View source for Boy

{{short description|Young male human}}
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[[File:Smiling little boy of Laos.jpg|thumb| A young boy in [[Laos]]|330x330px]]
{{Human growth and development}}
A '''boy''' is a young [[male]] [[human]]. The term is commonly used for a [[child]] or an [[adolescent]]. When a male human reaches adulthood, he is usually described as a [[man]].

==Definition, etymology, and use==
According to the ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary'', a boy is "a male child from birth to adulthood".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/boy|title = Definition of BOY}}</ref>

The word "boy" comes from [[Middle English]] ''boi, boye'' ("boy, servant"), related to other [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] words for ''boy'', namely [[Saterland Frisian language|East Frisian]] ''boi'' ("boy, young man") and [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] ''boai'' ("boy"). Although the exact [[etymology]] is obscure, the English and Frisian forms probably derive from an earlier [[Anglo-Frisian]] *''bō-ja'' ("little brother"), a diminutive of the Germanic root *''bō-'' ("brother, male relation"), from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] *''bhā-'', *''bhāt-'' ("father, brother"). The root is also found in <!--[[Flemish language|Flemish]] ''boe'' ("brother"), [please give a reference; I can't find any Dutch dialect that uses "boe" for brother; it means "where" in West (Belgian) Limburgish -->[[Norwegian language|Norwegian dialectal]] ''boa'' ("brother"), and, through a reduplicated variant *''bō-bō-'', in [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]] ''bófi'', [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''boef'' "(criminal) knave, rogue", [[German language|German]] ''Bube'' ("knave, rogue, boy"). Furthermore, the word may be related to ''Bōia'', an [[Anglo-Saxon language|Anglo-Saxon]] personal name.<ref>See:
* [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=boy&searchmode=none Etymology Online] - entry for "boy"
* H. H. Malincrodt, ''Latijn-Nederlands woordenboek'' (Latin-Dutch dictionary)
* ''Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary''
* {{cite book | first=Carl Darling | last=Buck | author-link=Carl Darling Buck | title=A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages | location=Chicago | publisher=University of Chicago Press | orig-year=1949 | year=1988 | isbn=978-0-226-07937-0  }}</ref>
[[File:Napoli, scugnizzi.jpg|thumb|Poor Neapolitan children]]
<!--Do not remove the following image without a consensus to do so. The matter has been discussed at length on the talk page. -->[[File:African boy transporting fodder by bicycle edit.jpg|alt=African boy transporting fodder|thumb|220x220px|Tanzanian boy transporting fodder]]

===Specific uses===
====Race====
Historically,{{When|date=June 2024}} in the United States and South Africa, "boy" was used not only for domestic servants but also more generally as a disparaging term for black men; the term implied a subservient status.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://harvardlpr.com/2011/12/21/court-finally-says-boy-comments-are-racist/|title=Court finally says 'boy' comments are racist|last=Corriher|first=Billy|date=2011-12-21|website=Harvard Law and Policy Review|access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theroot.com/when-boy-is-not-a-racist-remark-1790880694|title=When 'Boy' Is Not a Racist Remark|last=Ifill|first=Sherrilyn A.|date=24 August 2010|work=The Root|access-date=2017-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2008/04/15/understanding-why-you-dont-call-a-black-man-a-boy/|title=Understanding why you don't call a black man a boy|last=Martin|first=Roland S.|date=15 April 2008|website=CNN.com|access-date=2017-07-18|archive-date=2022-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525032022/https://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2008/04/15/understanding-why-you-dont-call-a-black-man-a-boy/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://newsone.com/2282554/chris-christie-boy/|title=Racist Or Not? Gov. Chris Christie Calls Black Man 'Boy' In Town Hall [VIDEO]|date=2013-03-16|work=News One|access-date=2017-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Thomas Branch, an early African-American Seventh-day Adventist missionary to Nyassaland ([[Malawi]]) referred to the native students as "boys":{{blockquote|There is one way by which we judge many of our present boys to be quite different from some of those who were here long ago: those that are married have their wives here with them, and build their own houses, and all are busy making their gardens. I have told all the boys that if they wished to stay here and learn, those that had wives must bring them.<ref>{{Cite journal
  | last = Branch
  | first = Thomas H.
  | title = British Central Africa
  | journal = Review and Herald
  | volume = 84
  | issue = 1
  | page = 18
  | publisher = Review and Herald Publishing Association
  | location = Washington, D.C.
  | date = January 3, 1907
  | url = http://docs.adventistarchives.org/docs/RH/RH19070103-V84-01__B.pdf?q=docs/RH/RH19070103-V84-01__B.pdf
  | access-date = May 5, 2015
  }}</ref>}}  Multiple politicians – including New Jersey Governor [[Chris Christie]] and former Kentucky Congressman [[Geoff Davis]] – have been criticized publicly for referring to a black man as "boy".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

During an event promoting the 2017 [[Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Conor McGregor|boxing bout]] between [[Floyd Mayweather Jr.]] and [[Conor McGregor]], the latter told the former to "dance for me, boy."<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/jul/15/mayweather-accuses-mcgregor-of-racism-and-uses-homophobic-slur|title=Floyd Mayweather accuses Conor McGregor of racism and uses homophobic slur|date=2017-07-15|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-07-18|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The remarks led several boxers – including Mayweather and [[Andre Ward]] – as well as multiple commentators to accuse McGregor of racism.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2721466-andre-ward-doesnt-like-conor-mcgregor-calling-floyd-mayweather-boy|title=Andre Ward Doesn't Like Conor McGregor Calling Floyd Mayweather 'Boy'|last=Chiari|first=Mike|date=13 July 2017|work=Bleacher Report|access-date=2017-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thegrapevine.theroot.com/yes-conor-mcgregor-is-a-racist-1796876545|title=Yes, Conor McGregor Is a Racist|last=Callahan|first=Yesha|date=13 June 2017|work=The Root|access-date=2017-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2017/07/14/conor-mcgregor-racist/|title=Conor McGregor denies being a racist with racist statement|last=Bell|first=Gabriel|date=14 July 2017|website=Salon|access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref>

==Biology==
===Sex determination===

[[File:Human X and Y chromosomes and their role in determining the sex of the child.svg|thumb|A child's genetic sex is determined by the sex chromosome of the sperm involved. Typically, if an egg is fertilized by a sperm containing an X chromosome, the fetus will have two X chromosomes and its chromosomal sex will be female. If an egg is fertilized by a sperm containing a Y chromosome, the fetus will have XY chromosomes and its chromosomal sex will be male.]]

Human sex is determined at [[fertilization]] when the [[gene]]tic [[sex]] of the [[zygote]] is determined by whether the [[sperm]] [[cell (biology)|cell]] contains an X or Y chromosome. If the sperm cell contains an [[X chromosome]], the fetus will be XX and, typically, a [[girl]] will develop. A sperm cell carrying a Y chromosome results in an XY combination, and typically a boy will develop. Variations from this general rule result in [[intersex]] fetuses.{{sfn|Fauci|Braunwald|Kasper|Hauser|2008|pp=2339-2346}}

===In utero development and genitalia===
[[File:Kids at Play - Lake Sevan - Armenia (19045150673).jpg|thumb|[[Armenians|Armenian]] boys at play]]
In male embryos at six to seven weeks' gestation, "the expression of a gene on the Y chromosome induces changes that result in the development of the testes". At approximately nine weeks' gestation, the production of testosterone by a male embryo results in the development of the male reproductive system.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222286/|title=Sex Begins in the Womb|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences|editor-first1=Theresa M.|editor-last1=Wizemann|editor-first2=Mary-Lou|editor-last2=Pardue|date=November 28, 2001|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|via=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> 
[[File:School pupil of Darumawang El. school (7414531682).jpg|thumb|[[Filipinos|Filipino]] boy]]
The [[male reproductive system]] includes both external and internal organs. The external organs include the [[human penis|penis]], the [[scrotum]], and the [[testicle]]s (or testes). The penis is a cylindrical organ filled with spongy tissue. It is the organ used by boys to expel [[urine]]. The foreskin of some boys' penises is removed in a process known as [[circumcision]]. The scrotum is a loose sac of skin behind the penis which contains the testicles. Testicles are oval-shaped gonads. A boy generally possesses two testicles. Internal male reproductive organs include the [[vas deferens]], the [[ejaculatory ducts]], the [[urethra]], the [[seminal vesicles]], and the [[prostate]] gland.<ref name="clevelandclinic1">{{cite web|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9117-male-reproductive-system|title=Male Reproductive System Information|website=Cleveland Clinic}}</ref><ref name="webmd1">{{cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/male-reproductive-system|title=The Male Reproductive System|website=WebMD}}</ref>

===Physical maturation===
[[Puberty]] is the process by which children's bodies mature into adult bodies that are capable of reproduction. On average, boys begin puberty at ages 11–12 and complete puberty at ages 16–17.<ref name="Kail">{{cite book| last = Kail | first = RV |author2=Cavanaugh JC| title = Human Development: A Lifespan View | isbn = 978-0-495-60037-4 | publisher = [[Cengage Learning]] | year = 2010 | page = 296 |edition = 5th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-n5E7oyCgoC&pg=PA296}}</ref><ref name="Phillips">{{cite book|author=D. C. Phillips| title =Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy| isbn = 978-1-4833-6475-9 | publisher = [[SAGE Publications]] | year = 2014 | pages = 18–19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84StBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|quote=On average, the onset of puberty is about 18 months earlier for girls (usually starting around the age of 10 or 11 and lasting until they are 15 to 17) than for boys (who usually begin puberty at about the age of 11 to 12 and complete it by the age of 16 to 17, on average).}}</ref>

In boys, puberty begins with the enlargement of the testicles and scrotum. The penis also increases in size, and a boy develops pubic hair. A boy's testicles also begin making sperm. The release of semen, which contains sperm and other fluids, is called ejaculation.<ref name="hopkinsmedicine1">{{cite web|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/puberty-adolescent-male |title=Puberty: Adolescent Male &#124; Johns Hopkins Medicine |publisher=Hopkinsmedicine.org |access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref> During puberty, a boy's erect penis becomes capable of [[ejaculation|ejaculating]] [[semen]] and impregnating a [[woman|female]].<ref name="clevelandclinic1"/><ref name="webmd1"/> A boy's first ejaculation is an important milestone in his development.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.health24.com/Lifestyle/Teen/Your-body/Male-puberty-milestones-20120721 |title=Male puberty milestones |publisher=Health24 |access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref> On average, a boy's first [[ejaculation]] occurs at age 13.<ref name="Jorgensen & Keiding">(Jorgensen & Keiding 1991).</ref> Ejaculation sometimes occurs during sleep; this phenomenon is known as a [[nocturnal emission]].<ref name="hopkinsmedicine1"/>

When a boy reaches puberty, [[testosterone]] triggers the development of secondary sex characteristics. A boy's muscles increase in size and mass, his voice deepens, his bones lengthen, and the shape of his face and body changes.<ref name="Bjorklund">{{cite book |vauthors=Bjorklund DF, Blasi CH|title=Child and Adolescent Development: An Integrated Approach|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=978-1133168379|year=2011|pages=152–153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTQIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152}}</ref> The increased secretion of testosterone from the testicles during puberty causes the male secondary sexual characteristics to be manifested.{{sfn|Van de Graaff|Fox|1989|p=933-4}} Male secondary sex characteristics include:
[[File:Plantel Riodike FC 2015.jpg|thumb|Adolescent boys in [[Uruguay]]]]
* Growth of [[body hair]], including [[underarm hair|underarm]], [[abdominal hair|abdominal]], [[chest hair|chest]], and [[pubic hair|pubic]] hair.<ref name="Pack">{{cite book |vauthors=Pack PE|title=CliffsNotes AP Biology, 5th Edition|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0544784178|year=2016|page=219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsalDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219}}</ref><ref name="Bjorklund"/> 
* Growth of [[facial hair]].<ref name="Bjorklund"/>
* Enlargement of [[larynx]] (Adam's apple) and deepening of [[human voice|voice]].<ref name="Bjorklund"/><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.hartnell.edu/faculty/asteinhardt/mywebs/sexual_reproduction.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208223522/http://www.hartnell.edu/faculty/asteinhardt/mywebs/sexual_reproduction.htm|url-status=dead|title=Help is here!|archive-date=February 8, 2009|website=hartnell.edu}}</ref>
* Increased [[Human height|stature]]; adult males are taller than adult females, on average.<ref name="Bjorklund"/>
* Heavier [[human skull|skull]] and [[bone]] [[structure]].<ref name="Bjorklund"/>
* Increased [[muscle]] mass and strength.<ref name="Bjorklund"/>
* Broadening of [[shoulder]]s and chest; shoulders wider than hips.<ref name="secondary">{{cite web|url=http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/secondary_characteristics.html |title=Secondary Characteristics |work=hu-berlin.de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927075821/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/secondary_characteristics.html |archive-date=2011-09-27 }}</ref>
* Increased secretions of oil and [[sweat gland]]s.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

== Group and gender norms ==
Boys across various age groups are often part of social circles that establish their own unique norms. These norms serve as a benchmark for boys to assess their peers. The adherence to these group norms often holds more weight than the mere affiliation to the group. In fact, boys who do not conform to these norms are often evaluated lower than those who, despite being strangers, conform to the group’s norms. This phenomenon underscores the powerful influence of group norms in shaping attitudes and actions, and the social implications of conformity.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Children's and adolescents' evaluations of peers who challenge their group: The role of gender norms and identity|date=2022 |doi=10.1111/sode.12546 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/sode.12546 |last1=McGuire |first1=Luke |last2=Palmer |first2=Sally B. |last3=Rutland |first3=Adam |journal=Social Development |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=423–437 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=Group Norms |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.453 |isbn=978-0-19-023655-7 |chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/psychology/abstract/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-453|access-date=2024-03-25 |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology |date=2020 |last1=Smith |first1=Joanne R. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Conformity in Groups: The Effects of Others' Views on Expressed Attitudes and Attitude Change|date=2016 |doi=10.1007/s11109-015-9312-x |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11109-015-9312-x|access-date=2024-03-25 |last1=Levitan |first1=Lindsey C. |last2=Verhulst |first2=Brad |journal=Political Behavior |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=277–315 }}</ref>
Boys who defy gender norms may face a higher risk of abuse, and may experience more depression than gender-conforming peers, as well as [[social stigma]] from parents<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bridges|first1=Dori|date=24 April 2019|title=Parents more uncomfortable with gender-nonconforming behaviors in boys, study finds|publisher=PsyPost|url=https://www.psypost.org/2019/04/parents-more-uncomfortable-with-gender-nonconforming-behaviors-in-boys-study-finds-53540|access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> and peers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gender Nonconforming Children, Particularly Boys, Are Less Popular With Peers|url=https://goodmenproject.com/featured-content/gender-nonconforming-children-particularly-boys-are-less-popular-with-peers-lbkr/|access-date=19 August 2020|website=The Good Men Project|date=20 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=Andrea|last2=Rosario|first2=Margaret|last3=Slopen|first3=Natalie|last4=Calzo|first4=Jeren|date=2012|title=Childhood Gender Nonconformity, Bullying Victimization, and Depressive Symptoms Across Adolescence and Early Adulthood: An 11-Year Longitudinal Study|url=https://jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(12)00872-6/fulltext|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=2|pages=143–152|doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2012.11.006|pmid=23357441|pmc=3635805|access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> The [[gender policing]] towards them can increase the risk of alcohol use, anxiety, and depression in adulthood.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bauermeister|first1=José A.|last2=Connochie|first2=Daniel|last3=Jadwin-Cakmak|first3=Laura|last4=Meanley|first4=Steven|date=May 2017|title=Gender Policing During Childhood and the Psychological Well-Being of Young Adult Sexual Minority Men in the United States|journal=American Journal of Men's Health|volume=11|issue=3|pages=693–701|doi=10.1177/1557988316680938|issn=1557-9883|pmc=5393921|pmid=27903954}}</ref>

In some cultures, the birth of a male child (boy) is considered prosperous.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Selecting Boys Over Girls Is A Trend In More And More Countries|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/08/26/434616512/selecting-boys-over-girls-is-a-trend-in-more-and-more-countries|access-date=2021-05-14|website=NPR.org|date=26 August 2015 |language=en|last1=Brink |first1=Susan }}</ref>

== Boys and child labor ==
[[File:1912 Lawrence Textile Strike 3.jpg|thumb|Boys working in textile mills [[Massachusetts]], 1912]]
Boys perform the majority of [[child labour|child labor]] around the world compared to girls; 88 million child laborers are boys and 64 million are girls. Boys are also the primary victims of hazardous child labor. They are mainly employed in the [[agriculture]], [[construction]] and [[mining]] sectors. Boy workers also account for about 87 percent of those who died on the job between 2003 and 2016 in the US.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Child Labor Facts and Statistics about Child Labor Around The World - Compassion International|url=https://www.compassion.com/poverty/child-labor-quick-facts.htm|access-date=2021-05-26|website=www.compassion.com}}</ref>

Boys are given a basic reading, writing and mathematics skill and then forced to pursue their father's profession in order to alleviate financial burden of the family. This is one of the main reasons why boys are preferred over girls by the rural communities in poor countries. In [[India]], by contrast, the majority of adopted children are girls even though boys are preferred in general compared to girls.<ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Basic Facts about Child Labor Globally – stopchildlabor|url=https://stopchildlabor.org/?p=4504|access-date=2021-05-26|website=stopchildlabor.org| date=16 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 12, 2018|title=World Day Against Child Labour: 152 million children are forced to work for a living|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/world-day-against-child-labour-over-152-million-children-are-forced-to-work-for-a-living-1258140-2018-06-12|access-date=2021-05-26|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-11|title=The number of Children available for adoption is less than 1/4th the demand despite the simplification in adoption process|url=https://factly.in/number-children-available-adoption-less-14th-demand-despite-simplification-adoption-process/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=FACTLY|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Boy band]]
*[[Shōnen manga]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last=Allen |first=Edward A. |title=Public School Elites in Early-Victorian England: The Boys at Harrow and Merchant Taylors' Schools from 1825 to 1850 |journal=Journal of British Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |year=1982 |pages=87–117 |doi=10.1086/385791 |s2cid=144610133 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Baggerman |first1=Arianne |author-link1=Arianne Baggerman |first2=Rudolf |last2=Dekker |author-link2=Rudolf Dekker|title=Child of the Enlightenment: Revolutionary Europe Reflected in a Boyhood Diary |year=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn= 9789004273641}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Clement |editor-first=Priscilla Ferguson |editor2-first=Jacqueline S. |editor2-last=Reinier |title=Boyhood in America: an encyclopedia |others=2 vol |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57607-215-8}} 
* {{cite book|title = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|last1 = Fauci|first1 = Anthony S.|publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical|year = 2008|isbn= 9780071466332|pages = 2339–2346|edition = 17th|last2 = Braunwald|first2 = Eugene|last3 = Kasper|first3 = Dennis L.|last4 = Hauser|first4 = Stephen L.|last5 = Longo|first5 = Dan L.|last6 = Jameson|first6 = J. Larry|last7 = Loscalzo|first7 = Joseph}}
*{{cite book |last=Giese |first=Rachel |title=Boys: What it Means to Become a Man |publisher=Seal Press |year=2018 |isbn= 9781443442916}} 
*{{cite book |last=Hunt |first=Peter |title=International companion encyclopedia of children's literature |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=9780415290531}}
*{{cite book |last=Illick |first=Joseph E. |title=American childhoods |year=2005 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812236590}} 
*{{cite journal |last=Killian |first=Caitlin |title=Covered girls and savage boys: Representations of Muslim youth in France |journal=Journal of Social and Ecological Boundaries |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=2007 |pages=69–90 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kugler |first1=Adriana D. |first2=Santosh |last2=Kumar |title=Preference for boys, family size, and educational attainment in India |journal=[[Demography (journal)|Demography]] |volume=54 |issue=3 |year=2017 |pages=835–859 |doi=10.1007/s13524-017-0575-1 |pmid=28484996 |pmc=5486858 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last=Liu |first=Fengshu |title=Boys as only-children and girls as only-children—parental gendered expectations of the only-child in the nuclear Chinese family in present-day China |journal=Gender and Education |volume=18 |issue=5 |year=2006 |pages=491–505 |doi=10.1080/09540250600881626 |s2cid=144525986 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Macleod |first=David I. |title=Act Your Age: Boyhood, Adolescence and the Rise of the Boy Scouts of America |journal=[[Journal of Social History]] |volume=16 |issue=2 |year=1982 |pages=3–20 |doi=10.1353/jsh/16.2.3 }}
*{{cite book |last=Mintz |first=Steven |title=Huck's raft: A history of American childhood |url=https://archive.org/details/hucksrafthistory00mint_0 |url-access=registration |publisher=Harvard UP |year=2004 |isbn=9780674015081}}
*{{cite book |last=Naka |first=Kansuke |title=The Silver Spoon: Memoir of a Boyhood in Japan |publisher=Stone Bridge Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781611720198 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Plafker |first=Ted |title=Sex selection in China sees 117 boys born for every 100 girls |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=324 |issue=7348 |year=2002 |page=1233 |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7348.1233/a |pmid=12028966 |pmc=1123206 }} 
*{{cite book |editor-last=Powell |editor-first=Sacha |editor2-first=Kate |editor2-last=Smith |title=An introduction to early childhood studies |publisher=Sage |year=2017 |isbn=9781526417480}} 
*{{cite book |last=Rose |first=Clare |title=Making, selling and wearing boys' clothes in late-Victorian England |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=9781138261860}}
*{{cite journal |last=Theriault |first=Daniel |title=A Socio-Historical Overview of Black Youth Development in the United States for Leisure Studies |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure |volume=1 |issue=2 |year=2018 |pages=197–213 |doi=10.1007/s41978-018-0013-y |s2cid=158309254 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book|last1=Van de Graaff|first1=Kent M.|last2=Fox|first2=Stuart Ira|title=Concepts of Human Anatomy and Physiology|date=1989|publisher=William C. Brown Publishers|location=Dubuque, Iowa|isbn=0697056759|url=https://archive.org/details/conceptsofhumana00vand}}
*{{cite journal |last=Wainman |first=Ruth |title='Engineering for Boys': Meccano and the Shaping of a Technical Vision of Boyhood in Twentieth-Century Britain |journal=Cultural and Social History |volume=14 |issue=3 |year=2017 |pages=381–396 |doi=10.1080/14780038.2017.1314581 |s2cid=164528642 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Wolff |first=Larry |title=The Boys Are Pickpockets, and the Girl Is a Prostitute": Gender and Juvenile Criminality in Early Victorian England from Oliver Twist to London Labour |journal=New Literary History |volume=27 |issue=2 |year=1996 |pages=227–249 |doi=10.1353/nlh.1996.0029 |jstor=20057349 |s2cid=162188050 }}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060501135951/http://www.boyhoodstudies.com/ Boyhood Studies], website and journal for the study of boys
* [http://members.tripod.com/~histclo/ Historical Boys' Clothing]

{{Family}}
{{Humandevelopment}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Childhood]]
[[Category:Boys| ]]
[[Category:Terms for men]]