 2017 |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="radicalism">{{cite news|url=https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/greens-name-40-year-old-annalena-baerbock-candidate-german-chancellor |title=Greens name 40-year old Annalena Baerbock as candidate for German chancellor |quote=The German Greens have shed past radicalism to become a centrist party. |work=Clean Energy Wire |date=19 April 2021|access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="FT">{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/cbfe6821-c70b-4e4d-977b-979bfe929fd3 |title=Forecasting the world in 2021 |quote=A tie-up with the left might be more comfortable, but they will fall short of a majority. So the now centrist Greens, with charismatic co-leader Robert Habeck, will team up with the Christian Democrats. |work=[[Financial Times]]|date=30 December 2020|access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref> The West German Greens played a crucial role in the development of green politics in Europe,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Müller-Rommel|first1=Ferdinand|date=October 1985|title=The Greens in Western Europe: Similar but Different|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1601056|journal=International Political Science Review|volume=6|issue=4|pages=483–499|doi=10.1177/019251218500600407|jstor=1601056|s2cid=154729510}}</ref> with their original program outlining "four principles: ecological, social, grassroots, and non-violent."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/assets/boell.de/images/download_de/publikationen/1980_001_Grundsatzprogramm_Die_Gruenen.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327114528/http://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/assets/boell.de/images/download_de/publikationen/1980_001_Grundsatzprogramm_Die_Gruenen.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=live|title=The Greens – The Federal Program|date=1980|publisher=West German Green Party}}</ref> Initially ideologically heterogenous, the party took up a position on the radical left in its early years, which were dominated by conflicts between the more left-wing "Fundi" (fundamentalist) and more moderate "Realo" (realist) factions. These conflicts became less significant as the party moved toward the political mainstream in the 1990s.<ref name="Sloat-2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/FP_20201020_germanys_new_centrists_sloat.pdf.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101080939/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/FP_20201020_germanys_new_centrists_sloat.pdf.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2020 |url-status=live|title=Germany's New Centrists? The evolution, political prospects, and foreign policy of Germany's Green Party|date=October 2020|last=Sloat|first=Amanda|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]}}</ref>

During the 2021 federal election, the [[WZB Berlin Social Science Center]] classified the party as the most centrist of Germany's left-wing parties.<ref name="Deutsche Welle-2021">{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-green-party-and-the-fdp-two-kingmakers-poles-apart/a-59329828 |title=Can the Greens and neoliberal FDP coexist in a coalition? |quote=The Greens are, according to the WZB assessment, the most centrist of Germany's left-wing parties |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref> However, Baerbock campaigned from the left of the SPD, stating that the party's economic program is geared towards the "common good" while the SPD's no longer is.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baerbock – "Das ist eine Richtungswahl" |url=https://www.stern.de/panorama/video-baerbock----das-ist-eine-richtungswahl--30710992.html |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=stern.de |date=3 September 2021 |language=de}}</ref> The party has a more pragmatic approach to workers' rights than the SPD.<ref name="Sloat-2020"/><ref name="Aydin-Düzggit2012">{{cite book |author=Senem Aydin-Düzgit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaa14rj9uQkC&pg=PA18 |title=Constructions of European Identity: Debates and Discourses on Turkey and the EU |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-230-34838-7 |page=18 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Deutsche Welle-2021"/> On the other hand, the party clearly holds positions to the left of the SPD on issues such as fiscal discipline,<ref>{{Cite web |title=SPD-Kanzlerkandidat im Interview: Olaf Scholz kontert Merz' Äußerungen zur Inflation: "Das ist offensichtlich Humbug" |url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/bundestagswahl-2021/spd-kanzlerkandidat-im-interview-olaf-scholz-kontert-merz-aeusserungen-zur-inflation-das-ist-offensichtlich-humbug/27615168.html |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=www.handelsblatt.com |language=de}}</ref> particularly on the [[Debt brake (Germany)|debt brake]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2021 |title=What Germany's election means for the country's debt debate |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/23e906e7-f399-4774-a3c8-2adbbba7b4b3 |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> the climate transition,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurmayer |first=Nikolaus J. |date=30 August 2021 |title=Coal exit debate haunts German parties ahead of election |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/coal-exit-debate-haunts-german-parties-ahead-of-election/ |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=www.euractiv.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> and [[2021 Berlin referendum|property expropriation in Berlin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZEIT ONLINE {{!}} Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl. |url=https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https://www.zeit.de/wirtschaft/2021-03/gruene-digitaler-parteitag-enteignung-wohnungskonzerne-mieten |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=www.zeit.de |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321105715/https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https://www.zeit.de/wirtschaft/2021-03/gruene-digitaler-parteitag-enteignung-wohnungskonzerne-mieten |url-status=dead }}</ref> They are focusing on environmentalist and socially [[Progressivism|progressive]] policies.<ref name="Grüll-2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/german-greens-eye-centrist-vote-with-draft-manifesto/|title=German Greens eye centrist vote with draft manifesto|date=23 March 2021|last=Grüll|first=Philipp|publisher=[[Euractiv]]}}</ref> Emphasis is placed on mitigating [[climate change]], reducing [[carbon emissions]], and fostering [[sustainability]] and environmentally-friendly practices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-green-party-how-it-evolved/a-40586834|title=Germany's Green party: How it evolved|date=24 September 2017|last=Goldenberg|first=Rina|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref> They support equality, [[social justice]], and humanitarian responses to events such as the [[European migrant crisis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gruene-bundestag.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/weltfluechtlingstag-fuer-grundlegende-humanitaere-prinzipien-einstehen|title=World Refugee Day: Standing up for basic humanitarian principles|date=20 June 2018|language=de|publisher=Alliance 90/The Greens in the Bundestag|last=Amtsberg|first=Luise}}</ref> Their fiscal platform is flexible and seeks to balance social, economic, and environmental interests.<ref name="Höhne-2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/annalena-baerbock-wir-brauchen-einen-radikalen-realismus-a-1202730.html|title=Annalena Baerbock: "We need a radical realism"|date=13 April 2018|language=de|last=Höhne|first=Valerie|publisher=[[Der Spiegel]]}}</ref> The party is strongly [[pro-European]], advocating [[European federalism]],<ref name="Für eine europäische Republik">{{Cite web|title=Für eine europäische Republik|url=https://www.gruene.de/artikel/fuer-eine-europaeische-republik/|access-date=6 April 2021|website=BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN|language=de|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412055011/https://www.gruene.de/artikel/fuer-eine-europaeische-republik/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and promotes wider international cooperation, including strengthening existing alliances.<ref name="Höhne-2018"/>

Starting from the leadership of [[Annalena Baerbock]] and [[Robert Habeck]], commentators have observed the Greens taking a pragmatic, moderate approach to work with parties from across the political spectrum. Baerbock described their stances and style as a form of "radical realism" attempting to reconcile principles with practical politics.<ref name="Höhne-2018"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-green-party-goes-mainstream/a-55702152|title=German Green Party goes mainstream|date=23 November 2020|last=Thurau|first=Jens|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref> At the same time, the party has denounced [[populism]] and division, and placed rhetorical emphasis on optimism and cross-party cooperation.<ref name="Sloat-2020"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/9a20c884-cd45-11e8-b276-b9069bde0956 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/9a20c884-cd45-11e8-b276-b9069bde0956 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|title=Katharina Schulze, the woman leading the Green surge in Germany|date=12 October 2018|website=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Accompanied by record high popularity and election results, this led some to suggest that the Greens were filling a gap in the [[political centre]], which was left by the declining popularity of the CDU/CSU and SPD.<ref name="Sloat-2020"/><ref name="Grüll-2021"/>

===Economic policies===
The party has economically [[left-liberal]] views.<ref name="left-liberal"/>

===Foreign policy===
The Greens are regarded as taking a [[Atlanticist]] line on defense and pushing for a stronger common EU foreign policy,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-greens-annalena-baerbock-5-things-to-know/|title=German Greens' Annalena Baerbock: 5 things to know|first=Laurenz|last=Gehrke|date=19 April 2021|publisher=[[Politico Europe]]}}</ref> especially against Russia and China.<ref name="Germany">[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/germanys-greens-chancellor-candidate-vows-get-tough-russia-china-2021-04-24/ Germany's Greens chancellor candidate vows to get tough on Russia and China] ''[[Reuters]]'', 24 April 2021.</ref><ref>Erika Solomon (18 August 2021), [https://www.ft.com/content/12756e45-c2e1-4739-9a2a-4b7528fd5266 Germany's Baerbock sets out sharp break with Merkel era for Greens] ''[[Financial Times]]''.</ref> Green Party co-leader [[Annalena Baerbock]] has proposed a post-[[Pacifism|pacifist]] foreign policy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brzozowski|first=Alexandra|date=7 May 2021|title=German Greens leader Baerbock signals post-pacifist shift on foreign policy|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/elections/news/german-greens-leader-baerbock-signals-post-pacifist-shift-on-foreign-policy/|access-date=10 May 2021|website=www.euractiv.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Germany's rising Green Party echoes many U.S. policies. That could rattle pipeline plans from Russia. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/germany-greens-nordstream-russia-merkel/2021/05/12/ba3ce31e-6bae-11eb-a66e-e27046e9e898_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=13 May 2021}}</ref> She supports [[Enlargement of NATO|eastward expansion of NATO]]<ref name="Germany"/> and has considered the number of [[List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel|UN resolutions]] critical of Israel as "absurd compared to resolutions against other states."<ref>{{cite news |title=As Germany votes, here's where the leading parties stand on Jewish issues |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-germany-votes-heres-where-the-leading-parties-stand-on-jewish-issues/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=26 September 2021}}</ref> The party's program included references to [[NATO]] as an "indispensable" part of European security.<ref>{{cite news |title=Europe must step up on defense, German Greens leader says |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-step-up-defense-germany-greens-leader-annalena-baerbock/ |work=Politico |date=30 November 2021}}</ref> The Greens have promised to abolish the contested [[Nord Stream 2]] pipeline to ship Russian natural gas to Germany.<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany's Greens vow to scrap Russian gas pipeline after election |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-election-greens-nord-stream-idUSKBN2BB0ZS |work=Reuters |date=19 March 2021}}</ref> The party criticized the EU's [[Comprehensive Agreement on Investment|investment deal with China]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Where Germany's Greens and FDP agree — and where they don't |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-election-2021-coalition-government-greens-fdp/ |work=Politico |date=30 September 2021}}</ref> In 2016, the Greens criticised Germany's defense plan with [[Saudi Arabia]], which has been [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|waging war]] in Yemen and has been accused of massive [[Human rights in Saudi Arabia|human rights]] violations.<ref>"[https://www.thelocal.de/20161208/opposition-parties-condemn-german-defence-deal-with-saudi-arabia Opposition parties condemn German defence plan with Saudi Arabia]". ''The Local''. 8 December 2016.</ref>

The party remains divided over issues such as [[nuclear disarmament]] and [[Germany and weapons of mass destruction|U.S. nuclear weapons on German territory]]. Some Greens want Germany to sign the United Nations' [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{cite news |title=German Greens go nuclear over call to renew NATO vows |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/german-greens-go-nuclear-over-call-to-renew-nato-vows/ |work=Politico |date=23 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Incoming German government commits to NATO nuclear deterrent |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2021/11/24/incoming-german-government-commits-to-nato-nuclear-deterrent/ |work=Defense News |date=24 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Germany's incoming government won't ditch U.S. nuclear bombs |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/will-germanys-next-government-ditch-us-nuclear-bombs-2021-11-22/ |work=Reuters |date=27 November 2021}}</ref>

About the [[Israel–Hamas war|Israel-Hamas War]], the [[Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (Germany)|Federal Minister of Food and Agriculture]] [[Cem Özdemir]] (former president of the party) criticized Swedish climate activist [[Greta Thunberg]] for her presence and support of pro-Palestinian demonstrations in Berlin, calling on everyone to reconsider their opinions about her.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-11 |title=Cem Özdemir fordert in Bezug auf Greta Thunberg Umdenken: „Furchtbar und schlimm“ |url=https://www.merkur.de/politik/cem-oezdemir-greta-thunberg-umdenken-neubewertung-anti-israel-demo-maischberger-93347807.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=www.merkur.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-10 |title=Cem Özdemir fordert in Bezug auf Greta Thunberg Umdenken: „Furchtbar und schlimm“ |url=https://www.bw24.de/politik/cem-oezdemir-greta-thunberg-umdenken-neubewertung-anti-israel-demo-maischberger-93347814.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=www.bw24.de |language=de}}</ref>

===Energy and nuclear power===
{{See also|Anti-nuclear movement in Germany}}
[[File:Grüne protests against nuclear energy.jpg|right|thumb|Anti-nuclear protest near nuclear waste disposal centre at Gorleben in northern Germany, on 8 November 2008]]

Ever since the party's inception, The Greens have been concerned with the immediate halt of construction or operation of all nuclear power stations. As an alternative, they promote a shift to non-nuclear [[renewable energy]] and a comprehensive program of [[energy conservation]].<ref name="nuke">{{cite news |last1=Campbell |first1=Loyle |last2=Oechtering |first2=Leonie |title=The German Greens’ Identity Crisis |url=https://ip-quarterly.com/en/german-greens-identity-crisis |access-date=28 June 2024 |work=Internationale Politik Quarterly |date=2 May 2023 |quote=Anti-nuclear identity has been integral for German Green party since its formation in the late 1970s, with Germany’s nuclear exit as their crowning achievement, originally scheduled for 2022.}}</ref>

In 1986, large parts of Germany were covered with [[radioactive contamination]] from the [[Chernobyl disaster]] and Germans went to great lengths to deal with the contamination. Germany's anti-nuclear stance was strengthened. From the mid-1990s onwards, anti-nuclear protests were primarily directed against transports of [[High-level radioactive waste management|radioactive waste]] in [[dry cask storage|"CASTOR" containers]].

After the Chernobyl disaster, the Greens became more radicalised and resisted compromise on the nuclear issue. During the 1990s, a re-orientation towards a moderate program occurred, with concern about [[global warming]] and [[ozone depletion]] taking a more prominent role. During the federal red-green government (1998–2005) many people{{Who|date=March 2021}} became disappointed with what they saw as excessive compromise on key Greens policies.

[[File:Atom-Moratorium.svg|left|thumb|Eight German nuclear power reactors (Biblis A and B, Brunsbuettel, Isar 1, Kruemmel, Neckarwestheim 1, Philippsburg 1 and Unterweser) were declared permanently shut down on 6 August 2011, following the Japanese [[Fukushima nuclear disaster]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iaea.org/programmes/a2/ |title=Power Reactor Information System |author=IAEA |date=2011}}</ref>]]

===Environment and climate policy===
The central idea of green politics is [[sustainable development]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Green-Party-of-Germany|title = Green Party of Germany &#124; political party, Germany| date=15 December 2023 }}</ref> The concept of environmental protection is the cornerstone of Alliance 90/The Greens policy. In particular, the economic, energy and transport policy claims are in close interaction with environmental considerations. The Greens acknowledge the natural environment as a high priority and animal protection should be enshrined as a national objective in constitutional law. An effective environmental policy would be based on a common environmental code, with the urgent integration of a climate change bill. During the red-green coalition (1998–2005) a policy of agricultural change was launched labeled as a paradigm shift in agricultural policy towards a more ecological friendly agriculture, which needs to continue.

The Greens have praised the [[European Green Deal]], which aims to make the EU [[Carbon neutrality|climate neutral]] by 2050. Climate change is at the center of all policy considerations. This includes environmental policy and safety and social aspects. The plans of the Alliance 90/The Greens provide a climate change bill laying down binding reductions to greenhouse gas emissions in Germany by 2020 restricting emissions to minus 40 percent compared to 1990.

=== European Union ===
Alliance 90/The Greens supports the eventual [[Federalisation of the European Union|federalization of the European Union]] into a Federal European Republic (German: ''Föderale Europäische Republik''), i.e. a single [[Federalism|federal]] European [[sovereign state]].<ref name="Für eine europäische Republik"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=DEUTSCHLAND. ALLES IST DRIN.: Programmentwurf zur Bundestagswahl 2021|url=https://cms.gruene.de/uploads/documents/2021_Wahlprogrammentwurf.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=|website=Gruene.de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319084942/https://cms.gruene.de/uploads/documents/2021_Wahlprogrammentwurf.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2021 }}</ref>

===Transport===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2017}}
A similarly high priority is given to transport policy. The switch from a traveling allowance to a mobility allowance, which is paid regardless of income to all employees, replacing company car privileges. The truck toll will act as a climate protection instrument internalizing the external costs of transport. Railway should be promoted in order to achieve the desired environmental objectives and the comprehensive care of customers. The railway infrastructure is to remain permanently in the public sector, allowing a reduction in expenditure on road construction infrastructure. The Greens want to control privileges on [[kerosene]] and for international flights, introduce an air ticket levy.

Fossil fuels such as heavy oil or diesel shall be replaced by emission-neutral fuels and green propulsion systems in order to make shipping climate-neutral in the long term.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Verkehrspolitik |url=https://www.gruene.de/themen/verkehrspolitik/ |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN |language=de}}</ref>

===Social policy===
For many years, the Green Party has advocated against the "Ehegattensplitting" policy, under which the incomes of married couples are split for taxation purposes. Furthermore, the Party advocates for a massive increase in federal spending for places in preschools, and for increased investment in education: an additional 1 billion Euros for vocational schools and 200 million Euros more BAföG (Bundesausbildungsförderungsgesetz in German, approximately translated to "the Federal Law for the Advancement of Education") for adults.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.n24.de/n24/Nachrichten/Politik/d/2778022/gruene-steuerplaene-treffen-die-mittelschicht.html|title=Kritik am Wahlprogramm: Grüne Steuerpläne treffen die Mittelschicht – N24.de|newspaper=N24.de|language=de-DE|access-date=16 December 2016}}</ref>

In its 2013 platform, the Green Party successfully advocated for a minimum wage of 8.50 Euro per hour, which was implemented on 1 January 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mindest-lohn.org|title=Gesetzlicher Mindestlohn in Deutschland|website=www.mindest-lohn.org|access-date=16 December 2016}}</ref> It continues to press for higher minimum wages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/01/02/the-stars-have-aligned-for-germanys-greens|title=The stars have aligned for Germany's Greens|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=11 March 2020|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

The Greens want the starting retirement age to remain 67,<ref>Pieter Vanhuysse, Achim Goerres, Ageing Populations in Post-Industrial Democracies: Comparative Studies of Policies and Politics, Routledge, [https://books.google.com/books?id=EVNB8B2bZIUC&dq=Green+Party+germany+retirement&pg=PA94 94], 2013</ref> but with some qualifications{{snd}}for example, a provision for partial retirement.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Retirement age |url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/employment/retirement/older_people_and_working/retirement_age_in_ireland.html |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=Citizens Information |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629200610/https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/employment/retirement/older_people_and_working/retirement_age_in_ireland.html |archive-date= Jun 29, 2022 }}</ref>

The party supports and has supported various forms of [[Rent control|rent regulation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 19, 2023 |title=Mieter*innen schützen – Preisspirale bei Mieten stoppen |url=https://www.gruene-bundestag.de/themen/bauen-wohnen-stadtentwicklung/mieterinnen-schuetzen-preisspirale-bei-mieten-stoppen |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=Bundestagsfraktion Bündnis 90/Die Grünen |language=de-DE}}</ref> During the 2021 election, the party called for rent hikes to be capped at 2.5% per year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kisling |first=Tobias |date=18 September 2021 |title=Miete und Wohnen: Parteiprogramme zur Bundestagswahl im Check |url=https://www.waz.de/politik/bundestagswahl-2021-partei-programm-wohnen-miete-id233352775.html |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=WAZ |language=de-DE}}</ref>

The Greens support [[progressive taxation]] and is critical of FDP efforts to cut taxes for top earners.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Also je reicher man ist, umso mehr kriegt man noch Steuervorteile von CDU & FDP und das wird dann als bessere Politik verkauft. Da lachen ja die Hühner", kritisiert Robert Habeck & schlägt stattdessen vor, Wohlstand gerechter zu teilen |url=https://twitter.com/Die_Gruenen/status/1420078855159693316 |date=Jul 27, 2021 |last1=Die_Gruenen |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>

===Women and LGBTQIA+ rights===
[[File:2021-09-12 Politik, TV-Triell Bundestagswahl 2021 1DX 3651 by Stepro.jpg|thumb|Green supporters supporting Annalena Baerbock in 2021]]
The Green Party supports the implementation of quotas in executive boards, the policy of equal pay for equal work, and continuing the fight against domestic violence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gruene.de/themen/frauenpolitik/frauenpolitik.html|title=Frauenpolitik |date=1 October 2015|website=Bündnis 90/Die Grünen Bundespartei |access-date=16 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026153751/http://www.gruene.de/themen/frauenpolitik/frauenpolitik.html|archive-date=26 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to its website, the Green Party "fights for the acceptance and against the exclusion of homosexuals, bisexuals, intersex- and transgender people and others".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gruene.de/themen/soziale-gerechtigkeit/lesben-schwule-sexuelle-identitaet.html|title=Lesben, Schwule & sexuelle Identität |website=Bündnis 90/Die Grünen Bundespartei |date=1 January 2013 |access-date=16 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116142448/http://www.gruene.de/themen/soziale-gerechtigkeit/lesben-schwule-sexuelle-identitaet.html|archive-date=16 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In order to recognize the political persecution that [[LGBT]]+ people face abroad, the Green Party wants to extend asylum to LGBTQIA+ people abroad.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Forderung der Grünen: "Asylschutz für Lesben, Schwule und Transgender ausbauen" |url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/queerspiegel/forderung-der-gruenen-asylschutz-fuer-lesben-schwule-und-transgender-ausbauen/13965054.html |access-date=16 December 2016 |work=Der Tagesspiegel Online |language=de-DE |date=2016 |first1= Tilmann |last1=Warnecke }}</ref> The policy change was sponsored primarily by [[Volker Beck (politician)|Volker Beck]], one of the Party's most prominent gay members.<ref name="Politik unterm Regenbogen">{{Cite news|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/schwule-und-lesbische-abgeordnete-politik-unterm-regenbogen/12721820.html|title=Schwule und lesbische Abgeordnete: Politik unterm Regenbogen |access-date=16 December 2016 |work=Der Tagesspiegel Online |language=de-DE |date=December 15, 2015 |first1=Antje |last1=Sirleschtov |first2=Angie |last2=Pohlers }}</ref> Because of the extensive support the Green Party has given the LGBTQIA+ community since its conception, many LGBTQIA+ people vote for the Green Party even if their political ideology does not quite align otherwise.<ref name="Politik unterm Regenbogen" />

===Drug policy===
The party supports the legalization and regulation of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and is the sponsor of the proposed [[German cannabis control bill]].

Furthermore, the Greens support research on the drug and the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greens campaign for legal cannabis – DW – 04/20/2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-greens-campaign-for-legal-cannabis-on-4-20/a-57262392 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Whiting |first1=Penny F. |last2=Wolff |first2=Robert F. |last3=Deshpande |first3=Sohan |last4=Di Nisio |first4=Marcello |last5=Duffy |first5=Steven |last6=Hernandez |first6=Adrian V. |last7=Keurentjes |first7=J. Christiaan |last8=Lang |first8=Shona |last9=Misso |first9=Kate |last10=Ryder |first10=Steve |last11=Schmidlkofer |first11=Simone |date=23 June 2015 |title=Cannabinoids for Medical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358 |journal=JAMA |volume=313 |issue=24 |pages=2456–2473 |doi=10.1001/jama.2015.6358 |pmid=26103030 |s2cid=205069609 |issn=0098-7484|hdl=10757/558499 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Electorate==

A 2000 study by the Infratest Dimap political research company has suggested the Green voter demographic includes those on higher incomes (e.g. above €2000/month) and the party's support is less among households with lower incomes. The same [[opinion poll|polling research]] also concluded that the Greens received fewer votes from the unemployed and general working population, with business people favouring the party as well as the centre-right liberal [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]]. According to Infratest Dimap the Greens received more voters from the age group 34–42 than any other age group and that the young were generally more supportive of the party than the old. (Source: Intrafest Dimap political research company for the [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infratest-dimap.de/?id=282 |title=February " 2000 " ARD DeutschlandTREND " Bundesweit " Umfragen & Analysen " Infratest dimap |publisher=Infratest-dimap.de |access-date=3 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321172029/http://www.infratest-dimap.de/?id=282 |archive-date=21 March 2012 }}</ref>)

The Greens have a higher voter demographic in urban areas than rural areas, except for a small number of rural areas with pressing local environmental concerns, such as [[strip mining]] or [[radioactive waste]] deposits. The cities of [[Bonn]], [[Cologne]], [[Stuttgart]], Berlin, [[Hamburg]], Frankfurt and [[Munich]] have among the highest percentages of Green voters in the country. The towns of [[Aachen]], Bonn, [[Darmstadt]], [[Hanover]], [[Mönchengladbach]] and [[Wuppertal]] have Green mayors. The party has a lower level of support in the states of the former [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] (East Germany); nonetheless, the party is currently represented in every state [[landtag]] except [[Landtag of Saarland|Saarland]].

==Election results==

===Federal Parliament (''Bundestag'')===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:right;"
|-
! rowspan=2| Election
! colspan=2| Constituency
! colspan=2| Party list
! rowspan=2| Seats
! rowspan=2| +/–
! rowspan=2| Status
|-
! Votes
! %
! Votes
! %
|-
! [[1980 West German federal election|1980]]
| 732,619 
| 1.0 (#5)
| 569,589
| 1.5 (#5)
| {{Composition bar|0|497|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}} 
| bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| style="background:#ddd;"| No seats
|-
! [[1983 West German federal election|1983]]
| 1,609,855
| 4.1 (#5)
| 2,167,431
| 5.6 (#5)
| {{Composition bar|27|498|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 27
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[1987 West German federal election|1987]]
| 2,649,459
| 7.0 (#4)
| 3,126,256
| 8.3 (#5)
| {{Composition bar|42|497|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 15
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[1990 German federal election|1990]]{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|a}}
| 2,589,912
| 5.6 (#5)
| 2,347,407
| 5.0 (#4)
| {{Composition bar|8|662|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{decrease}} 36
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[1994 German federal election|1994]]
| 3,037,902
| 6.5 (#4)
| 3,424,315
| 7.3 (#4)
| {{Composition bar|49|672|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 41
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[1998 German federal election|1998]]
| 2,448,162
| 5.0 (#4)
| 3,301,624
| 6.7 (#4)
| {{Composition bar|47|669|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{decrease}} 2
| {{yes2|[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]–Greens}}
|-
! [[2002 German federal election|2002]]
| 2,693,794
| 5.6 (#5)
| 4,108,314
| 8.6 (#4)
| {{Composition bar|55|603|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 8
| {{yes2|[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]–Greens}}
|-
! [[2005 German federal election|2005]]
| 2,538,913
| 5.4 (#5)
| 3,838,326
| 8.1 (#5)
| {{Composition bar|51|614|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{decrease}} 4
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2009 German federal election|2009]]
| 3,974,803
| 9.2 (#5)
| 4,641,197
| 10.7 (#5)
| {{Composition bar|68|622|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 17
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2013 German federal election|2013]]
| 3,177,269
| 7.3 (#5)
| 3,690,314
| 8.4 (#4)
| {{Composition bar|63|630|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{decrease}} 5
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2017 German federal election|2017]]
| 3,717,436
| 8.0 (#6)
| 4,157,564
| 8.9 (#6)
| {{Composition bar|67|709|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 4
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
![[2021 German federal election|2021]]
| 6,465,502
| 14.0 (#3)
| 6,848,215
| 14.7 (#3)
|{{Composition bar|118|735|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 51
| {{yes2|[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]–Greens–[[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]]}}
|-
|}

<timeline>
ImageSize  = width:525 height:150
PlotArea   = width:500 height:125 left:25 bottom:20
AlignBars  = justify

Colors     =
  id:Grüne value:rgb(0,0.9999,0)

DateFormat = yyyy
Period     = from:0 till:200
TimeAxis   = orientation:vertical
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:50 start:0

PlotData   =
 bar:Seats color:Grüne width:24 mark:(line,white)   align:left   fontsize:S
 bar:1980  color:Grüne from:start till:0   text:0   align:center
 bar:1983  color:Grüne from:start till:27  text:27  align:center
 bar:1987  color:Grüne from:start till:42  text:42  align:center
 bar:1990  color:Grüne from:start till:8   text:8   align:center
 bar:1994  color:Grüne from:start till:49  text:49  align:center
 bar:1998  color:Grüne from:start till:47  text:47  align:center
 bar:2002  color:Grüne from:start till:55  text:55  align:center
 bar:2005  color:Grüne from:start till:51  text:51  align:center
 bar:2009  color:Grüne from:start till:68  text:68  align:center
 bar:2013  color:Grüne from:start till:63  text:63  align:center
 bar:2017  color:Grüne from:start till:67  text:67  align:center
 bar:2021  color:Grüne from:start till:118 text:118 align:center
</timeline>

<timeline>
ImageSize  = width:525 height:150
PlotArea   = width:500 height:125 left:25 bottom:20
AlignBars  = justify

Colors     =
  id:Grüne value:rgb(0,0.9999,0)

DateFormat = yyyy
Period     = from:0 till:200
TimeAxis   = orientation:vertical
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:50 start:0

PlotData   =
 bar:Vote% color:Grüne width:24 mark:(line,white)    align:left   fontsize:S
 bar:1980  color:Grüne from:start till:15  text:1.5  align:center
 bar:1983  color:Grüne from:start till:56  text:5.6  align:center
 bar:1987  color:Grüne from:start till:83  text:8.3  align:center
 bar:1990  color:Grüne from:start till:50  text:5.0  align:center
 bar:1994  color:Grüne from:start till:73  text:7.3  align:center
 bar:1998  color:Grüne from:start till:67  text:6.7  align:center
 bar:2002  color:Grüne from:start till:86  text:8.6  align:center
 bar:2005  color:Grüne from:start till:81  text:8.1  align:center
 bar:2009  color:Grüne from:start till:107 text:10.7 align:center
 bar:2013  color:Grüne from:start till:84  text:8.4  align:center
 bar:2017  color:Grüne from:start till:89  text:8.9  align:center
 bar:2021  color:Grüne from:start till:147 text:14.7 align:center
</timeline>

{{note label|reference_name_A|a|a}} <small>Results of ''Alliance 90/The Greens'' (East) and ''The Greens'' (West)</small>

===European Parliament===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:center;"
|-
! Election
! Votes
! %
! Seats
! +/–
! EP Group
|-
! [[1979 European Parliament election in West Germany|1979]]
| 893,683
| 3.21 (#5)
| {{Composition bar|0|81|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| New
| –
|-
! [[1984 European Parliament election in West Germany|1984]]
| 2,025,972
| 8.15 (#4)
| {{Composition bar|7|81|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 7
| [[Rainbow Group (1984-1989)|RBW]]
|-
! [[1989 European Parliament election in West Germany|1989]]
| 2,382,102
| 8.45 (#3)
| {{Composition bar|8|81|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
| rowspan=2 | [[The Green Group in the European Parliament|G]]
|-
! [[1994 European Parliament election in Germany|1994]]
| 3,563,268
| 10.06 (#3)
| {{Composition bar|12|99|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 4
|-
! [[1999 European Parliament election in Germany|1999]]
| 1,741,494
| 6.44 (#4)
| {{Composition bar|7|99|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{decrease}} 5
| rowspan=6 | [[The Greens - European Free Alliance|Greens/EFA]]
|-
! [[2004 European Parliament election in Germany|2004]]
| 3,078,276
| 11.94 (#3)
| {{Composition bar|13|99|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 6
|-
! [[2009 European Parliament election in Germany|2009]]
| 3,193,821
| 12.13 (#3)
| {{Composition bar|14|99|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
|-
! [[2014 European Parliament election in Germany|2014]]
| 3,138,201
| 10.69 (#3)
| {{Composition bar|11|96|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{decrease}} 3
|-
! [[2019 European Parliament election in Germany|2019]]
| 7,675,584
| 20.53 (#2)
| {{Composition bar|21|96|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 10
|-
|-
! [[2024 European Parliament election in Germany|2024]]
| 4,736,913
| 11.90 (#4)
| {{Composition bar|12|96|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{decrease}} 9
|-
|}

===State Parliaments (''Länder'')===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! State parliament
! Election
! Votes
! %
! Seats
! +/–
! Status
|-
! [[Landtag of Baden-Württemberg|Baden-Württemberg]]
| align=center| [[2021 Baden-Württemberg state election|2021]]
| 1,585,903
| 32.6 (#1)
| {{Composition bar|58|154|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 11
| {{yes2|Greens–CDU}}
|-
! [[Landtag of Bavaria|Bavaria]]
| align=center| [[2023 Bavarian state election|2023]]
| 1,972,147
| 14.4 (#4)
| {{Composition bar|32|205|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{decrease}} 6
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin|Berlin]]
| align=center| [[2023 Berlin state election|2023]]
| 278,964
| 18.4 (#3)
| {{Composition bar|34|159|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 2
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[Landtag of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]]
| align=center| [[2024 Brandenburg state election|2024]]
| 62,031
| 4.1 (#4)
| {{Composition bar|0|88|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{decrease}} 10
| align=center style="background:#ddd;"| {{nowrap|No seats}}
|-
! [[Bürgerschaft of Bremen|Bremen]]
| align=center| [[2023 Bremen state election|2023]]
| 150,263
| 11.9 (#3)
| {{Composition bar|11|84|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{decrease}} 5
| {{yes2|SPD–Greens–Left}}
|-
! [[Hamburg Parliament|Hamburg]]
| align=center| [[2020 Hamburg state election|2020]]
| 963,796
| 24.2 (#2)
| {{Composition bar|33|123|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 18
| {{yes2|SPD–Greens}}
|-
! [[Landtag of Hesse|Hesse]]
| align=center| [[2023 Hessian state election|2023]]
| 415,888
| 14.8 (#4)
| {{Composition bar|22|137|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{nowrap|{{decrease}} 7}}
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[Landtag of Lower Saxony|Lower Saxony]]
| align=center| [[2022 Lower Saxony state election|2022]]
| 526,923
| 14.5 (#3)
| {{Composition bar|24|146|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 12 
| {{yes2|SPD–Greens}}
|-
! {{nowrap|[[Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]]}}
| align=center| [[2021 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election|2021]]
| 57,548
| 6.8 (#5)
| {{Composition bar|5|79|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 5
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]]
| align=center| [[2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election|2022]]
| 1,299,821
| 18.2 (#3)
| {{Composition bar|39|195|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 25
| {{yes2|CDU–Greens}}
|-
! [[Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Palatinate]]
| align=center| [[2021 Rhineland-Palatinate state election|2021]]
| 179,902	
| 9.3 (#3)
| {{Composition bar|10|101|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 4
| {{yes2|SPD–Greens–FDP}}
|-
! [[Landtag of the Saarland|Saarland]]
| align=center| [[2022 Saarland state election|2022]]
| 22,598
| 4.995 (#4)
| {{Composition bar|0|51|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{steady}} 0
| align=center style="background:#ddd;"| {{nowrap|No seats}}
|-
! [[Landtag of the Free State of Saxony|Saxony]]
| align=center| [[2024 Saxony state election|2024]]
| 119,964
| 5.1 (#5)
| {{Composition bar|7|120|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{Down}} 5
| align=center style="background:#ddd;"| No decided yet
|-
! [[Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt|Saxony-Anhalt]]
| align=center| [[2021 Saxony-Anhalt state election|2021]]
| 63,145
| 5.9 (#6)
| {{Composition bar|6|97|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig-Holstein]]
| align=center| [[2022 Schleswig-Holstein state election|2022]]
| 254,124
| {{nowrap|18.3 (#2)}}
| {{Composition bar|14|69|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{increase}} 4
| {{yes2|CDU–Greens}}
|-
! [[Landtag of Thuringia|Thuringia]]
| align=center| [[2024 Thuringian state election|2024]]
| 38,289
| 3.2 (#6)
| {{Composition bar|0|88|hex={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}}}
| {{decrease}} 5
|  align=center style="background:#ddd;"| {{nowrap|No seats}}
|-
|}

===Results timeline===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center"
|-
! Year
! {{flagicon|Germany}}<br>[[Germany|DE]]
! {{flagicon|European Union}}<br>EU
! class="unsortable"| 
! {{flagicon|Baden-Württemberg}}<br>[[Baden-Württemberg|BW]] !! {{flagicon|Bavaria}}<br>[[Bavaria|BY]] !! {{flagicon|Berlin}}<br>[[Berlin|BE]] !! {{flagicon|Brandenburg}}<br>[[Brandenburg|BB]]
! {{flagicon|Bremen}}<br>[[Bremen (state)|HB]] !! {{flagicon|Hamburg}}<br>[[Hamburg|HH]] !! {{flagicon|Hesse}}<br>[[Hesse|HE]] !! {{flagicon|Lower Saxony}}<br>[[Lower Saxony|NI]] !! {{flagicon|Mecklenburg-Vorpommern}}<br>[[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|MV]] !! {{flagicon|North Rhine-Westphalia}}<br>[[North Rhine-Westphalia|NW]] !! {{flagicon|Rhineland-Palatinate}}<br>[[Rhineland-Palatinate|RP]] !! {{flagicon|Saarland}}<br>[[Saarland|SL]] !! {{flagicon|Saxony}}<br>[[Saxony|SN]] !! {{flagicon|Saxony-Anhalt}}<br>[[Saxony-Anhalt|ST]] !! {{flagicon|Schleswig-Holstein}}<br>[[Schleswig-Holstein|SH]] !! {{flagicon|Thuringia}}<br>[[Thuringia|TH]]
|-
! 1978
| rowspan=2| ''N/A''
| ''N/A''
| rowspan=48 bgcolor=lightgrey| 
| rowspan=2| ''N/A''
| rowspan=4 style="vertical-align:top"| 1.8
| ''N/A''
| rowspan=13| ''N/A''
| ''N/A''
| rowspan=4 style="vertical-align:top"| 4.6
| rowspan=4 style="vertical-align:top"| 2.0
| rowspan=4 style="vertical-align:top"| 3.9
| rowspan=13| ''N/A''
| rowspan=2| ''N/A''
| ''N/A''
| rowspan=2| ''N/A''
| rowspan=13| ''N/A''
| rowspan=13| ''N/A''
| ''N/A''
| rowspan=13| ''N/A''
|-
! 1979
| rowspan=6 style="vertical-align:top"| 3.2
| rowspan=2 style="vertical-align:top"| 3.7
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| 6.5
| rowspan=5| ''N/A''
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| 2.4
|-
! 1980
| rowspan=4 style="vertical-align:top"| 1.5
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| 5.3
| rowspan=6 style="vertical-align:top"| 3.0
| rowspan=6 style="vertical-align:top"| 2.9
|-
! 1981
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 7.2
|-
! rowspan=2| 1982
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 4.6
| bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 7.7
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 8.0
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 6.5
|-
| bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 6.8
|-
! 1983
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 5.6
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 5.4
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="border-top-style:hidden"|
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 5.9
| rowspan=4 style="vertical-align:top"| 4.5
| rowspan=4 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 3.6
|-
! 1984
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 8.2
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 8.0
|-
! 1985
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 10.6
| rowspan=2 style="border-top-style:hidden" bgcolor=#A0E165 | {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 4.6
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 2.5
|-
! 1986
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 7.5
| bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 10.4
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 7.1
|-
! 1987
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 8.3
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 10.2
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 7.0
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 9.4
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 5.9
| style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 3.9
|-
! 1988
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"|{{decrease}} 7.9
| rowspan=4 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 2.9
|-
! 1989
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 8.4
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 11.8<br>{{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
|-
! 1990
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 5.0
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 6.4
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 9.4
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| 9.2
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 5.5
| rowspan=4 style="vertical-align:top"| '''9.3'''
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 5.0
| rowspan=4 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 2.6
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| 5.6
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| 5.3
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| '''6.5'''
|-
! 1991
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 11.2
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 7.2
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 8.8
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 6.5
|-
! 1992
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 9.5
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=4 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 5.0
|-
! 1993
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 13.5
|-
! 1994
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 7.3
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 10.1
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 6.1
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 2.9
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 7.4
| rowspan=4 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 3.7
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 5.5
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 4.1
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 5.1
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 4.5
|-
! 1995
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 13.2
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 13.1
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 11.2
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 10.0
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
|-
! 1996
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 12.1
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 6.9
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 8.1
|-
! 1997
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 13.9
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
|-
! 1998
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 6.7
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 5.7
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 7.0
| rowspan=4 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 2.7
| rowspan=4 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 3.2
|-
! 1999
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 6.4
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 9.9
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 1.9
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 8.9
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 7.2
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 3.2
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 2.6
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 1.9
|-
! 2000
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 7.1
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 6.2
|-
! 2001
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 7.7
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 9.1
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 8.6
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 5.2
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
|-
! 2002
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 8.6
| rowspan=4 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 2.6
| rowspan=4 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 2.0
|-
! 2003
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 7.7
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 12.8
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 10.1
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 7.6
|-
! 2004
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 11.9
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 3.6
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 12.3
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 5.6
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 5.1
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 4.5
|-
! 2005
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 8.1
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 6.2
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{steady}} 6.2
|-
! 2006
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 11.7
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 13.1
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 3.4
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 4.6
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 3.6
|-
! 2007
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 16.5
|-
! 2008
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 9.4
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 9.6
| bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 7.5
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 8.0
|-
! 2009
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 10.7
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 12.1
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 5.7
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 13.7
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} '''5.9'''
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 6.4
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 12.4
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 6.2
|-
! 2010
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 12.1<br>{{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
|-
! 2011
| bgcolor=#4A8E0C style="color:#FFFFFF; vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 24.2
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 17.6
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} '''22.5'''
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 11.2
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 8.7
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} '''15.4'''
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} '''7.1'''
|-
! 2012
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#4A8E0C style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 11.3
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 5.0
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 13.2
|-
! 2013
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 8.4
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 8.6
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 11.1
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 13.7
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|#01048B|border=silver}}
|-
! 2014
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 10.7
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 6.2
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 5.7
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 5.7
|-
! 2015
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 15.1
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 12.3
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|The Left (Germany)}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
|-
! 2016
| bgcolor=#4A8E0C style="color:#FFFFFF; vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 30.3
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 15.2
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 4.8
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 5.3
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 5.2
|-
! 2017
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 8.9
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#4A8E0C style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|The Left (Germany)}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 8.7
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 6.4
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=5 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 4.0
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 12.9
|-
! 2018
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} '''17.6'''
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} '''19.8'''
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}|border=silver}}
|-
! 2019
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} '''20.5'''
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} '''10.8'''
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 17.4
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} '''8.6'''
| bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 5.2
|-
! 2020
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|The Left (Germany)}}|border=silver}}
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} '''24.2'''
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|The Left (Germany)}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
|-
! 2021
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} '''14.7'''
| bgcolor=#4A8E0C style="color:#FFFFFF; vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} '''32.6'''
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} '''18.9'''<br>{{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|The Left (Germany)}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 6.3
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 9.3
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 5.9
|-
! 2022
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#4A8E0C style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}|border=silver}}
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} '''14.5'''
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} '''18.2'''
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=3 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} 5.0
| bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{increase}} '''18.3'''
|-
! 2023
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 14.4
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 18.4
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 11.9<br/>{{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|The Left (Germany)}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 14.8
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#A0E165 style="border-top-style:hidden"| {{Colour box|{{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}|border=silver}}{{Colour box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}}
|-
! 2024
| bgcolor=#CAE6B1 style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 11.9
| TBD
| TBD
| style="vertical-align:top"| {{decrease}} 3.2
|- class="sortbottom"
! Year
! {{flagicon|Germany}}<br>[[Germany|DE]]
! {{flagicon|European Union}}<br>EU
! 
! {{flagicon|Baden-Württemberg}}<br>[[Baden-Württemberg|BW]] !! {{flagicon|Bavaria}}<br>[[Bavaria|BY]] !! {{flagicon|Berlin}}<br>[[Berlin|BE]] !! {{flagicon|Brandenburg}}<br>[[Brandenburg|BB]]
! {{flagicon|Bremen}}<br>[[Bremen (state)|HB]] !! {{flagicon|Hamburg}}<br>[[Hamburg|HH]] !! {{flagicon|Hesse}}<br>[[Hesse|HE]] !! {{flagicon|Lower Saxony}}<br>[[Lower Saxony|NI]] !! {{flagicon|Mecklenburg-Vorpommern}}<br>[[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|MV]] !! {{flagicon|North Rhine-Westphalia}}<br>[[North Rhine-Westphalia|NW]] !! {{flagicon|Rhineland-Palatinate}}<br>[[Rhineland-Palatinate|RP]] !! {{flagicon|Saarland}}<br>[[Saarland|SL]] !! {{flagicon|Saxony}}<br>[[Saxony|SN]] !! {{flagicon|Saxony-Anhalt}}<br>[[Saxony-Anhalt|ST]] !! {{flagicon|Schleswig-Holstein}}<br>[[Schleswig-Holstein|SH]] !! {{flagicon|Thuringia}}<br>[[Thuringia|TH]]
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan=20 align=left| '''Bold''' indicates best result to date.<br>{{Colour box|#CAE6B1|border=silver}} Present in legislature (in opposition)<br>{{Colour box|#A0E165|border=silver}} Junior coalition partner<br>{{Colour box|#4A8E0C|border=silver}} Senior coalition partner
|}

===States (''Länder'')===
{| class="wikitable floatleft sortable" style="clear: right;"
|+ The Greens, Alliance 90 and Alliance 90/The Greens in government
|-
! Length
! State/Federation
! Coalition partner(s)
|-
| 1985–1987
| [[Hesse]]
| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] (Cabinet Börner III)
|-
| 1989–1990
| [[Berlin]]
| Alternative List for Democracy and Environment Protection<br>with SPD ([[Momper Senate|Senate Momper]])
|-
| 1990–1994
| [[Lower Saxony]]
| SPD ([[Cabinet Schröder I (Lower Saxony)|Cabinet Schröder I]])
|-
| 1990–1994
| [[Brandenburg]]
| Alliance 90 with SPD and [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]] (Cabinet Stolpe I)
|-
| 1991–1999
| Hesse
| SPD (Cabinets Eichel I and II)
|-
| 1991–1995
| [[Bremen]]
| SPD and FDP (Senate Wedemeier III)
|-
| 1994–1998
| [[Saxony-Anhalt]]
| SPD (Cabinet Höppner I),<br>[[minority government]] supported by [[Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)|PDS]]
|-
| 1995–2005
| [[North Rhine-Westphalia]]
| SPD (Cabinets Rau V, Clement I and II, Steinbrück)
|-
| 1996–2005
| [[Schleswig-Holstein]]
| SPD (Cabinets Simonis II and III)
|-
| 1997–2001
| [[Hamburg]]
| SPD (Senate Runde)
|-
| 1998–2005
| '''[[Federal Government of Germany|Federal Government]]'''
| SPD (Cabinets [[Cabinet Schröder I|Schröder I]] and [[Cabinet Schröder II|II]])
|-
| 2001–2002
| Berlin
| SPD (Senate Wowereit I),<br>minority government supported by PDS
|-
| 2007–2019
| Bremen
| SPD (Senates Böhrnsen II and III and Sieling)
|-
| 2008–2010
| Hamburg
| [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]] (Senates von Beust III and Ahlhaus)
|-
| 2009–2012
| [[Saarland]]
| CDU and FDP (Cabinets Müller III and Kramp-Karrenbauer)
|-
| 2010–2017
| North Rhine-Westphalia
| SPD (Cabinets Kraft I (minority government with changing majorities) and II)
|-
| 2011–2016
| [[Baden-Württemberg]]
| SPD ([[Cabinet Kretschmann I]]) ('''Greens as leading party''')
|-
| 2011–2016
| [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]
| SPD (Cabinets Beck V and Dreyer I)
|-
| 2012–2017
| Schleswig-Holstein
| SPD and [[South Schleswig Voter Federation|SSW]] (Cabinet Albig)
|-
| 2013–2017
| Lower Saxony
| SPD ([[Cabinet Weil I]])
|-
| 2014–2024
| Hesse
| CDU ([[Second Bouffier cabinet|Cabinet Bouffier II]], [[Third Bouffier cabinet|III]], and [[First Rhein cabinet|Rhein I]])
|-
| 2014–2020
| Thuringia
| [[The Left (Germany)|Left]] and SPD ([[First Ramelow cabinet|Cabinet Ramelow I]])
|-
| {{sort|2015|since 2015}}
| Hamburg
| SPD (Senates Scholz II, [[First Tschentscher senate|Tschentscher I]] and [[Second Tschentscher senate|II]])
|-
| {{sort|2016|since 2016}}
| Baden-Württemberg
| CDU ([[Second Kretschmann cabinet|Cabinets Kretschmann II]] and [[Third Kretschmann cabinet|III]]) ('''Greens as leading party''')
|-
| {{sort|2016|since 2016}}
| Rhineland-Palatinate
| SPD and FDP ([[Second Dreyer cabinet|Cabinets Dreyer II]] and [[Third Dreyer cabinet|III]])
|-
| 2016–2021
| Saxony-Anhalt 
| CDU and SPD (Cabinet Haseloff II)
|-
| {{sort|2016|since 2016}}
| Berlin
| SPD and Linke ([[Second Müller senate|Senates Müller II]] and [[Giffey senate|Giffey]])
|-
| 2017–2022
| Schleswig-Holstein
| CDU and FDP ([[First Günther cabinet|Cabinet Günther I]])
|-
| {{sort|2019|since 2019}}
| Bremen
| SPD and Left ([[Bovenschulte senate|Senate Bovenschulte]])
|-
| {{sort|2019|since 2019}}
| [[Brandenburg]]
| SPD and CDU ([[Third Woidke cabinet|Cabinet Woidke III]])
|-
| {{sort|2019|since 2019}}
| [[Saxony]]
| CDU and SPD ([[Second Kretschmer cabinet|Cabinet Kretschmer II]])
|-
| {{sort|2020|since 2020}}
| Thuringia
| Left and SPD ([[Second Ramelow cabinet|Cabinet Ramelow II]])
|-
| {{sort|2020|since 2021}}
| '''[[Federal Government of Germany|Federal Government]]'''
| SPD and FDP ([[Cabinet Scholz]])
|-
| {{sort|2022|since 2022}}
| North Rhine-Westphalia
| CDU ([[Second Wüst cabinet|Cabinet Wüst II]])
|-
| {{sort|2022|since 2022}}
| Schleswig-Holstein
| CDU ([[Second Günther cabinet|Cabinet Günther II]])
|-
| {{sort|2022|since 2022}}
| Lower Saxony
| SPD ([[Third Weil cabinet|Cabinet Weil III]])
|-
|}

{{Clear}}

== Leadership (1993–present) ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=3|Leaders
!Year
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}};" |
|style="width:200px;"|{{interlanguage link|Ludger Volmer|de}}
|style="width:200px;"|[[Marianne Birthler]]
|style="width:125px;"| 1993–1994
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}" |
|style="width:200px;" rowspan=2|[[Jürgen Trittin]]
|style="width:200px;"|[[Krista Sager]]
|style="width:125px;"| 1994–1996
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}" |
|style="width:200px;" rowspan=2|{{interlanguage link|Gunda Röstel|de}}
|style="width:125px;"| 1996–1998
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}" |
|style="width:200px;"|{{interlanguage link|Antje Radcke|de}}
|style="width:125px;"| 1998–2000
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}" |
|style="width:200px;" rowspan=2|[[Fritz Kuhn]]
|style="width:200px;"|[[Renate Künast]]
|style="width:125px;"| 2000–2001
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}" |
|style="width:200px;"|[[Claudia Roth]]
|style="width:125px;"| 2001–2002
|-
!style="background:{{party color| Alliance 90/The Greens}}" |
|style="width:200px;" rowspan=2|[[Reinhard Bütikofer]]
|style="width:200px;"|[[Angelika Beer]]
|style="width:125px;"| 2002–2004
|-
!style="background:{{party color| Alliance 90/The Greens}}" |
|style="width:200px;" rowspan=2|Claudia Roth
|style="width:125px;"| 2004–2008
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}" |
|style="width:200px;" rowspan=2|[[Cem Özdemir]]
|style="width:125px;"| 2008–2013
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}" |
|style="width:200px;"|[[Simone Peter]]
|style="width:125px;"|2013–2018
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}" |
|style="width:200px;"|[[Robert Habeck]]
|style="width:200px;"|[[Annalena Baerbock]]
|style="width:125px;"| 2018–2022
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}" |
|style="width:200px;"|[[Omid Nouripour]]
|style="width:200px;"|[[Ricarda Lang]]
|style="width:125px;"| 2022–present
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Anti-nuclear movement]]
* [[Green party]]
* [[Green Party faction (Bundestag)]]
* [[Green Youth (Germany)]]
* [[List of German Green Party politicians]]
* [[List of political parties in Germany]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=abbr|
* {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46302035|title=Surging Greens shake up German coalition politics|date=26 November 2018|language=en|website=[[BBC]]}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/18/germanys-surging-greens-step-up-election-race-to-succeed-merkel|title=Germany's surging Greens step up election race to succeed Merkel|date=18 April 2021|language=en|website=[[The Guardian]]}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/german-greens-overtake-conservatives-chancellor-candidates-announced-2021-04-20/|title=German Greens overtake conservatives as chancellor candidates announced|date=21 April 2021|language=en|website=[[Reuters]]}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/en/die-gruene-pick-annalena-baerbock-as-chancellor-candidate-li.153653|title=Die Grüne pick Annalena Baerbock as chancellor candidate|date=19 April 2021|language=en|website=[[Berliner Zeitung]]}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/politbarometer-sieht-gruene-knapp-vor-union-17330045.html|title=Politbarometer sees Greens just ahead of Union|date=7 May 2021|language=de|website=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/atomdebatte-gruene-erklimmen-rekordhoch-fdp-stuerzt-ab-a-755315.html|title=Greens climb record high, FDP crashes|date=6 April 2011|language=de|website=[[Der Spiegel]]}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.mdr.de/nachrichten/thueringen/gruene-kanzler-kandidatur-baerbock-100.html|title=Chancellor candidate Baerbock: How Thuringian politicians evaluate the decision of the Greens|date=19 April 2021|website=Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk}}
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Kleinert | first1 = Hubert | date = 1992 | title = Aufstieg und Fall der Grünen. Analyse einer alternativen Partei | location = Bonn | publisher = Dietz | language = de}}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Jachnow | first1 = Joachim | title = What's become of the German Greens? | journal = New Left Review | issue = 81 | date =  May–June 2013 | pages = 95–117 | location = London | url = http://newleftreview.org/II/81/joachim-jachnow-what-s-become-of-the-german-greens | df = dmy-all}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Frankland | first1 = E. Gene | last2 = Schoonmaker | first2 = Donald | date = 1992 | title = Between Protest & Power: The Green Party in Germany | publisher = Westview Press}}
*Kolinsky, Eva (1989): ''The Greens in West Germany: Organisation and Policy Making'' Oxford: Berg.
*Nishida, Makoto (2005): ''Strömungen in den Grünen (1980–2003) : eine Analyse über informell-organisierte Gruppen innerhalb der Grünen'' Münster: Lit, {{ISBN|3-8258-9174-7}}, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-9174-9}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Papadakis |first1=Elim |title=The Green Movement in West Germany |date=2014 |language=en |isbn=978-1-317-54029-8 |publisher=Routledge  }}
*Raschke, Joachim (1993): ''Die Grünen: Wie sie wurden, was sie sind.'' Köln: Bund-Verlag.
*Raschke, Joachim (2001): ''Die Zukunft der Grünen.'' Frankfurt am Main / New York: Campus.
*Stifel, Andreas (2018): Vom erfolgreichen Scheitern einer Bewegung – Bündnis 90/Die Grünen als politische Partei und soziokulturelles Phänomen. Wiesbaden: VS Springer.
*{{cite book | last1 = Veen | first1 = Hans-Joachim | author-link1 = Hans-Joachim Veen | last2 = Hoffmann | first2 = Jürgen | date = 1 January 1992 | title = Die Grünen zu Beginn der neunziger Jahre. Profil und Defizite einer fast etablierten Partei. | publisher = Bouvier | language = de | df  = dmy-all | isbn = 978-3416023627 | ol = OL1346192M | lccn = 92233518 | oclc = 586435147}}
*Wiesenthal, Helmut (2000): "Profilkrise und Funktionswandel. Bündnis 90/Die Grünen auf dem Weg zu einem neuen Selbstverständnis", in ''Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte'', B5 2000, S. 22–29.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bündnis 90/Die Grünen}}
*[https://gruene.de Official Homepage of Bündnis 90/Die Grünen]
*[http://europeangreens.eu/parties/b%C3%BCndnis-90die-gr%C3%BCnen European Green Party information on Bündnis 90/Die Grünen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202225138/http://europeangreens.eu/parties/b%C3%BCndnis-90die-gr%C3%BCnen |date=2 December 2014 }}
*[http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20040719&s=hockenos "German Greens and Pax Europa" (English) The Nation article about Green foreign policy]
*[http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/fotostrecke-61758.html The Rise of the Green Party] – slideshow by ''[[Der Spiegel]]''

{{Parties of Germany}}
{{Green parties}}
{{Alliance 90/The Greens}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alliance 90 The Greens}}
[[Category:Alliance 90/The Greens| ]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in West Germany]]
[[Category:1983 in the environment]]
[[Category:Centre-left parties in Europe]]
[[Category:Environmentalism in Germany]]
[[Category:European Green Party]]
[[Category:Global Greens member parties]]
[[Category:Green liberalism]]
[[Category:Green political parties in Germany]]
[[Category:Liberal parties in Germany]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Berlin]]
[[Category:Parties represented in the European Parliament]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1980]]
[[Category:Progressive parties]]
[[Category:Progressivism in Germany]]
[[Category:Social liberal parties]]