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{{Short description|City and district in Lower Saxony, Germany}}
{{About|the German city||Braunschweig (disambiguation)|and|Brunswick (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox German place
|type              = City
|German_name       = {{native name|de|Braunschweig}}<br/>{{native name|nds|Bronswiek}}
|name              = Brunswick
|image_photo       = {{Photomontage|position=center
| photo1a = 20180102 Braunschweig Burgplatz Panorama DSC07785 mid equiRect PtrQs.jpg
| photo2a = Braunschweig Alte Waage.jpg
| photo2b = Happy Rizzi House Mai 2014.jpg
| photo3a = BraunschweigAltstadtmarkt2022.jpg
| photo3b = Braunschweig Rathaus Westseite (2012).JPG
| photo4a = 20171029 SchlossFassade RL breit DSC00157 PtrQs.jpg
   | size = 260
   | spacing = 2
   | color = #FFFFFF
   | border = 0
}}
|image_caption     = Clockwise from top: Castle Square with [[Brunswick Cathedral]], [[Dankwarderode Castle]] and the [[Brunswick Lion]], Happy [[James Rizzi|Rizzi]] House, Town Hall, [[Brunswick Palace]], Old Town market with the Church of Saint Martin and the ''Alte Waage'' with the Church of Saint Andrew
|image_coa         = DEU Braunschweig COA.svg
|image_flag        = DEU Braunschweig Flag.svg
|coordinates       = {{coord|52|16|N|10|31|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan        = Lower Saxony BS.svg
|state             = Lower Saxony
|district          = urban
|elevation         = 75
|area              = 192.13
<!--
|population = 272417
|Stand = 2024-30-09
|pop_ref = <ref name="population_BS"/>
filled via Gemeindeschlüssel -->
|pop_metro         = 1582740<ref>https://regionalheute.de/neue-statistik-so-viele-menschen-leben-in-der-region-braunschweig-gifhorn-goslar-harz-helmstedt-peine-salzgitter-wolfenbuettel-wolfsburg-1720008087/</ref>
|pop_urban        =375,000<ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/germany/agglo/_/A03101000__braunschweig/</ref>
|postal_code       = 38100–38126
|area_code         = 0531, 05307, 05309, 05300
|licence           = BS
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 1 01 000
|divisions         = 19 [[borough]]s
|website           = [https://www.braunschweig.de/ Braunschweig.de]
|mayor             = Thorsten Kornblum<ref name=mayor>{{cite web|url=https://wahlen.statistik.niedersachsen.de/SW2021/reports/DW/DW_Uebersicht.pdf|title=Stichwahlen zu Direktwahlen in Niedersachsen vom 26. September 2021|date=13 October 2021|publisher=[[Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen]]|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116133814/https://wahlen.statistik.niedersachsen.de/SW2021/reports/DW/DW_Uebersicht.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|leader_term       = 2021&ndash;26
|Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
|party             = SPD
|ruling_party1     = 
|ruling_party2     = 
|ruling_party3     =
|year              = 9th century
}}

'''Braunschweig''' ({{IPA|de|ˈbʁaʊnʃvaɪk|lang|De-Braunschweig.ogg}}) or '''Brunswick'''<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|entry=Brunswick (definition 2)|title=The American Heritage Dictionary|page=245|edition=3rd|year=1992}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|b|r|ʌ|n|z|w|ɪ|k}} {{respell|BRUN|zwik}}; from [[Low German]] {{lang|nds|Brunswiek}}, local dialect: {{lang|nds|Bronswiek}} {{IPA-nds|ˈbrɔˑnsviːk|}}) is a [[List of cities and towns in Germany|city]] in [[Lower Saxony]], Germany, north of the [[Harz]] Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river [[Oker]], which connects it to the [[North Sea]] via the rivers [[Aller (Germany)|Aller]] and [[Weser]]. In 2016, it had a population of 250,704 and in 2024, it has a population of 272,417.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/germany/braunschweig |title=Braunschweig, Germany Population 2024 |website=worldpopulationreview.com |access-date=2024-10-12}}</ref>

A powerful and influential centre of commerce in medieval Germany, Brunswick was a member of the [[Hanseatic League]] from the 13th until the 17th century. It was the capital city of three successive states: the [[Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]] (1269–1432, 1754–1807, and 1813–1814), the [[Duchy of Brunswick]] (1814–1918), and the [[Free State of Brunswick]] (1918–1946).

Today, Brunswick is the second-largest city in Lower Saxony and a major centre of [[Scientific method|scientific research]] and development.<ref name="Eurostat">{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Research_and_innovation_statistics_at_regional_level|title=Research and innovation statistics at regional level |publisher=Ec.europa.eu |year=2014|access-date=2015-07-12}}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Braunschweig}}
[[File:BurgDankwarderode2016.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dankwarderode Castle]]]]

===Foundation and early history===
The date and circumstances of the town's foundation are unknown. Tradition maintains that Brunswick was created through the merger of two settlements, one founded by [[Bruno, Duke of Saxony|Brun(o)]], a [[Saxon people|Saxon]] count who died in 880, on one side of the River Oker – the legend gives the year 861 for the foundation – and the other the settlement of a legendary [[Count Dankward]], after whom [[Dankwarderode Castle]] (the "Castle of Dankward's clearing"), which was reconstructed in the 19th century, is named.<ref>H. Mack (1925): "''Überblick über die Geschichte der Stadt Braunschweig''{{-"}}, in: F. Fuhse (ed.), ''Vaterländische Geschichten und Denkwürdigkeiten der Lande Braunschweig und Hannover, Band 1: Braunschweig'', 3rd edition, Braunschweig: Appelhans Verlag, p. 34.</ref><ref name="braunschweig.de">{{cite web |url=http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/geschichte/gruendungssage.html |title=Die Ersterwähnung von 'Brunesguik' und die Gründungssage |publisher=Braunschweig.de |access-date=2015-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507143330/http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/geschichte/gruendungssage.html |archive-date=2013-05-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The town's original name of ''Brunswik'' may be a combination of the name Bruno and [[Low German language|Low German]] ''wik'' (related to the Latin ''vicus'')<!-- There is no High German equivalent of this -->, a place where merchants rested and stored their goods. The town's name, therefore, may indicate a resting place, consistent with its location by a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] across the Oker River. An alternative explanation of the city's name is that it comes from ''Brand'', or burning, indicating a place which developed after the landscape was cleared through burning.<ref>{{cite book |first = Richard |last = Moderhack |title = Braunschweiger Stadtgeschichte |year = 1997 |language = de |publisher = Wagner |location = Braunschweig |isbn =3-87884-050-0| pages = 14–15 and 21}}</ref> The city was first mentioned in documents from the [[St. Magni Church]] from 1031, which give the city's name as ''Brunesguik''.<ref name="braunschweig.de"/>

===Middle Ages and early modern period===
[[File:Braun Braunschweig UBHD.jpg|thumb|left|Brunswick in the 16th century, from the ''Civitates orbis terrarum'' by [[Georg Braun]] and Frans Hogenberg]]
[[File:Brunswick cathedral.JPG|thumb|right|Brunswick Cathedral, St. Blasius, with lion statue]]
Up to the 12th century, Brunswick was ruled by the Saxon noble family of the [[Brunonids]]; then, through marriage, the town fell to the [[House of Welf]]. In 1142, [[Henry the Lion]] of the House of Welf became duke of [[Duchy of Saxony|Saxony]] and made Braunschweig the capital of his state (which, from 1156 on, also included the [[Duchy of Bavaria]]). He turned Dankwarderode Castle, the residence of the counts of [[County of Brunswick|Brunswick]], into his own ''[[Kaiserpfalz|Pfalz]]'' and developed the city further to represent his authority. Under Henry's rule, the [[Brunswick Cathedral|Cathedral]] of St. Blasius was built and he also had the statue of a lion, his heraldic animal, erected in front of the castle. The [[Brunswick Lion|lion]] subsequently became the city's landmark.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

Henry the Lion became so powerful that he dared to refuse military aid to the Emperor [[Frederick I Barbarossa]], which led to his banishment in 1182. Henry went into exile in England. He had previously established ties to the English crown in 1168, through his marriage to King [[Henry II of England]]'s daughter [[Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony|Matilda]], sister of [[Richard I of England|Richard the Lionheart]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.germany.travel/en/ms/royal-heritage/where-to-go/braunschweig.html |title=The Lion City of Brunswick (Braunschweig) |publisher=Germany.travel |access-date=2015-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021956/http://www.germany.travel/en/ms/royal-heritage/where-to-go/braunschweig.html |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, Henry's son [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto]], who regained influence and was eventually crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]], continued to foster the city's development.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

During the [[Middle Ages]], Brunswick was an important center of trade, one of the economic and political centers in Northern Europe and a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th century to the middle of the 17th century.<ref>{{Harvnb|Moderhack|1997|pp=50–52}}</ref> By the year 1600, Brunswick was the seventh largest city in Germany.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Camerer | last2 = Garzmann | last3 = Pingel | last4 = Schuegraf | title = Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon | edition = 4th | year = 1996 | language = de | page = 66}}</ref> Although formally one of the residences of the rulers of the [[Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg]], a constituent state of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], Brunswick was ''[[de facto]]'' ruled independently by a powerful class of [[Patrician (post-Roman Europe)|patricians]] and the [[guild]]s throughout much of the [[Late Middle Ages]] and the [[Early modern period]]. Because of the growing power of Brunswick's [[Medieval bourgeoisie|burghers]], the [[Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]], who ruled over one of the subdivisions of Brunswick-Lüneburg, finally moved their ''[[Residenz]]'' out of the city and to the nearby town of [[Wolfenbüttel]] in 1432.<ref>{{Harvnb|Moderhack|1997|pp=60–69}}</ref> The Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel did not regain control over the city until the late 17th century, when [[Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]], took the city by siege.<ref>{{Harvnb|Moderhack|1997|pp=119–123}}</ref>

In the 18th century Brunswick was not only a political, but also a cultural centre. Influenced by the philosophy of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], dukes like [[Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Anthony Ulrich]] and [[Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Charles I]] became patrons of the arts and sciences. In 1745, Charles I founded the ''Collegium Carolinum'', predecessor of the [[Braunschweig University of Technology|Brunswick University of Technology]], and in 1753 he moved the ducal residence back to Brunswick. With this he attracted poets and thinkers such as [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing|Lessing]], [[Johann Anton Leisewitz|Leisewitz]], and [[Jakob Mauvillon]] to his court and the city.<ref>{{Harvnb|Moderhack|1997|pp=136–141}}</ref> ''[[Emilia Galotti]]'' by Lessing and [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]'s ''[[Goethe's Faust|Faust]]'' were performed for the first time in Brunswick.<ref>{{Harvnb|Camerer|Garzmann|Pingel|Schuegraf|1996|p=215}}</ref>

===19th century===
[[File:Braunschweig Brunswick BS-Landtag (2005).JPG|thumb|left|''Landschaftliches Haus'', ''[[Landtag]]'' building of the Duchy and the Free State of Brunswick]]
In 1806, the city was captured by the [[France|French]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]] and became part of the short-lived [[Napoleon]]ic [[Kingdom of Westphalia]] in 1807. The exiled Duke [[Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Frederick William]] raised a volunteer corps, the [[Black Brunswickers]], who fought the French in several battles.<ref name="Jarck1">{{cite book | editor1 = Horst-Rüdiger Jarck | editor2 = Günter Scheel | title = Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon – 19. und 20. Jahrhundert | year = 1996 | language = de | publisher = Hahnsche Buchhandlung | location = Hannover| isbn = 3-7752-5838-8| page = 92|ref={{Harvid|Jarck/Scheel (eds)|1996}}}}</ref>

After the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, Brunswick was made capital of the re-established independent [[Duchy of Brunswick]], later a constituent state of the [[German Empire]] from 1871. In the aftermath of the [[July Revolution]] in 1830, in Brunswick duke [[Charles II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Charles II]] was forced to abdicate. His [[Absolute monarchy|absolutist]] governing style had previously alienated the nobility and [[bourgeoisie]], while the lower classes were disaffected by the bad economic situation. During the night of 7–8 September 1830, the [[Brunswick Palace|ducal palace]] in Brunswick was stormed by an angry mob, set on fire, and destroyed completely.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gerhard |last=Schildt |date=2000 |chapter=Von der Restauration zur Reichsgründungszeit |editor1=Horst-Rüdiger Jarck |editor2=Gerhard Schildt |title=Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region |location=Braunschweig |publisher=Appelhans Verlag |pages=753–766 |isbn=3-930292-28-9}}</ref> Charles was succeeded by his brother [[William VIII, Duke of Brunswick|William VIII]]. During William's reign, liberal reforms were made and Brunswick's parliament was strengthened.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schildt|2000|pp=772–777}}</ref>

During the 19th century, [[industrialisation]] caused a rapid growth of population in the city, eventually causing Brunswick to be for the first time significantly enlarged beyond its medieval [[Defensive wall|fortifications]] and the River Oker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.braunschweig.de/leben/stadtportraet/stadtteile/oestl_ringgebiet/geschichte.html |title=Geschichte |publisher=Braunschweig.de |access-date=2015-07-19}}</ref> On 1 December 1838, the first section of the [[Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway]] line connecting Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel opened as the first railway line in Northern Germany, operated by the [[Duchy of Brunswick State Railway]].<ref>E. Oppermann (1911): ''Landeskunde des Herzogtums Braunschweig. Geschichte und Geographie.'' Braunschweig: E. Appelhans, p. 64.</ref><ref>Neubauer, Jürgen / Salewsky, Dieter (1988): ''150 Jahre 1. Deutsche Staatseisenbahn Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel.'' Braunschweig: Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag. {{ISBN|3-926701-05-6}}.</ref>

===Early to mid-20th century===
[[File:Braunschweig.jpg|thumb|right|Braunschweig around 1900]]
[[File:Braunschweig15101944.jpg|thumbnail|left|Braunschweig on the night of 15 October 1944]]

On 8 November 1918, at the end of [[World War I]], a [[socialist]] [[workers' council]] forced Duke [[Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick|Ernest Augustus]] to abdicate.<ref>{{Harvnb|Moderhack|1997|pp=193–194}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first = Bernd |last = Rother |title = Die Sozialdemokratie im Land Braunschweig 1918 bis 1933 |year = 1990 |language = de |publisher = Verlag J. H. W. Dietz Nachf. |location= Bonn |isbn=3-8012-4016-9 |pages = 27–30}}</ref> On 10 November, the council proclaimed the Socialist Republic of Brunswick under one-party government by the [[Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (USPD); however, the subsequent [[Brunswick Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic|''Landtag'' election]] on 22 December 1918 was won by the [[Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (MSPD), and the USPD and MSPD formed a [[coalition government]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Rother|1990|pp=36–37 and 288}}</ref> An uprising in Braunschweig in 1919, led by the [[communist]] [[Spartacus League]], was defeated when ''[[Freikorps]]'' troops under [[Georg Ludwig Rudolf Maercker]] took over the city on order of the German Minister of Defence, [[Gustav Noske]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Rother|1990|pp=67–72}}</ref><ref>Hans-Ulrich Ludewig (2000): ''Der Erste Weltkrieg und die Revolution (1914–1918/19)'', in: Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.), ''Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region'', Braunschweig: Appelhans Verlag, pp. 935–943. {{ISBN|3-930292-28-9}}.</ref> An MSPD-led government was subsequently established; in December 1921, a new [[constitution]] was approved for the [[Free State of Brunswick]], now a [[parliamentary republic]] within the [[Weimar Republic]], again with Braunschweig as its capital.<ref>{{Harvnb|Moderhack|1997|pp=194–195}}</ref>

After the ''Landtag'' election of 1930, Brunswick became the second state in Germany where the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] participated in government, when the [[Nazi Party|National Socialist German Workers' Party]] (NSDAP) formed a coalition government with several conservative and right-wing parties.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rother|1990|p=234}}</ref> With the support of [[Dietrich Klagges]], Brunswick's minister of the interior, the NSDAP organized a large [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] rally in Braunschweig. On 17–18 October 1931, 100,000 SA stormtroopers marched through the city; street fights between Nazis, socialists, and communists left several dead or injured.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rother|1990|p=244}}</ref> On 25 February 1932, the state of Brunswick granted [[Adolf Hitler]] German citizenship to allow him to run in the [[1932 German presidential election]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Rother|1990|p=247}}</ref> In Braunschweig, Nazis carried out several attacks on political enemies, with the acquiescence of the state government.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rother|1990|pp=247–248}}</ref>

After the [[Nazi seizure of power]] in 1933, several state institutions were placed in Braunschweig, including the ''[[Luftfahrtforschungsanstalt]]'' in [[Völkenrode]], the [[Hitler Youth]] [[Academy for Youth Leadership]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de/akademie.htm |title=Akademie für Jugendführung |publisher=Vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de |access-date=2015-07-24}}</ref> and the [[Waffen-SS|SS]]-[[SS-Junker Schools|Junkerschule Braunschweig]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de/schloss.htm |title=Braunschweiger Schloss / SS-Junkerschule |publisher=Vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de |access-date=2015-07-24}}</ref> With the [[Reichswerke Hermann Göring]] in [[Salzgitter]] and the [[Wolfsburg|Stadt des KdF-Wagens]], as well as several factories in the city itself (including [[Büssing]] and the [[Volkswagenwerk Braunschweig]]), the Braunschweig region became one of the centres of the German [[arms industry]].<ref>Jörg Leuschner (2008): ''Die Wirtschaft des Braunschweigischen Landes im Dritten Reich (1933–1939)'', in: Jörg Leuschner / Karl Heinrich Kaufhold / Claudia Märtl (eds.), ''Die Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte des Braunschweigischen Landes vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart'', vol. 3, Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, pp. 468–522; {{ISBN|978-3-487-13599-1}}</ref>

During the [[World War II|Second World War]], Braunschweig was a sub-area headquarters of [[Wehrkreis XI]] (one of Germany's military districts),<ref>Dieter Lent (2000): ''Kriegsgeschehen und Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg'', in: Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.), ''Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region'', Braunschweig: Appelhans Verlag, pg. 1026; {{ISBN|3-930292-28-9}}</ref> and was the garrison city of the [[31st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|31st Infantry Division]] that took part in the invasions of Poland, Belgium, and France, largely being destroyed during its retreat following the invasion of Russia.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} In this period, thousands of [[Eastern workers]] were brought to the city as [[forced labor]],<ref>{{cite book |editor1 = Fiedler, Gudrun |editor2 = Ludewig, Hans-Ulrich |title = Zwangsarbeit und Kriegswirtschaft im Lande Braunschweig 1939–1945 |year = 2003 |language = de |publisher = Appelhans Verlag |location= Braunschweig |isbn=3-930292-78-5 }}</ref> and in the 1943–1945 period at least 360 children taken away from such workers died in the ''[[Ausländerkinder-Pflegestätte|Entbindungsheim für Ostarbeiterinnen]]'' ("Maternity Ward for Eastern Workers").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de/entbind.htm |title=Entbindungsheim für Ostarbeiterinnen |publisher=Vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de |access-date=2015-07-12}}</ref>

In 1944, two [[subcamp]]s of the [[Neuengamme concentration camp]] were established in Braunschweig. The subcamp ''Schillstraße'' or ''Büssing-NAG/Schillstraße'', located where the BraWo Park's parking lot is today, held about 800 male prisoners, who were forced to work in the arms production at [[Büssing|Büssing-NAG]]. After about 300 had died due to disease, hunger, and maltreatment over the course of just a few months, a further 200 were transferred to the infirmary of a nearby subcamp in early January 1945 in order to reduce the number of deaths. However, this was only effective to some degree, as another 80 bodies landed in the city's crematory until the subcamp's closing in March 1945, when Büssing-NAG had to halt production due to severe bombing damages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Braunschweig (Büssing-NAG) |url=https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/geschichte/kz-aussenlager/aussenlagerliste/braunschweig-buessing-nag/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Geschichte des KZ-Außenlagers an der Schillstraße |url=http://www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de/schillstrasse_geschichteneu.htm |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gedenkstätte Schilstrasse |url=http://www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de/schillstrasse-kz.htm |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de}}</ref> Today the ''[https://www.schillstrasse.de/ Gedenkstätte Schillstraße],'' located very close to the former premises of the subcamp, documents Braunschweig's history during the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aufgabe / Gedenkstätte Schillstraße · Braunschweig |url=https://www.schillstrasse.de/gedenkstaette/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=www.schillstrasse.de}}</ref> Büssing-NAG also had another subcamp in the nearby [[Vechelde]], which held a further 400 male prisoners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vechelde |url=https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/geschichte/kz-aussenlager/aussenlagerliste/vechelde/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historischer Ort / Gedenkstätte Schillstraße · Braunschweig |url=https://www.schillstrasse.de/historischer-ort/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=www.schillstrasse.de}}</ref>

The subcamp ''SS-Reitschule'', named so as it was located on the former premises of the [[SS-Junker Schools|SS-Junker School]]'s riding school, held approximately 800 prisoners, all female, who were tasked with clearing away rubble. This subcamp was commissioned by the city of Braunschweig. Although it was only open for two months - from December 1944 until February 1945, there were at least 17 deaths and a transfer of about 50 prisoners to a nearby subcamp's infirmary. The number of survivors is unknown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Braunschweig (SS-Reitschule) |url=https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/geschichte/kz-aussenlager/aussenlagerliste/braunschweig-ss-reitschule/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=KZ Gedenkstätte Neuengamme}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KZ-Außenlager SS-Reithalle |url=http://www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de/reit.htm |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de}}</ref>

Piera Sonnino (1922–1999), an Italian author, writes of her imprisonment in Braunschweig in her book, ''This Has Happened'', published in English in 2006 by MacMillan Palgrave.{{citation needed |date=July 2022}}

The [[Bombing of Braunschweig in World War II|Allied air raid]] on October 15, 1944, destroyed most of the city's churches, and the ''Altstadt'' (old town), the largest homogeneous ensemble of half-timbered houses in Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dw.com/en/braunschweig-steeped-in-history/a-1474038 |title=Braunschweig: Steeped in History |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=2005-03-02 |access-date=2015-07-17}}</ref> 100 out of 800 half-timbered houses survived as well as the most important places and streets, preserved in 5 areas of the old town.<ref>[https://leopard.tu-braunschweig.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/dbbs_derivate_00004908/Aa-747.pdf leopard.tu-braunschweig.de]</ref><ref>[https://tour100.blog/die-traditionsinseln/?amp=1 tour100.blog]</ref>

The city's cathedral, which had been converted to a ''Nationale Weihestätte'' (national shrine) by the Nazi government, still stood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de/dom.htm |title=Dom - Überblick |publisher=Vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de |access-date=2015-07-12}}</ref>

===Postwar period to the 21st century===
About 10% of the inner city survived Allied bombing and remain to represent its distinctive architecture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndr.de/ratgeber/reise/braunschweiger_land/Die-moderne-Loewenstadt,braunschweig436.html |title=Braunschweig zwischen Tradition und Moderne |publisher=[[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] |date=2015-01-29 |access-date=2015-07-17}}</ref> The cathedral was restored to its function as a [[Protestant]] church.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.braunschweigerdom.de/dom/layout_storage/ueberdom_geschichte.php |title=Die wechselvolle Geschichte des Braunschweiger Doms |publisher=braunschweigerdom.de |access-date=2015-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194314/http://www.braunschweigerdom.de/dom/layout_storage/ueberdom_geschichte.php |archive-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Outside the old town city centre large historic quarters remain like [[Östliches Ringgebiet]] with its [[Gründerzeit]] architecture.

Politically, after the war, the Free State of Brunswick was dissolved by the [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|Allied occupying authorities]], Braunschweig ceased to be a capital, and most of its lands were incorporated in the newly formed state of [[Lower Saxony]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lower-Saxony |title=Lower Saxony |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |access-date=2015-07-17}}</ref>

During the [[Cold War]], Braunschweig, then part of [[West Germany]], suffered economically due to its proximity to the [[Iron Curtain]]. The city lost its historically strong economic ties to what was then [[East Germany]]; for decades, economic growth remained, on average, below the rest of the country while unemployment was above-average for West Germany.<ref>Gudrun Fiedler / Norman-Mathias Pingel (2008): ''Vom Nachkriegsboom in den Strukturwandel. Die Wirtschaft der Landes-Region Braunschweig nach 1945'', in: Jörg Leuschner / Karl Heinrich Kaufhold / Claudia Märtl (eds.), ''Die Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte des Braunschweigischen Landes vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart'', vol. 3, Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, pp. 586–588. {{ISBN|978-3-487-13599-1}}.</ref>

On 28 February 1974, as part of a district reform in Lower Saxony, the [[Landkreis|rural district]] of [[Braunschweig (district)|Braunschweig]], which had surrounded the city, was disestablished. The major part of the former district was incorporated into the city of Braunschweig, increasing its population by roughly 52,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/geschichte/stadtchronik.html?id4=1974&seite=3 |title=Stadtchronik Braunschweig |publisher=Braunschweig.de |access-date=2015-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927185136/http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/geschichte/stadtchronik.html?id4=1974&seite=3 |archive-date=2013-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the 1990s, efforts increased to reconstruct historic buildings that had been destroyed in the air raid.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} The façade of the ''[[Brunswick Palace|Braunschweiger Schloss]]'' was rebuilt, and buildings such as the ''Alte Waage'' (originally built in 1534) now stand again.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.braunschweig.de/leben/stadtportraet/geschichte/schlossgeschichte.html |title=Die Geschichte des Braunschweiger Schlosses |publisher=braunschweig.de |language=de |access-date=2015-07-18}}</ref><ref>Justus Herrenberger (1993): ''Die Baustelle "Alte Waage" in Braunschweig'', in: ''Jahrbuch 1992 der Braunschweigischen Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft'', Göttingen: Verlag Erich Goltze KG, pp. 29-36.</ref>

==Population==
{{Historical populations
|1330|16000
|1758|22500
|1788|26000
|1811|27600
|1830|35300
|1849|39000
|1880|75000
|1890|100000
|1900|128200
|1925|146900
|1939|196068
|1951|231091
|1956|240431
|1961|246085
|1966|234665
|1971|222805
|1976|268519
|1981|260342
|1986|247836
|1990|258833|2001|245516|2011|242537|2021|252816|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.}}

Braunschweig has a population of 250,000 and is the 2nd largest city in [[Lower Saxony]]. Braunschweig is considered as one of the oldest cities in Germany, founded in 1031 by [[Henry the Lion]]. Braunschweig first reached its peak of over 100,000 in 1890. In the 1960s and 1970s industrialization boomed in Braunschweig due to automobile and other companies coming to Braunschweig and surrounding cities like [[Wolfsburg]] and [[Salzgitter]]. Braunschweig's population reached its highest peak of population in 1975 with population of about 273,000. Braunschweig's population started to decline in the 1980s. In the 1990s - after the [[German reunification]] - it began to grow again as many East Germans moved there due to its close close proximity to former [[East Germany]]. Currently, Braunschweig has a strong focus on research and development. According to 2019 data, it has the highest R&D intensity (ratio of R&D expenditure to [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]) in the entire EU and over 4% of all employed people are R&D personnel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/15234730/17582411/KS-HA-23-001-EN-N.pdf |title=Eurostat regional yearbook: 2023 edition |publisher=(Publications Office of the) European Union |year=2023 |isbn=978-92-68-05058-3 |location=Luxembourg |pages=152, 158 |doi=10.2785/606702 |issn=2363-1716 |author1=European Commission. Statistical Office of the European Union. }}</ref>

===Religion===
In 2015, 91,785 people (or 36.3% of the population) were [[Protestant Church in Germany|Protestant]] and 34,604 (13.7%) people were [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]; 126,379 people (50.0%) either adhered to other denominations or followed no religion.<ref name="Population">{{cite web |url=http://www.braunschweig.de/politik_verwaltung/nachrichten/medien/stapak2015_Bevoelkerung_in_StBez_folder.pdf |title=Aktuelle Bevölkerungsdaten |publisher=braunschweig.de |date=2015-12-31 |access-date=2016-02-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215060249/http://braunschweig.de/politik_verwaltung/nachrichten/medien/stapak2015_Bevoelkerung_in_StBez_folder.pdf |archive-date=2016-02-15 }}</ref>

===Islam===
Roughly 17,000 Muslims (6.2% of the population)
live in Braunschweig. Mosques like [[DMK Moschee]], [[Fatih Moschee Braunschweig]] and cultural clubs are present throughout the city but mosque buildings with minerates have not been built in Braunschweig but can be seen in its [[urban area]] for example the [[Grüne Moschee]] in Wolfenbüttel, [[Fatih Moschee Salzgitter]] [[Albanischer-Kulturverein]] in Gifhorn.

[[File:Moschee,_2,_Kniestedt,_Salzgitter.jpg|thumb|Salzgitter Fatih Moschee]]

===Immigration===
A total of 84,994 of Braunschweig's residents, including citizens with [[second passport]], had a [[migration background]] in 2023 (31.2% of the total population). [[Weststadt]] has the highest migration percentage being 63%.<ref name="Population"/> Among those, 39,785 were non-German citizens (15%);<ref name="Population"/> the following table lists up the largest minority groups, including citizens with a migration background from a specific nation or region:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"|Rank
! style="background:#efefef;"|Nationality
! style="background:#efefef;"|Population (2024-03-31)
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}|| 13,303
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}|| 10,665
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}|| 8,278
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}|| 7,432
|-
|{{flag|Syria}}|| 5,770
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}|| 4,877
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}|| 4,235
|-
|{{flag|Serbia}}|| 3,931
|-
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}|| 3,462
|-
|{{flag|Kurdistan}}|| 3,347
|-
|{{flag|China}}|| 3,100
|-
|{{flag|India}}|| 3,085
|-
|{{flag|Tunisia}}|| 2,136
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}|| 2,028
|-
|{{flag|Romania}}|| 1,502
|-
|{{flag|Iran}}|| 1,382
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}|| 1,307
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}|| 1,278
|-
|{{flag|Kosovo}}|| 1,226
|-
|{{flag|Algeria}}|| 1,207
|-
|{{flag|North Macedonia}}|| 1,174
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}}|| 1,057
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}|| 1,045
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}|| 1,033
|-
|{{flag|Ghana}}|| 1,008
|-
|{{flag|Nigeria}}|| 1,001
|-
|{{flag|Niger}}|| 865
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}|| 786
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}|| 776
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}|| 723
|}
<ref>|{{cite web|url=https://www.braunschweig.de/politik_verwaltung/fb_institutionen/fachbereiche_referate/fb01/ref0120/stadtforschung/Infoline_StaFo_BS_2024-07_MigraPro_2023_ee.pdf}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">|https.bs_inspuls-migrationshintergrund:2023.de}}</ref>
<ref name="braunschweiger-zeitung.de">|[https://www.braunschweiger-zeitung.de/braunschweig/article236513033/Braunschweig-Ein-Zuhause-fuer-Menschen-aus-170-Laendern.html#:~:text=27%20Prozent%20der%20Einwohner%20haben,)%20und%20China%20(2200).]</ref>

The estimated migration population in 
2025 is 95,961 (35% of 274,233).

===Urban area===
The [[urban agglomeration]] area of Braunschweig is approximately 393,234 in 2024, making it one of the largest [[regiopolis]] after [[Mannheim]] and [[Bonn]] in [[Germany]] and the largest one in [[Lower Saxony]]. This area includes [[Wolfenbüttel]], [[Meine]],  [[Salzgitter-Thiede]], [[Salzgitter-Lebenstedt]], [[Weddel]], [[Sickte]], [[Timmerlah]], [[Lengede]] and other towns and regions within a 15 kilometer radius. Braunschweig's urban area makes it a bigger city compared to others with a similar size e.g. [[Aachen]], [[Wiesbaden]] or [[Gelsenkirchen]], and since the urban area is not significantly smaller than [[Hanover]], it makes itself an important and major city in [[Lower Saxony]]. Companies like [[New Yorker (clothing)|New Yorker]], [[Salzgitter AG]], [[Jägermeister]], [[Siemens]], [[Bosch (company)|Bosch]], [[Volkswagen]], [[Nordzucker]], [[Continental AG|Continental]], {{Interlanguage link|Kosatec Computer (German IT distributor)|lt=Kosatec|de|Kosatec Computer}} and others are headquartered or have a branch in this area.


'''Information about the Urban Agglomeration in 2024''':

'''Population''': 393,234

Area size: 585.16

'''Density''': 698 per square Kilometer 

'''Migration background percentage''': 44.7%

'''Largest cities, districts and towns''': [[Braunschweig]], [[Salzgitter]], [[ Kreis Wolfenbüttel]], [[Lehrte]], [[Kreis Cremlingen]],[[Kreis Gifhorn]], [[Vechelde]], [[Lengede]]

The population of the urban area with a migration background is 175,998 in 2023, making it 44.7% of the population. This makes the agglomeration one of the most diverse in Germany and the most in Lower Saxony. The city is unique because unlike most cities with migrant populations concentrated inside the city itself, higher number of migrant populations are also found in surrounding areas.

These are the biggest nationalities in the urban area ('''these include the citizens with a migration background and a second passport'''):
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"|Rank
! style="background:#efefef;"|Countries predominant in the urban area
! style="background:#efefef;"|Population (2024-03-31)
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}|| 20,578
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}|| 18,439
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}|| 16,783
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}|| 13,045
|-
|{{flag|Syria}}|| 10,346
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}|| 9,346
|-
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}|| 6,543
|-
|{{flag|Romania}}|| 6,423
|-
|{{flag|Kurdistan}}|| 6,322
|-
|{{flag|China}}|| 6,245
|-
|{{flag|India}}|| 5,894
|-
|{{flag|Iran}}|| 5,324
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}}|| 4,589
|-
|{{flag|Tunisia}}|| 3,780
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}|| 3,678
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}|| 3,430
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}|| 3,568
|-
|{{flag|Algeria}}|| 3,234
|-
|{{flag|Kosovo}}|| 3,200
|-
|{{flag|Albania}}|| 3,156
|-
|{{flag|Nigeria}}|| 2,867
|} 
<ref>|{{cite web|url=https://www.braunschweig.de/politik_verwaltung/fb_institutionen/fachbereiche_referate/fb01/ref0120/stadtforschung/Infoline_StaFo_BS_2024-07_MigraPro_2023_ee.pdf}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/>
<ref name="braunschweiger-zeitung.de"/><ref>https://www.lkwf.de/Themen-Leistungen/Themen/Soziales-Integration/Integration-Gesellschaft/</ref><ref>https://www.statistik.niedersachsen.de/download/147268</ref>

==Climate==
Braunschweig's climate is classified as [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb''; [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha]]: ''Dobk''). The average annual temperature in Braunschweig is {{cvt|9.9|C}}. The average annual rainfall is {{cvt|614.8|mm}} with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around {{cvt|18.7|C}}, and lowest in January, at around {{cvt|1.8|C}}. 

The Braunschweig weather station has recorded the following extreme values:<ref name=sklima/>
* Highest Temperature {{convert|38.3|C|F}} on [[2022_European_heatwaves#July_heatwave_2|20 July 2022]].
* Warmest Minimum {{convert|22.6|C|F}} on 10 July 2010.
* Coldest Maximum {{convert|-17.5|C|F}} on 11 February 1929.
* Lowest Temperature {{convert|-26.3|C|F}} on 11 February 1929.<ref name=wetterzentrale/>
* Highest Daily Precipitation {{convert|79.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} on 17 July 2002.
* Wettest Month {{convert|212.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} in July 2002.
* Wettest Year {{convert|989.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 2002.
* Driest Year {{convert|295.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 1959.
* Earliest Snowfall: 4 October 1925.
* Latest Snowfall: 22 April 1929.
* Longest annual sunshine: 2,128.2 hours in 2018.
* Shortest annual sunshine: 1,270.4 hours in 1960.

{{Weather box
|location = Braunschweig (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1891–present{{efn|Meteorological observations have been carried out in Braunschweig since 1891. The data used from 1 January 1891 to 31 December 1947 are from the Braunschweig (T.H.) weather station, the data used from 1 January 1948 to 31 December 1960 are from the Braunschweig-Gliesmarode weather station, and the weather station used since 1 January 1961 to the present is the Braunschweig weather station.}})
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 15.9
|Feb record high C = 19.4
|Mar record high C = 24.4
|Apr record high C = 29.8
|May record high C = 35.4
|Jun record high C = 35.8
|Jul record high C = 38.3
|Aug record high C = 38.2
|Sep record high C = 33.7
|Oct record high C = 27.6
|Nov record high C = 21.5
|Dec record high C = 17.6
|year record high C = 38.3
|Jan avg record high C = 11.3
|Feb avg record high C = 12.7
|Mar avg record high C = 17.4
|Apr avg record high C = 22.7
|May avg record high C = 27.2
|Jun avg record high C = 30.1
|Jul avg record high C = 31.8
|Aug avg record high C = 32.3
|Sep avg record high C = 26.7
|Oct avg record high C = 21.3
|Nov avg record high C = 15.6
|Dec avg record high C = 11.9
|year avg record high C = 33.9
|Jan high C = 4.1
|Feb high C = 5.2
|Mar high C = 9.0
|Apr high C = 14.5
|May high C = 18.5
|Jun high C = 21.6
|Jul high C = 23.9
|Aug high C = 23.7
|Sep high C = 19.3
|Oct high C = 13.8
|Nov high C = 8.2
|Dec high C = 4.9
|year high C = 13.9
|Jan mean C = 1.8
|Feb mean C = 2.4
|Mar mean C = 5.2
|Apr mean C = 9.6
|May mean C = 13.5
|Jun mean C = 16.6
|Jul mean C = 18.7
|Aug mean C = 18.4
|Sep mean C = 14.5
|Oct mean C = 10.1
|Nov mean C = 5.7
|Dec mean C = 2.8
|year mean C = 9.9
|Jan low C = -0.7
|Feb low C = -0.5
|Mar low C = 1.5
|Apr low C = 4.6
|May low C = 8.3
|Jun low C = 11.4
|Jul low C = 13.6
|Aug low C = 13.5
|Sep low C = 10.2
|Oct low C = 6.6
|Nov low C = 3.1
|Dec low C = 0.4
|year low C = 6.0
|Jan avg record low C = -10.0
|Feb avg record low C = -8.2
|Mar avg record low C = -4.3
|Apr avg record low C = -1.7
|May avg record low C = 2.3
|Jun avg record low C = 6.5
|Jul avg record low C = 9.2
|Aug avg record low C = 8.2
|Sep avg record low C = 4.4
|Oct avg record low C = -0.2
|Nov avg record low C = -3.3
|Dec avg record low C = -7.4
|year avg record low C = -12.2
|Jan record low C = -23.6
|Feb record low C = -26.3
|Mar record low C = -16.5
|Apr record low C = -7.3
|May record low C = -2.7
|Jun record low C = 1.3
|Jul record low C = 5.3
|Aug record low C = 4.6
|Sep record low C = -0.1
|Oct record low C = -6.9
|Nov record low C = -18.3
|Dec record low C = -20.9
|year record low C = -26.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 50.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 35.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 43.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 38.8
|May precipitation mm = 54.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 54.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 70.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 66.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 51.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 53.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 48.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 48.4
|year precipitation mm = 614.8
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 17.3
|Feb precipitation days = 15.3
|Mar precipitation days = 15.0
|Apr precipitation days = 12.3
|May precipitation days = 13.9
|Jun precipitation days = 13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 15.5
|Aug precipitation days = 14.2
|Sep precipitation days = 13.0
|Oct precipitation days = 15.6
|Nov precipitation days = 16.7
|Dec precipitation days = 17.8
|year precipitation days = 180.1
|Jan snow depth cm = 4.6
|Feb snow depth cm = 3.8
|Mar snow depth cm = 1.9
|Apr snow depth cm = 0
|May snow depth cm = 0
|Jun snow depth cm = 0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0
|Oct snow depth cm = 0
|Nov snow depth cm = 0.6
|Dec snow depth cm = 3.6
|year snow depth cm = 7.3
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 6.0
|Feb snow days = 5.3
|Mar snow days = 1.9
|Apr snow days = 0
|May snow days = 0
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0
|Nov snow days = 0.8
|Dec snow days = 4.3
|year snow days = 19.2
|Jan sun = 52.4
|Feb sun = 74.1
|Mar sun = 123.4
|Apr sun = 186.3
|May sun = 222.6
|Jun sun = 229.2
|Jul sun = 225.0
|Aug sun = 212.5
|Sep sun = 159.1
|Oct sun = 112.5
|Nov sun = 54.1
|Dec sun = 41.5
|year sun = 1692.6
|humidity colour = green
|Jan humidity = 84.9
|Feb humidity = 81.6
|Mar humidity = 76.8
|Apr humidity = 69.7
|May humidity = 70.4
|Jun humidity = 71.2
|Jul humidity = 71.0
|Aug humidity = 71.9
|Sep humidity = 77.5
|Oct humidity = 83.0
|Nov humidity = 86.4
|Dec humidity = 86.0
|year humidity = 77.6
|source 1 = [[NOAA]]<ref name=NOAA>{{cite web
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230916124622/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Braunschweig_10348.csv
|archive-date = 16 September 2023
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Braunschweig_10348.csv
|title = Braunschweig Climate Normals 1991–2020
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|access-date = 16 September 2023}}</ref>
|source 2 = DWD Open Data<ref name=wetterzentrale>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.wetterzentrale.de/extremes_mon.php?station=660&maand=1&country=1&order=1&extreem=X_TX
|title = Extremwertanalyse der DWD-Stationen, Tagesmaxima, Dekadenrekorde, usw.
|publisher = DWD
|language = de
|access-date = 27 October 2024}}</ref><ref name=sklima>{{cite web 
|url = http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2
|title = Monatsauswertung 
|website = sklima.de 
|publisher = SKlima 
|language = de 
|access-date = 27 October 2024}}</ref>
}}

==Main sights==
*The ''Burgplatz'' (Castle Square), comprising a group of buildings of great historical and cultural significance: the [[Brunswick Cathedral|Cathedral]] ([[Saint Blaise|St Blasius]], built at the end of the 12th century); the ''Burg Dankwarderode'' (Dankwarderode Castle) (a 19th-century reconstruction of the old castle of Henry the Lion); the [[Neo-Gothic]] Town Hall (built in 1893–1900); as well as some picturesque [[timber framing|half-timbered houses]], such as the ''Gildehaus'' (Guild House), today the seat of the Craftsman's Association. In the centre of the square stands a copy of the ''[[Brunswick Lion|Burglöwe]]'' (Brunswick Lion), a [[Romanesque art|Romanesque]] statue of a lion, cast in bronze in 1166. The original statue can be seen in the museum of Dankwarderode Castle. The lion remains the symbol of Braunschweig today.
*The ''Altstadtmarkt'' ("Old Town market"), surrounded by the Old Town town hall (built between the 13th and the 15th centuries in Gothic style), and the ''Martinikirche'' (Church of [[Martin of Tours|Saint Martin]], from 1195), with important historical houses including the ''[[Cloth hall|Gewandhaus]]'' (the former house of the drapers' guild, built sometime before 1268) and the ''Stechinelli-Haus'' (built in 1690) and a fountain from 1408.
*The ''Kohlmarkt'' ("coal market"<ref>{{cite web|title=Kohlmarkt (Coal Market)|url=https://www.braunschweig.de/english/city/sights/_kohlmarkt.html|website=www.braunschweig.de|publisher=Stadt Braunschweig|access-date=24 May 2018}}</ref>), a market with many historical houses and a fountain from 1869.
*The ''Hagenmarkt'' ("[[:wiktionary:Hag|Hagen]] market"), with the 13th-century ''Katharinenkirche'' (Church of [[Catherine of Alexandria|Saint Catherine]]) and the ''Heinrichsbrunnen'' ("Henry the Lion's Fountain") from 1874.
*The ''Magniviertel'' ([[Magnus of Anagni|St Magnus]]' Quarter), a remainder of ancient Braunschweig, lined with cobblestoned streets, little shops and cafés, centred on the 13th-century ''Magnikirche'' (St Magnus' Church). Here is also the ''Rizzi-Haus'', a highly distinctive, cartoonish office building designed by architect [[James Rizzi]] for the [[Expo 2000]].
*The [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] ''Andreaskirche'' (Church of [[Saint Andrew]]), built mainly between the 13th and 16th centuries with stained glass by [[Charles Crodel]]. Surrounding the church are the ''[[List of Brick Gothic buildings#Lower Saxony and Bremen|Liberei]]'', the oldest surviving freestanding library building in Germany,<ref>{{cite book | first = Tina | last = Stadlmayer | title = Wo Braunschweigs erste Bücher standen | year = 2012 | language = de | publisher = Merlin-Verlag | page = 7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first = Elmar | last = Arnhold | title = Mittelalterliche Kirchen in Braunschweig | year = 2010 | language = de | page = 34}}</ref> and the reconstructed ''Alte Waage''.
*The Gothic ''[[Aegidienkirche, Braunschweig|Aegidienkirche]]'' (Church of [[Saint Giles]]), built in the 13th century, with an adjoining monastery, which is today a museum.
*The ''[[Staatstheater Braunschweig|Staatstheater]]'' (State Theatre), newly built in the 19th century, goes back to the first standing public theatre in Germany, founded in 1690 by Duke Anthony Ulrich.
*The [[Brunswick Palace|ducal palace of Braunschweig]] was bombed in [[World War II]] and demolished in 1960. The exterior was rebuilt to contain a palace museum, a library and a shopping centre, which opened in 2007.
*The [[baroque]] palace ''[[Schloss Richmond]]'' ("Richmond Palace"), built between 1768 and 1769 with a surrounding [[English garden]] for [[Princess Augusta of Great Britain]], wife of [[Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]], to remind her of her home in England.
*The [[BraWoPark]] is a shopping and a business center near [[Braunschweig Hauptbahnhof]] ("Braunschweig [[Central station|Central Station]]") and contains three [[Tower block|office towers]], with the tallest having a height of 80 meters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BraWo Park - Braunschweig |url=https://tobol.de/portfolio_page/gallery-1/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=TOBOL {{!}} Automatisierungstechnik für Gebäude & Rechenzentren |language=de-DE}}</ref>
*[[Riddagshausen Abbey]] (German: ''Kloster Riddagshausen''), a former [[Cistercian]] monastery, with the surrounding [[nature reserve]] and [[arboretum]]. The nature reserve ''Riddagshäuser Teiche'' is designated as an [[Important Bird Area]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=3496 |title=Birdlife Data Zone |publisher=Birdlife.org |access-date=2015-07-12}}</ref> and [[Special Protection Area]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/sites/130225 |title=EUNIS -Site factsheet for Riddagshausen - Weddeler Teichgebiet |access-date=2012-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130107095744/http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/sites/130225 |archive-date=2013-01-07 }}</ref>
*[[Gründerzeit]] quarters like [[östliches Ringgebiet]], westliches Ringgebiet and Nordstadt-Schunteraue.

<gallery heights="120" widths="120" mode=packed>
File:Braunschweiger Burgplatz.jpg|''Burgplatz'', with Castle, Cathedral, lion, and Town Hall
File:Braunschweiger Loewe Original Brunswick Lion.jpg|Brunswick Lion, original on display in castle museum
File:Braunschweig, Rathaus (1).jpg|Town Hall
File:Braunschweig, Handwerkskammer.jpg|''Veltheimsches Haus'' (left) and ''Gildehaus'' (right)
File:Braunschweig Brunswick Gewandhaus Ostfassade.jpg|''Gewandhaus''
File:Braunschweig Altstadtrathaus mit Brunnen.jpg|''Altstadtmarkt'', with Old Town town hall (left) and ''Stechinelli-Haus''
File:Braunschweig St.Martini 2005-01-23 (south).jpg|Church of St. Martin
File:Braunschweig Brunswick Ritter St Georg (2006).JPG|''Altstadt'' ("Old Town")
File:Braunschweig Brunswick Haus zum Stern (2004).JPG|''Haus zum Stern'' on ''Kohlmarkt''
File:Braunschweig, St. Katharinen, Heinrichsbrunnen (2).jpg|Church of St. Catherine and Henry the Lion's Fountain
File:Braunschweig Brunswick Magni-Kirche Turm Suedosten (2006).JPG|St. Magnus' Church
File:Braunschweig fachwerk 02.jpg|''Magniviertel''
File:Happy RIZZI House Braunschweig von Süden.jpg|[[:de:Happy Rizzi House|Happy Rizzi House]]
File:Braunschweig, St. Andreaskirche (2).jpg|''Andreaskirche''
File:Braunschweig, Alte Waage (1).jpg|''Alte Waage''
File:Aegidienkirche 03 1a.jpg|Church of St. Giles
File:TheaterBS.jpg|State Theatre
File:ECE Schloss 06u07 1b.jpg|Rebuilt exterior of Brunswick Palace
File:Braunschweig Brunswick Schloss Richmond Frontansicht.jpg|''Schloss Richmond'' (Richmond Palace)
File:BS BraWoPark BusinessCenter II.JPG|alt=The second building of BraWoPark|Building BraWoPark
File:BS BraWoPark 3 Baustelle.JPG|alt=Third building for BraWoPark|Business Center BraWoPark
File:Braunschweig Brunswick Klosterkirche Riddagshausen Osten (2006).jpg|Riddagshausen Abbey
File:Braunschweig Luftaufnahme Oestliches Ringgebiet (2011).JPG|[[Östliches Ringgebiet]]
File:Grundschule-Bueltenweg BS-Img01.jpg|Nördliches Ringgebiet
File:Wolfenbuettel Schloss (2006).jpg|[[Schloss Wolfenbüttel|Wolfenbüttel Castle]] in nearby [[Wolfenbüttel]] with its around 1.000 [[timber-framed]] buildings
File:Botanischer Garten Braunschweig - Wasserfall.jpg|''Botanischer Garten''
File:Braunschweig Brunswick Portikus Teich Buergerpark (2007).JPG|''Bürgerpark''
File:Braunschweig park 02.jpg|''Löwenwall''
File:Inselwallpark Plastik.jpg|''Inselwallpark''
File:Museumpark Oker.JPG|''Museumpark''
</gallery>

===Parks and gardens===
Parks and gardens in the city include the [[botanical garden]] ''[[Botanischer Garten der Technischen Universität Braunschweig]]'', founded in 1840 by [[Johann Heinrich Blasius]], the ''Bürgerpark'', the ''Löwenwall'' with an [[obelisk]] from 1825, the ''Prinz-Albrecht-Park'', and the ''Inselwallpark''. Other parks and [[recreation area]]s are ''Stadtpark'', ''Westpark'', ''Theaterpark'', ''Museumpark'', ''Heidbergsee'', ''Südsee'', ''[[Ölper]]see'', the [[zoo|zoological garden]] ''Arche Noah Zoo Braunschweig'' and the nearby [[Essehof Zoo]].

==Politics==
{{See also|Braunschweig (electoral district)}}

===Subdivisions===
Braunschweig is made up of 19 [[borough]]s (German: ''[[Stadtbezirk]]e''),<ref>[http://www.braunschweig.de/politik_verwaltung/politik/stadtbezirksraete/index.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425095907/http://www.braunschweig.de/politik_verwaltung/politik/stadtbezirksraete/index.html|date=April 25, 2015}}</ref> which themselves may consist of several quarters (German: ''Stadtteile'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/stadtteile/index.html |title=Stadtteile |publisher=Braunschweig.de |access-date=2015-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014114956/http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/stadtteile/index.html |archive-date=2013-10-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> each. The 19 boroughs, with their official numbers, are:

{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
*112: [[Wabe-Schunter-Beberbach]]{{efn|group=braun|Formed in 2011 out of the former boroughs of Wabe-Schunter and Bienrode-Waggum-Bevenrode.}}
*113: [[Hondelage]]
*114: Volkmarode
*120: [[Östliches Ringgebiet]]
*131: [[Innenstadt (Braunschweig)|Innenstadt]]
*132: [[Viewegsgarten-Bebelhof]]
*211: [[Stöckheim-Leiferde]]
*212: [[Heidberg-Melverode]]
*213: Südstadt-Rautheim-Mascherode
*221: [[Weststadt (Braunschweig)|Weststadt]]
*222: Timmerlah-Geitelde-Stiddien
*223: [[Broitzem]]
*224: [[Rüningen]]
*310: Westliches Ringgebiet
*321: [[Lehndorf-Watenbüttel]]
*322: Veltenhof-Rühme
*323: Wenden-Thune-Harxbüttel
*331: Nordstadt
*332: Schunteraue
{{colend}}
<gallery widths=180>
File:Braunschweig Stadtbezirke.png|Boroughs of Braunschweig
File:Braunschweig Stadtteile.png|''Stadtteile'' of Braunschweig
File:Braunschweig Luftaufnahme Innenstadt (2011).JPG|''Innenstadt''
File:Braunschweig Luftaufnahme Oestliches Ringgebiet (2011).JPG|''Östliches Ringgebiet''
File:Braunschweig Madamenweg (2010).JPG|''Westliches Ringgebiet''
File:Braunschweig Weststadt Luftbild.jpg|''Weststadt''
File:Riddagshausen 5.jpg|''Riddagshausen'' (''Wabe-Schunter-Beberbach'')
</gallery>

;Notes:
{{notelist|group=braun}}

===Mayor===
The current mayor of Braunschweig is Thorsten Kornblum of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD); he has been mayor since 2021. The most recent mayoral election was held on 12 September 2021, with a runoff held on 26 September, and the results were as follows:

{{election table}}
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate
! rowspan=2| Party
! colspan=2| First round
! colspan=2| Second round
|-
! Votes
! %
! Votes
! %
|-
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}
| align=left| Thorsten Kornblum
| align=left| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]]
| 41,734
| 38.4
| 79,861
| 65.9
|-
| {{party color cell|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}
| align=left| Kaspar Haller
| align=left| [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]]
| 29,011
| 26.7
| 41,401
| 34.1
|-
| {{party color cell|Alliance 90/The Greens}}
| align=left| Tatjana Schneider
| align=left| [[Alliance 90/The Greens]]
| 24,802
| 22.8
|-
| {{party color cell|Alternative for Germany}}
| align=left| Mirco Hanker
| align=left| [[Alternative for Germany]]
| 4,704
| 4.3
|-
| 
| align=left| Birgit Huvendieck
| align=left| Citizens' Initiative Braunschweig
| 3,215
| 3.0
|-
| {{party color cell|The Left (Germany)}}
| align=left| Anke Schneider
| align=left| [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]]
| 2,827
| 2.6
|-
| {{party color cell|Die PARTEI}}
| align=left| Thomas Hofmann
| align=left| [[Die PARTEI]]
| 1,904
| 1.7
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
| align=left| Erdmann Gust
| align=left| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 614
| 0.6
|-
! colspan=3| Valid votes
! 108,811
! 99.3
! 121,262
! 98.1
|-
! colspan=3| Invalid votes
! 721
! 0.7
! 2,407
! 1.9
|-
! colspan=3| Total
! 109,532
! 100.0
! 123,669
! 100.0
|-
! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout
! 197,728
! 55.4
! 197,414
! 62.6
|-
| colspan=7| Source: [https://www.braunschweig.de/politik_verwaltung/politik/wahlen/kw/Wahlen_aktuell_08-2021_amtliches-Ergebnis.pdf City of Braunschweig]
|}

===City council===
[[File:2021 Braunschweig City Council election.svg|thumb|350px|Results of the 2021 city council election]]
The Braunschweig city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 12 September 2021, and the results were as follows:

{{election table}}
! colspan=2| Party
! Votes
! %
! +/-
! Seats
! +/-
|-
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}
| align=left| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD)
| 93,546
| 29.5
| {{decrease}} 3.5
| 16
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
| {{party color cell|Alliance 90/The Greens}}
| align=left| [[Alliance 90/The Greens]] (Grüne)
| 71,880
| 22.7
| {{increase}} 10.6
| 12
| {{increase}} 5
|-
| {{party color cell|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}
| align=left| [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU)
| 69,670
| 22.0
| {{decrease}} 4.2
| 12
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
| {{party color cell|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}
| align=left| [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]] (FDP)
| 18,704
| 5.9
| {{increase}} 1.4
| 3
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| 
| align=left| Citizens' Initiative Braunschweig
| 16,778
| 5.3
| {{decrease}} 0.7
| 3
| ±0
|-
| {{party color cell|Alternative for Germany}}
| align=left| [[Alternative for Germany]] (AfD)
| 13,512
| 4.3
| {{decrease}} 4.6
| 2
| {{decrease}} 3
|-
| {{party color cell|The Left (Germany)}}
| align=left| [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] (Die Linke)
| 12,428
| 3.9
| {{decrease}} 0.7
| 2
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
|-
| {{party color cell|Volt Germany}}
| align=left| [[Volt Germany]] (Volt)
| 6,467
| 2.0
| New
| 1
| New
|-
| {{party color cell|Die PARTEI}}
| align=left| [[Die PARTEI]] (PARTEI)
| 6,302
| 2.0
| {{decrease}} 0.5
| 1
| ±0
|-
| {{party color cell|Pirate Party Germany}}
| align=left| [[Pirate Party Germany|Pirate Party]] (Piraten)
| 3,261
| 1.0
| {{decrease}} 1.4
| 1
| ±0
|-
| {{party color cell|Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany}}
| align=left| [[Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany|Grassroots Democratic Party]] (dieBasis)
| 2,999
| 0.9
| New
| 1
| New
|-
| colspan=7 bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|-
| {{party color cell|Alliance for Innovation and Justice}}
| align=left| [[Alliance for Innovation and Justice]] (BIG)
| 1,646
| 0.5
| New
| 0
| New
|-
! colspan=2| Total
! 317,193
! 100.0
!
!
!
|-
! colspan=2| Valid votes
! 107,850
! 98.5
!
!
!
|-
! colspan=2| Invalid votes
! 1,606
! 1.5
!
!
!
|-
! colspan=2| Total
! 109,456
! 100.0
!
! 54
! ±0
|-
! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout
! 197,728
! 55.4
! {{decrease}} 0.2
!
!
|-
| colspan=7| Source: [https://www.braunschweig.de/politik_verwaltung/politik/wahlen/kw/Wahlen_aktuell_08-2021_amtliches-Ergebnis.pdf City of Braunschweig]
|}

==Transport==
[[File:Ringerbrunnen Braunschweig.jpg|thumb|right|Pedestrian zone in the city centre]]
Braunschweig's city centre is mostly a car-free [[pedestrian zone]].

===Road===
Two main autobahns serve Braunschweig, the [[Bundesautobahn 2|A2]] ([[Berlin]]—[[Hanover]]—[[Dortmund]]) and the [[Bundesautobahn 39|A39]] ([[Salzgitter]]—[[Wolfsburg]]). City roads are generally wide, as they were built after [[World War II]] to support the anticipated use of the car. There are several car parks in the city.

===Bicycle===
Many residents travel around town by bicycle using an extensive system of bicycle-only lanes. The main train station includes a bicycle parking area.

===Train===
The city is on the main rail line between [[Frankfurt]] and Berlin. [[Deutsche Bahn]] (German Railways) serves the city with local, inter-city and high-speed [[InterCityExpress]] (ICE) trains, with frequent stops at [[Braunschweig Central Station]] (German: ''Braunschweig Hauptbahnhof'').<ref>For a history of rail transport in the state, see Holtge, Dieter. "Braunschweig's Eisenbahnen und Strassenbahnen." (1972).</ref>

===Tram and bus===
[[File:100 6771 0756 Rathaus.jpg|thumb|Tram in Braunschweig]]
The [[Trams in Braunschweig|Braunschweig tramway network]] is an inexpensive and extensive {{convert|35|km|0|abbr=on}} long electric [[tram]]way system. First opened in 1897, it has been modernized, including a {{convert|3.2|km|abbr=on}} extension in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lightrailnow.org/news/n_newslog2007q1.htm |title=Braunschweig (Germany): New light rail tram line to suburbs reverses Transit Holocaust, February 13, 2007 |publisher=Light Rail Now |access-date=April 7, 2011}}</ref> The network has an {{RailGauge|1100mm}} [[Track gauge|gauge]], unique for a European railway or tramway network. However, it is being supplemented in stages by a third rail, to allow future joint working with the {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}} main railway network.

The municipally owned [[Braunschweiger Verkehrs-AG]] currently operates five tram lines and several [[bus]] lines. The tram lines are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.verkehr-bs.de/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/Liniennetzplan/Liniennetzplan_7.1.2016/Linienverzeichnis_2016_DINA4_x1a_view.pdf |title=Tram and bus lines in Braunschweig |publisher=verkehr-bs.de |access-date=29 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307160252/http://www.verkehr-bs.de/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/Liniennetzplan/Liniennetzplan_7.1.2016/Linienverzeichnis_2016_DINA4_x1a_view.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2016 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

! style="color:#fff; background:#039; text-align:center;"|Line
! style="color:#fff; background:#039; text-align:center;"|from
! style="color:#fff; background:#039; text-align:center;"|to
|-
|<span style="padding:0 .4em; color:white; background:red; font-size:91%;"> '''Tram''' </span> '''1'''
|Wenden
|Stöckheim
|-
|<span style="padding:0 .4em; color:white; background:red; font-size:91%;"> '''Tram''' </span> '''2'''
|Siegfriedviertel
|Heidberg
|-
|<span style="padding:0 .4em; color:white; background:fuchsia; font-size:91%;"> '''Tram''' </span> '''3'''
|Volkmarode
|Weststadt Weserstraße
|-
|<span style="padding:0 .4em; color:white; background:magenta; font-size:91%;"> '''Tram''' </span> '''4'''
|Radeklint
|Helmstedter Straße
|-
|<span style="padding:0 .4em; color:white; background:maroon; font-size:91%;"> '''Tram''' </span> '''5'''
|Hauptbahnhof
|Broitzem
|-
| <span style="padding:0 .4em; color:white; background:maroon;
font-size:91%;"> '''Tram''' </span> '''10'''
| Hauptbahnhof
| Rühme

|}

===Air===
[[Braunschweig Airport]] (BWE / EDVE) is located north of the city at {{Coord|52|19|N|10|33|E}}, elev. {{convert|295|ft|m|abbr=on}}.

==Name==
{{see also | Brunswick (disambiguation)}}

Many other geographical locations around the world are named Brunswick, after the historical English name of Braunschweig. Between 1714 and 1837, the [[House of Hanover]] ruled Great Britain in [[personal union]] with the [[Electorate of Hanover]]. The House of Hanover was formally known as the [[House of Welf|House of Brunswick-Lüneburg]], Hanover line.<ref name="heraldica_hanover">{{cite web|title=Royal Arms of Britain|url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/royalarm.htm|website=Heraldica|access-date=10 May 2016|quote=The House of Brunswick Luneburg being one of the most illustrious and most ancient in Europe, the Hanoverian branch having filled for more than a century one of the most distinguished thrones, its possessions being among the most considerable in Germany;}}</ref> As a result, many places in [[British Empire|the British colonies]] were named after Brunswick, such as the province of [[New Brunswick]] in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://canada.pch.gc.ca/eng/1444070816858 |title=New Brunswick - Anthems and Symbols - Canadian Identity |publisher=Pch.gc.ca |date=2013-08-28 |access-date=2015-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520022041/http://canada.pch.gc.ca/eng/1444070816858 |archive-date=2016-05-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ironically, the city of Braunschweig was not ruled by the Hanoverians while its name was being given to other Brunswicks around the world. Starting in 1269, the [[Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] underwent a series of divisions and mergers, with parts of the territory being transferred between various branches of the family. The city of Braunschweig went to the senior branch of the house, the [[List of rulers of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Wolfenbüttel line]], while [[Lüneburg]] eventually ended up with the [[House of Hanover|Hanover line]]. Although the territory had been split, all branches of the family continued to style themselves as the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg.<ref name="heraldica_hanover"/><ref name="riedesel_1868">{{cite book|last1=Riedesel|first1=Friedrich Adolf|translator-last=Stone|translator-first=William L.|editor-last=von Eelking|editor-first=Max|title=Memoirs, and Letters and Journals, of Major General Riedesel During His Residence in America|volume=1|page=29|publisher=J. Munsell|location=Albany|year=1868|quote=I remain ever, Your affectionate Charles, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg. Brunswick, February 14, 1776. To Colonel Riedesel.}}</ref> In 1884, the senior branch of the House of Welf became extinct. The Hanover line, being the last surviving line of the family, subsequently held the throne of the Duchy of Brunswick from November 1913 until November 1918.

==Government offices==
The offices of the [[Luftfahrt-Bundesamt]] (LBA, "Federal Aviation Office") and the [[German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation]] (BFU) are located in Braunschweig.<ref>[http://www.bfu-web.de/cln_007/nn_228094/EN/The_20BFU/Location/location__node.html?__nnn=true] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219051419/http://www.bfu-web.de/cln_007/nn_228094/EN/The_20BFU/Location/location__node.html?__nnn=true|date=February 19, 2012}}</ref>

==Research and science==
[[File:Braunschweig altes TU-Gebäude.jpg|thumb|[[Braunschweig University of Technology]]]]
Braunschweig has been an important industrial area.
Today it is known for its [[Braunschweig University of Technology|University]] and research institutes, mainly the ''Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute'', the ''[[Julius Kühn-Institut]]'', and the ''Institute for Animal Food'' of the [[Friedrich Loeffler Institute]], until the end of 2007 all part of the [[Federal Agricultural Research Centre]], the [[Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen|German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures]], the [[Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research]], and the [[Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt]] (PTB). The PTB Braunschweig maintains the [[atomic clock]] responsible for the [[DCF77]] time signal and the official German time. In 2006 the region of Braunschweig was the most R&D-intensive area in the whole [[European Economic Area]], investing 7.1% of its GDP for research & technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-NS-06-006/EN/KS-NS-06-006-EN.PDF |title=R&D expenditure in Europe |publisher=Eurostat |year=2006}}</ref> In 2019, the figure had risen to 7.79%, making Braunschweig retain its ranking as the most R&D-intensive region in Germany.<ref name=":0" /> In 2007 Braunschweig was presented the City of Science award by the [[Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stadt der Wissenschaft |url=http://stifterverband.info/wissenschaft_und_hochschule/dialog_wissenschaft_und_gesellschaft/stadt_der_wissenschaft/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109144915/http://stifterverband.info/wissenschaft_und_hochschule/dialog_wissenschaft_und_gesellschaft/stadt_der_wissenschaft/index.html |archive-date=9 January 2016 |website=Stifterverband}}</ref>

Braunschweig University of Technology (German: ''Technische Universität Braunschweig'') was founded in 1745 and is the oldest member of [[TU9]], an incorporated society of the nine most prestigious, oldest, and largest universities focusing on engineering and technology in Germany. With approximately 18,000 students, Braunschweig University of Technology is the third largest university in Lower Saxony.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==Education==
Also located in Braunschweig is the {{ill|Martino-Katharineum Braunschweig|lt=Martino-Katharineum|de}}, a secondary school founded in 1415. It has had several notable pupils, such as [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]], [[Hoffmann von Fallersleben]], [[Richard Dedekind]] and [[Louis Spohr]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mk-braunschweig.de/b3dfd1cdaef9b04b2261df967b2a0e04/home/schule/geschichte/vip/ |title=Bedeutende Schüler und Lehrer des MK |language=de |access-date=August 24, 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=Jennica |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Since 2004, Braunschweig also has an ''International School''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://is.cjd-braunschweig.de/ |title=Page:Home |publisher=Is.cjd-braunschweig.de |access-date=2015-07-12}}</ref> Other notable secondary schools include the Gymnasium Neue Oberschule, [[Gymnasium Gaussschule]], {{ill|Gymnasium Kleine Burg|de}}, {{ill|Hoffmann-von-Fallersleben-Schule Braunschweig|de}}, {{ill|Integrierte Gesamtschule Franzsches Feld|de}}, and {{ill|Wilhelm-Gymnasium (Braunschweig)|lt=Wilhelm-Gymnasium|de}}.

[[Lower Saxony]]'s only university of art, founded in 1963, can be found in Braunschweig, the ''[[Hochschule für Bildende Künste Braunschweig]]'' (Braunschweig College of Fine Arts).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hbk-bs.de |title=Startseite – HBK Hochschule für Bildende Künste Braunschweig |publisher=Hbk-bs.de |access-date=April 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429031419/http://www.hbk-bs.de/ |archive-date=April 29, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The HBK is an institution of higher artistic and scientific education and offers the opportunity to study for interdisciplinary artistic and scientific qualifications. Additionally, one of the campuses of the [[Ostfalia Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften|Eastphalia University of Applied Sciences]] (German: ''Ostfalia Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften'', formerly ''Fachhochschule Braunschweig/Wolfenbüttel'') was located in the city until 2010.

==Economy==
In 2015, the German weekly business news magazine ''[[Wirtschaftswoche]]'' ranked Braunschweig as one of the most dynamic economic spaces in all of Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wiwo.de/politik/deutschland/staedteranking-2015-dynamik-diese-staedte-haben-sich-am-besten-entwickelt/12614684.html?p=5&a=false&slp=false#image |title=Städteranking 2015: Dynamik |publisher=[[Wirtschaftswoche]] |date= 2015 |access-date=2016-02-28}}</ref>

Braunschweig was one of the centres of the [[industrialization]] in Northern Germany. During the 19th and early 20th century the [[canning]] and [[railroad]] industries and the [[sugar]] production were of great importance for Braunschweig's economy,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/geschichte/industrieaufbruch.html |title=Industrieller Aufbruch |publisher=Braunschweig.de |access-date=2015-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025020100/http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/geschichte/industrieaufbruch.html |archive-date=2012-10-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but eventually other branches such as the [[automotive industry]] became more important, while especially the canning industry began to vanish from the city after the end of World War II.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/geschichte/nachkriegszeit.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130210202726/http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/geschichte/nachkriegszeit.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-10 |title=Nachkriegszeit |publisher=Braunschweig.de |access-date=2015-07-12 }}</ref> The defunct truck and bus manufacturer [[Büssing]] was headquartered in Braunschweig. Current [[factory|factories]] in the city include [[Volkswagenwerk Braunschweig|Volkswagen]], [[Siemens]], [[Bombardier Transportation]], and [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]].

The fashion label [[NewYorker]], the publishing house [[Westermann Verlag]], [[Nordzucker]], [[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen Financial Services]] and [[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen Bank]] have their headquarters in the city as well as the Volkswagen utility vehicle holding. Also two major optical companies were headquartered in Braunschweig: [[Voigtländer]] and [[Rollei]].

During the 1980s and early 1990s the [[computer]] companies [[Atari]] and [[Commodore International]] both had branches for development and production within the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.braunschweiger-zeitung.de/wirtschaft/atari-kam-aus-braunschweig-id868474.html |title=Atari kam aus Braunschweig &#124; Wirtschaft &#124; Braunschweiger Zeitung |publisher=Braunschweiger-zeitung.de |date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2015-07-12 |language=de |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060406/http://www.braunschweiger-zeitung.de/wirtschaft/atari-kam-aus-braunschweig-id868474.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerwoche.de/a/commodore-bald-aus-braunschweig,1189763 |title=Computer aus Zonenrandgebiet:: Commodore bald aus Braunschweig |publisher=computerwoche.de |access-date=2015-07-12}}</ref>

Braunschweig is the home of two [[piano]] companies, both known worldwide for the high quality of their instruments: [[Wilhelm Schimmel|Schimmel]] and [[Grotrian-Steinweg]]. Both companies were founded in the 19th century. Additionally [[:de:Sandberg Guitars|Sandberg Guitars]] is based in Braunschweig.

==Culture==
[[File:Braunschweigs Industrie (Postkarte 1904).JPG|thumb|right|1904 [[postcard]] showing typical food of Braunschweig]]
[[File:Pieta.Kadishman.jpg|thumb|right|''Piëta'', by [[Menashe Kadishman]], Braunschweig]]

Braunschweig is famous for ''[[Till Eulenspiegel]]'', a medieval jester who played many practical jokes on its citizens.
It also had many breweries, and still a very peculiar kind of [[beer]] is made called ''[[Brunswick Mum|Mumme]]'', first quoted in 1390, a malt-extract that was shipped all over the world. Two major breweries still produce in Braunschweig, the {{ill|Hofbrauhaus Wolters|de}}, founded in 1627, and the former {{ill|Feldschlößchen (Braunschweig)|lt=Feldschlößchen|de}} brewery, founded in 1871, now operated by [[Oettinger Beer]].

[[Braunschweiger (sausage)|Braunschweiger]] [[Mettwurst]], a soft, spreadable smoked pork sausage, is named after the city. Other traditional local dishes include [[Asparagus|white asparagus]], ''Braunschweiger [[Lebkuchen]]'', ''Braunkohl'' (a variant of [[kale]] served with [[Bregenwurst]]), and ''Uhlen un Apen'' (Low German for "[[Owl]]s and [[Guenon]]s", a pastry).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://braunschweig.de/tourismus/ueber-braunschweig/typisch-koestlich.html | title = Typisch köstlich | language = de | access-date = 3 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.reiseland-niedersachsen.de/braunschweig-3| title = Braunschweig - Kulinarische Spezialitäten vom Mittelalter bis heute| language = de| access-date = 3 June 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160629105458/http://www.reiseland-niedersachsen.de/braunschweig-3| archive-date = 2016-06-29| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Media===
Braunschweig's major local newspaper is the ''[[Braunschweiger Zeitung]]'', first published in 1946. Papers formerly published in Braunschweig include the ''Braunschweigische Anzeigen''/''Braunschweigische Staatszeitung'' (1745–1934), the ''Braunschweigische Landeszeitung'' (1880–1936) and the ''Braunschweiger Stadtanzeiger''/''Braunschweiger Allgemeiner Anzeiger'' (1886–1941), and the social-democratic ''{{ill|Braunschweiger Volksfreund|de}}'' (1871–1933).

Near Braunschweig at [[Cremlingen]]-Abbenrode, there is a large medium wave transmitter, which transmits the program of ''[[Deutschlandfunk]]'' on 756&nbsp;kHz, the [[Cremlingen transmitter]].

===Festivals===
''[[:de:Schoduvel|Schoduvel]]'', a medieval Northern German form of [[Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria|carnival]] was celebrated in Braunschweig as early as the 13th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sitm.info/history/Groningen/sondergaard.htm | author = Søndergaard, Leif | title = Carnival is Festival: Dances as Entertainment | access-date = 8 October 2012}}</ref> Since 1979 an annual [[Rosenmontag]] parade is held in Braunschweig, the largest in Northern Germany, which is named Schoduvel in honour of the medieval custom.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/veranstaltungen/blickpunkte/bsm_artikel/karneval.html | title = Braunschweiger Karneval "Schoduvel" | language = de | access-date = 8 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120831073841/http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/veranstaltungen/blickpunkte/bsm_artikel/karneval.html | archive-date = 31 August 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

An annual ''Weihnachtsmarkt'' ([[Christmas market]]) is held in late November and December on the Burgplatz in the centre of Braunschweig. In 2008 the market had 900,000 visitors.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.braunschweiger-zeitung.de/lokales/Braunschweig/900-000-besucher-auf-dem-weihnachtsmarkt-id468999.html | title = 900 000 Besucher auf dem Weihnachtsmarkt | date = 29 December 2008 | language = de | access-date = 8 October 2012 | archive-date = 30 May 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160530114541/http://www.braunschweiger-zeitung.de/lokales/Braunschweig/900-000-besucher-auf-dem-weihnachtsmarkt-id468999.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Museums and galleries===
[[File:Braunschweig Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum nachts.jpg|thumb|right|Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum]]
[[File:Salve Hospes 04 1a.jpg|thumb|right|''Villa Salve Hospes'']]

The city's most important museum is the [[Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum]], a well known art museum and the oldest public museum in Germany, founded in 1754. It houses a collection of masters of Western art, including [[Albrecht Dürer|Dürer]], [[Giorgione]], [[Lucas Cranach the Elder|Cranach]], [[Hans Holbein the Younger|Holbein]], [[Anthony van Dyck|Van Dyck]], [[Jan Vermeer|Vermeer]], [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]], and [[Rembrandt]].

The [[Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum|State Museum of Brunswick]] (''Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum''), founded in 1891, houses a permanent collection documenting the history of the [[Brunswick Land|Brunswick area]] ranging from its early history to the present.

The Municipal Museum of Brunswick (''Städtisches Museum Braunschweig''), founded in 1861, is a museum for art and cultural history, documenting the history of the city of Braunschweig.

The [[Naturhistorisches Museum (Braunschweig)|State Natural History Museum]] is a zoology museum founded in 1754.

Other museums in the city include the Museum of Photography (''Museum für Photographie''), the Jewish Museum (''Jüdisches Museum''), the Museum for Agricultural Technology ''Gut Steinhof'', and the [[Friedrich Gerstäcker|Gerstäcker-Museum]]. Frequent exhibitions of contemporary art are also held by the Art Society of Braunschweig (German: ''Kunstverein Braunschweig''), housed in the ''Villa Salve Hospes'', a classicist villa built between 1805 and 1808.

===Music and dance===
The ''[[Braunschweig Classix Festival]]'' was an annual classical music festival. It is the largest promoter of classical music in the region and one of the most prominent music festivals in [[Lower Saxony]].

From 2001 to 2009, and again since 2013, the annual finals of the international [[breakdance]] competition [[Battle of the Year]] have been held at the [[Volkswagen Halle]] in Braunschweig.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.braunbattleoftheyear.com/about.html |title=About BOTY |access-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925173701/http://www.braunbattleoftheyear.com/about.html |archive-date=25 September 2011 }}</ref>

''Braunschweiger TSC'' is among the leading competitive [[formation dance]] teams in the world and has won multiple World and European championship titles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formationen.de/content/historie/internationalemeister.html |title=List of World and European champions |access-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823040042/http://www.formationen.de/content/historie/internationalemeister.html |archive-date=23 August 2013 }}</ref>

===Sports===
[[File:BSM Konrad-Koch Braunschweig 01.jpg|thumb|right|The first German version of the rules of football by Konrad Koch]]
[[File:BS_Eintracht_Stadion.JPG|thumb|right|[[Eintracht-Stadion]], the stadium of [[2. Bundesliga]] club [[Eintracht Braunschweig]]]]

Braunschweig's major local [[Association football|football]] team is [[Eintracht Braunschweig]]. Founded in 1895, Eintracht Braunschweig can look back on a long and chequered history. Eintracht Braunschweig won the [[List of German football champions|German football championship]] in [[1966–67 Bundesliga|1967]], and currently plays in the [[2. Bundesliga]], the second tier of German football, and attracts a large number of supporters. Braunschweig was also arguably the city in which the first ever game of football in Germany took place. The game had been brought to Germany by the local school teacher [[Konrad Koch]], also the first to write down a German version of the [[Laws of the Game (association football)|rules of football]],<ref group="nb">However, Koch's original German version of the rules of football, published in 1875, still resembled [[Rugby football]]—the unmodified rules of [[The Football Association]] were not commonly used in Germany before the 1900s.</ref> who organized the first match between pupils from his school ''Martino-Katharineum'' in 1874.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/veranstaltungen/medien-bsm/Internet_Die_Wiege_des_Fussballs_090910.pdf| title = Die Wiege des Fußballs stand in Braunschweig| language = de| access-date = 8 August 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101207080220/http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/veranstaltungen/medien-bsm/Internet_Die_Wiege_des_Fussballs_090910.pdf| archive-date = 7 December 2010| url-status = dead}}</ref> The 2011 German drama film [[Lessons of a Dream]] is based on Koch.

Eintracht Braunschweig also fields a successful women's [[field hockey]] team that claimed nine national championship titles between 1965 and 1978. In the past, the club also had first or second-tier teams in the sports of [[ice hockey]], [[field handball]], and [[water polo]].

The [[New Yorker Lions]] (formerly Braunschweig Lions) are the city's [[American football]] team, winning a record number of 12 [[German Bowl]] titles, as well as five [[Eurobowl]]s (a shared record).

The city's professional [[basketball]] team, the [[Basketball Löwen Braunschweig]], plays in the [[Basketball Bundesliga]], the highest level in Germany. The Löwen's predecessor [[SG Braunschweig]] had previously played in the Bundesliga as well. Eintracht Braunschweig's women's basketball team plays in the {{ill|2. Damen-Basketball-Bundesliga|de}}, the second tier of women's basketball in Germany.

In [[handball]], [[MTV Braunschweig]], the city's oldest sports club (founded in 1847), plays in the semi-professional [[:de:3. Liga (Handball)|3. Liga]].

Other sports clubs from Braunschweig that play or have played at the [[Bundesliga (disambiguation)|Bundesliga]]<!--intentional link to DAB page--> or [[2nd Bundesliga (disambiguation)|2nd Bundesliga]]<!--intentional link to DAB page--> level include {{ill|Braunschweig Spot Up 89ers|lt=Spot Up 89ers|de}} ([[baseball]]), {{ill|Braunschweiger THC|de}} (field hockey), {{ill|FC Braunschweig|lt=SV Süd Braunschweig|de}} (handball), [[Rugby-Welfen Braunschweig]] ([[rugby union]]), and {{ill|USC Braunschweig|de}} ([[volleyball]]).

Annual sporting events held in Braunschweig include the international [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] tournament ''Löwen Classics'', ''Rund um den Elm'', Germany's oldest [[Road bicycle racing|road bicycle race]],<ref>{{cite book | first = Kurt | last = Hoffmeister | title = Zeitreise durch die Braunschweiger Sportgeschichte: 180 Jahre Turnen und Sport in Braunschweig | year = 2010 | language = de | page = 43}}</ref> and the professional [[tennis]] tournament ''[[Sparkassen Open]]''.

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}
Braunschweig is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Braunschweigs Partner- und Freundschaftsstädte|url=https://www.braunschweig.de/leben/stadtportraet/partnerstaedte/|website=braunschweig.de|publisher=Braunschweig|language=de|access-date=2021-02-10}}</ref>
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Bandung]], Indonesia (1960)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nîmes]], France (1962)
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], England (1971)
*{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Sousse]], Tunisia (1980)
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Kiryat Tiv'on]], Israel (1985)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Magdeburg]], Germany (1987)
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Kazan]], Russia (1988)
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]], United States (1992)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhuhai]], China (2011)
{{colend}}

==Notable people==
{{main|List of people from Braunschweig}}

Alphabetical list of some notable people associated with Braunschweig:

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*[[Hermann Blumenau]] (1819–1899), founder of [[Blumenau]], [[Brazil]].<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996|pp=69–70}}</ref>
*[[Johann Joachim Christoph Bode]] (1731–1793), translator<ref>{{Cite book |editor1=Horst-Rüdiger Jarck |title=Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon – 8. bis 18. Jahrhundert |year=2006 |language=de |publisher=Appelhans Verlag |location=Braunschweig |isbn=3-937664-46-7 |pages=89–90 |display-editors=etal |ref={{Harvid |Jarck et al. (eds) |2006}}}}</ref>
*[[Bosses (musician)|Bosses]] (born 1980), rock musician<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Bosse/2/1738.html |title= Bosse |publisher=[[:de:Munzinger-Archiv|Munzinger-Archiv]] |access-date=2015-08-01}}</ref>
*[[:de:Wilhelm Bracke|Wilhelm Bracke]] (1842–1880), one of the founders of the [[Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany]], predecessor of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]].<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |pp=85–86}}</ref>
*[[Büssing|Heinrich Büssing]] (1843–1929), industrialist<ref>{{Harvnb|Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |pp=110–111}}</ref>
*[[Axel Freiherr von dem Bussche-Streithorst]] (1919–1993), military officer and member of the [[German resistance to Nazism|German resistance]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Axel+Freiherr+von+dem+Bussche+Streithorst/0/5298.h. |title=Axel Freiherr von dem Bussche-Streithorst |publisher=[[:de:Munzinger-Archiv|Munzinger-Archiv]] |access-date=2015-08-01}}</ref>
*[[Joachim Heinrich Campe]] (1746–1818), educator and writer<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |p=118}}</ref>
*[[Caroline of Brunswick]] (1768–1821), [[Queen consort]] of King [[George IV of the United Kingdom]]<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |p=228}}</ref>
*[[Richard Dedekind]] (1831–1916), mathematician<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |p=137}}</ref>
*[[Paul Drude]] (1863–1906), physicist, developed the [[Drude model]].<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |pp=147–148}}</ref>
*[[Christine Enghaus]] (1815–1910), actress<ref>{{Cite web |author-first=Hans |author-last=Knudsen |url=http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118684876.html |title=Hebbel, Johanne Louise Christine, geborene Engehausen (Pseudonym Enghaus) |work=[[Neue Deutsche Biographie]] |date=1969 |access-date=10 October 2015 |language=de}}</ref>
*[[Johann Joachim Eschenburg]] (1743–1820), produced the first complete German translation of [[William Shakespeare]]'s plays.<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |pp=168–169}}</ref>
*[[Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]] (1771–1815), leader of the [[Black Brunswickers]].<ref name="Jarck1"/>
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] (1777–1855), mathematician<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |pp=200–201}}</ref>
*[[Günter Gaus]] (1929–2004), journalist
*[[Friedrich Gerstäcker]] (1816–1872), writer<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |pp=206–207}}</ref>
*[[Gerhard Glogowski]] (born 1943), politician<ref>{{Cite news |author-first=Susanne |author-last=Gaschke |url= http://www.zeit.de/1997/31/glogo.txt.19970725.xml |title=Gerhard Glogowski, Innenminister in Hannover, will Gerhard Schröder beerben, falls der seine Traumkarriere startet |work=[[Die Zeit]] |date=25 July 1997 |access-date=9 October 2015 |language=de}}</ref>
*[[Otto Grotewohl]] (1894–1964), [[Prime minister]] of the [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]]<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |pp=229–230}}</ref>
*[[Otto Harder]] (1892–1956), German international footballer<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://media.offenes-archiv.de/ss3_1_bio_1912.pdf |title=Otto Harder |publisher=[[Neuengamme concentration camp#Memorial|KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme]] |access-date=2015-08-01}}</ref>
*[[Adolph Henke]] (1775–1843), physician<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |p=259}}</ref>
*[[Henry the Lion]] (1129–1195), [[Duke of Saxony]] [[Duke of Bavaria|and Bavaria]]<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck et al. (eds) |2006 |pp=317–319}}</ref>
*[[August Hermann]] (1835–1906), "Braunschweig's Father of Physical Education"<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |p=266}}</ref>
*[[August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben]] (1798–1874), poet and author of {{Lang|de|[[Deutschlandlied|Das Lied der Deutschen]]}}.<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |pp=281–282}}</ref>
*[[Ricarda Huch]] (1864–1947), historian and writer<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |pp=293–294}}</ref>
*[[Ernst August Friedrich Klingemann]] (1777–1831), writer<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |pp=323–324}}</ref>
*[[Gustav Knuth]] (1901–1987), actor<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |p=329}}</ref>
*[[Alfred Kubel]] (1909–1999), politician<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alfred Kubel |url=http://www.ml.niedersachsen.de/portal/live.php?navigation_id=1320&article_id=4690&_psmand=7 |publisher=Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz |language=de |access-date=28 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044628/http://www.ml.niedersachsen.de/portal/live.php?navigation_id=1320&article_id=4690&_psmand=7 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[August Lafontaine]] (1758–1831), author of sentimental didactic novels once immensely popular, born and brought up in the city<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.zeit.de/1999/31/Der_Lieblingsdichter_der_Nation_/seite-1 |title=Der Lieblingsdichter der Nation ... 124; ZEIT ONLINE |newspaper=Die Zeit |publisher=Zeit.de |date=1999-07-29 |access-date=2015-07-12 |last1=Sangmeister |first1=Dirk }}</ref>
*[[Johann Anton Leisewitz]] (1752–1806), poet<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |p=375}}</ref>
*[[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]] (1729–1781), writer and philosopher<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck et al. (eds) |2006 |pp=435–437}}</ref>
*[[Lothar Osterburg]] (born 1961), printmaker and visual artist<ref name="Klötzer">Klötzer, Gunter (ed). [https://arnoldsche.com/us/vergriffen/germans-in-america/ ''Germans in America''], Stuttgart, Germany: Arnoldsche Art Publishers, 2008, p. 102–3, 220–1. Retrieved August 10, 2020.</ref>
*[[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto IV of Brunswick]] (1175–1218), [[Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck et al. (eds) |2006 |pp=539–540}}</ref>
*[[Bernhard Plockhorst]] (1825–1907), painter<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |p=462}}</ref>
*[[Agnes Pockels]] (1862–1935), chemist<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |pp=462–63}}</ref>
*[[Wilhelm Raabe]] (1831–1910), writer<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |pp=473–474}}</ref>
*[[Friedrich Adolf Riedesel]] (1738–1800), commander during the [[American Revolutionary War]]<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |p=488}}</ref>
*[[Galka Scheyer]] (1889–1945), painter<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |pp=518–519}}</ref>
*[[Dennis Schröder]] (born 1993), NBA basketball player, currently with the [[Brooklyn Nets]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |author-first=Peter |author-last=Bieg |url=http://www.spiegel.de/sport/sonst/basketball-dennis-schroeder-ueberzeugt-in-braunschweig-a-874647.html |title=Basketball-Talent Schröder: Aus der Halfpipe in die Bundesliga |magazine=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=2013-01-02 |access-date=2015-08-01}}</ref>
*[[Norbert Schultze]] (1911–2002), composer<ref>{{Cite web |author-first=Volker |author-last=Kühn |url= http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119362597.html |title=Schultze, Norbert Arnold Wilhelm Richard |work=[[Neue Deutsche Biographie]] |date=2007 |access-date=8 October 2015 |language= de}}</ref>
*[[Hans Sommer (composer)|Hans Sommer]] (1837–1922), composer and mathematician<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |p=573}}</ref>
*[[Louis Spohr]] (1784–1859), composer<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |pp=580–581}}</ref>
*[[Henry E. Steinway|Henry E.]] (1797–1871) and [[C. F. Theodore Steinway]] (1825–1889), piano makers<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |pp=591–592}}</ref>
*[[Ludger Tom Ring the Younger]] (1522–1584), painter<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck et al. (eds) |2006 |p=704}}</ref>
*[[Susan Wayland]] (1980–), pornographic model<ref>[http://thefetishistas.com/sways-addiction/ The Fetishistas.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126102417/http://thefetishistas.com/sways-addiction/ |date=2014-11-26 }}, ''Exclusive: Susan Wayland rekindles her finest addiction, Spring 2014''</ref><ref>[http://www.bild.de/regional/leipzig/kalender/latex-lady-jetzt-maerchenhaft-sexy-43112354.bild.html Bild.de], ''Latex-Lady jetzt märchenhaft sexy'', 23 October 2015</ref>
*[[Friedrich Georg Weitsch]] (1758–1828), painter<ref>{{Harvnb |Jarck/Scheel (eds) |1996 |p=644}}</ref>
*[[Christian Ludewig Theodor Winkelmann]] (1812–1875), piano maker
*[[Franz Winter]] (1861–1930), archaeologist
*[[Caroline Wiseneder]] (1807-1868) composer
*[[Michael Zickerick]] (born 1948), diplomat
*[[Rainer Hunold]] (born 1949), actor
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Germany|Europe|Geography}}
*[[Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region]]

==Notes==
<references group="nb"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{See also|Timeline of Braunschweig#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Braunschweig}}
*[[Richard Andree]]: ''Braunschweiger Volkskunde.'' 2nd edition. Vieweg, Braunschweig 1901.
*Reinhard Bein, Ernst-August Roloff (eds.): ''Der Löwe unterm Hakenkreuz. Reiseführer durch Braunschweig und Umgebung 1930–1945.'' MatrixMedia Verlag, Göttingen 2010, {{ISBN|3-93231336-4}}.
*Luitgard Camerer, Manfred Garzmann, Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (eds.): ''Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon.'' Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1992, {{ISBN|3-926701-14-5}}.
*Oskar Doering: ''Braunschweig.'' E. A. Seemann, Leipzig 1905.
*Hermann Dürre: ''Geschichte der Stadt Braunschweig im Mittelalter.'' Grüneberg, Braunschweig 1861.
*[[Reinhard Dorn]]: ''Mittelalterliche Kirchen in Braunschweig.'' Niemeyer, Hameln 1978, {{ISBN|3-87585-043-2}}.
*F. Fuhse (ed.): ''Vaterländische Geschichten und Denkwürdigkeiten der Lande Braunschweig und Hannover, Band 1: Braunschweig.'' 3rd edition. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 1925.
*Manfred Garzmann, Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (eds.): ''Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon. Ergänzungsband.'' Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1996, {{ISBN|3-926701-30-7}}.
*Otto Hohnstein: ''Braunschweig am Ende des Mittelalters.'' Ramdohr, Braunschweig 1886.
*Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Gerhard Schildt (eds.): ''Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region.'' 2nd edition. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2001, {{ISBN|3-930292-28-9}}.
*Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Dieter Lent et al. (eds.): ''Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon – 8. bis 18. Jahrhundert.'' Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2006, {{ISBN|3-937664-46-7}}.
*Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Günter Scheel (eds.): ''Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon – 19. und 20. Jahrhundert.'' Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 1996, {{ISBN|3-7752-5838-8}}.
*Jörg Leuschner, Karl Heinrich Kaufhold, [[Claudia Märtl]] (eds.): ''Die Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte des Braunschweigischen Landes vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart.'' 3 vols. Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-487-13599-1}}.
*Richard Moderhack (ed.): ''Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte im Überblick.'' 3rd edition, Braunschweigischer Geschichtsverein, Braunschweig 1979.
*Richard Moderhack: ''Braunschweiger Stadtgeschichte.'' Wagner, Braunschweig 1997, {{ISBN|3-87884-050-0}}.
*E. Oppermann: ''Landeskunde des Herzogtums Braunschweig. Geschichte und Geographie.'' E. Appelhans, Braunschweig 1911.
*Rudolf Prescher: ''Der Rote Hahn über Braunschweig.'' Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Braunschweig 1955.
*Birte Rogacki-Thiemann: ''Braunschweig. Eine kleine Stadtgeschichte.'' Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2005, {{ISBN|3-89702-837-9}}.
*Ernst-August Roloff: ''Braunschweig und der Staat von Weimar.'' Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Braunschweig 1964.
*Ernst-August Roloff: ''Wie braun war Braunschweig? Hitler und der Freistaat Braunschweig.'' Braunschweiger Zeitung, Braunschweig 2003.
*Gerd Spies (ed.): ''Braunschweig – Das Bild der Stadt in 900 Jahren. Geschichte und Ansichten.'' 2 vols., Städtisches Museum Braunschweig, Braunschweig 1985.
*Gerd Spies (ed.): ''Brunswiek 1031 – Braunschweig 1981. Die Stadt Heinrichs des Löwen von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart.'' 2 vols., Städtisches Museum Braunschweig, Braunschweig 1982.
*Werner Spieß: ''Geschichte der Stadt Braunschweig im Nachmittelalter. Vom Ausgang des Mittelalters bis zum Ende der Stadtfreiheit 1491–1671.'' 2 vols., Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Braunschweig 1966, {{OCLC|7495150}}.
*Henning Steinführer, Gerd Biegel (eds.): ''1913 – Braunschweig zwischen Monarchie und Moderne.'' Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2015, {{ISBN|978-3-944939-12-4}}.

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Braunschweig|Braunschweig}}
*[http://www.brunswick.de/english/index.html Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907192447/http://www.brunswick.de/english/index.html |date=2009-09-07 }}
*[http://www.panorama-cities.net/braunschweig/braunschweig.html Braunschweig – 360° Panoramas]
*[http://www.braunschweiger-zeitung.de Daily newspaper Braunschweiger Zeitung]

{{Geographic location
|Centre=Braunschweig
|North =[[Hamburg]]
|Northeast=[[Wolfsburg]], [[Berlin]]
|East =[[Magdeburg]]
|Southeast= [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]]
|South = [[Salzgitter]], [[Göttingen]], [[Kassel]]
|Southwest= [[Hildesheim]], [[Paderborn]], [[Bielefeld]]
|West = [[Hanover]], [[Osnabrück]]
|Northwest= [[Bremen]]
}}
{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Germany districts lower saxony}}
{{Hanseatic League}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Braunschweig| ]]
[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]
[[Category:Duchy of Brunswick]]
[[Category:Members of the Hanseatic League]]
[[Category:Urban districts of Lower Saxony]]