View source for Tucson, Arizona

{{Short description|City in Arizona, United States}}
{{Redirect|Tucson|other uses|Tucson (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!---------------Name--------------------->
 | name                     = Tucson
 | native_name              = {{native name|ood|Cuk Ṣon}}<ref name="Saxton-1983"/><br>{{native name|es|Tucsón}}
 | settlement_type          = [[List of cities and towns in Arizona|City]]
<!--------------Skyline Image------------->
 | image_skyline            = 
{{multiple image
| border                   = infobox
| total_width              = 295
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = View_of_Tucson_from_Sentinel_Peak_2.jpg
| caption1 = Downtown Tucson skyline
| image2 = The Cathedral of Saint Augustine, the mother church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson, Arizona.jpg
| caption2 = [[Cathedral of Saint Augustine (Tucson, Arizona)|Cathedral of Saint Augustine]]
| image3 = University of Arizona May 2019 09 (Old Main).jpg
| caption3 = [[Old Main, University of Arizona]]
| image4 = Morecourthouse.JPG
| caption4 = [[Pima County Courthouse]]
}}
<!--------------Flag Image----------------->
 | image_flag               = Flag of Tucson, Arizona.svg
 | flag_size                = 100px
<!--------------Seal Image----------------->
 | image_seal               = 
 | seal_size                = 
<!---------------Logo or emblem image------->
 | image_blank_emblem       = 
 | blank_emblem_type        = 
 | blank_emblem_size        = 
<!---------------Nickname, motto------------>
 | etymology                = {{ety|ood|Cuk Ṣon|the base (of the [[Sentinel Peak (Arizona)|hill]]) is black}}<ref name="Saxton-1983">{{cite book |last1=Saxton |first1=Dean |last2=Saxton |first2=Lucille |last3=Enos |first3=Susie |title=Tohono O'odham/Pima to English, English to Tohono O'odham/Pima Dictionary |date=1983 |publisher=The University of Arizona Press |location=Tucson, AZ |isbn=978-0-8165-1942-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOjZITU0N8AC}}</ref>
 | nicknames                = "The Old Pueblo", "Optics Valley", "America's biggest small town"
<!---------------Map images------------>
 | image_map                = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=325|frame-height=325|zoom=10|frame-lat=32.1443|frame-long=-110.8842|type=shape-inverse|id=  Q18575|title=Tucson|stroke-width=3|type2=shape|id2=Q79893|stroke-width2=3}}
 | mapsize                  = 260px
 | map_caption              = Interactive map outlining Tucson
 | image_map1               = File:Pima County Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Tucson highlighted.svg
 | mapsize1                 = 250px
 | map_caption1             = Location within Pima County
<!-----------------Pushpin maps---------->
 | pushpin_label            = Tucson
 | pushpin_map              = USA Arizona#USA
 | pushpin_map_caption      = Location within Arizona##Location within the United States
 | pushpin_relief           = yes
<!---------------Location---------------->
 | subdivision_type         = Country
 | subdivision_type1        = [[U.S. state|State]]
 | subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in Arizona|County]]
 | subdivision_name         = United States
 | subdivision_name1        = [[Arizona]]
 | subdivision_name2        = [[Pima County, Arizona|Pima]]
<!---------------Established-------------->
 | established_title        = Settled
 | established_date         = {{Circa|1300 A.D}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cultural History of the Tucson Basin and the Project Area|last=Thiel|first=J. Homer|pages=7–11}}</ref>
 | established_title1       = Founded
 | established_date1        = August 20, 1775
 | established_title2       = Incorporated
 | established_date2        = February 7, 1877<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tucsonaz.gov/apps/maps-and-records/annexations |title=Annexations &#124; Official website of the City of Tucson |publisher=Tucsonaz.gov |access-date=April 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327170917/https://www.tucsonaz.gov/apps/maps-and-records/annexations |archive-date=March 27, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 | founder                  = [[Hugo Oconór|Hugo O'Conor]]
<!-------------Seat of Government----------->
 | seat_type                = 
 | seat                     = 
<!---------------Smaller Parts--------------->
 | parts_type               = [[Ward (United States)|Ward]]
 | parts_style              = coll
 | parts                    = 6 Wards
 | p1                       = [https://www.tucsonaz.gov/files/pdsd/Ward1new.pdf Ward 1]
 | p2                       = [https://www.tucsonaz.gov/files/pdsd/Ward2new.pdf Ward 2]
 | p3                       = [https://www.tucsonaz.gov/files/pdsd/Ward3new.pdf Ward 3]
 | p4                       = [https://www.tucsonaz.gov/files/pdsd/Ward4new.pdf Ward 4]
 | p5                       = [https://www.tucsonaz.gov/files/pdsd/Ward5new.pdf Ward 5]
 | p6                       = [https://www.tucsonaz.gov/files/pdsd/Ward6new.pdf Ward 6]
<!------------Government type, leaders---------->
 | government_type          = [[Council–manager]]
 | governing_body           = Tucson City Council
 | leader_party             = [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]
 | leader_title             = Mayor
 | leader_name              = [[Regina Romero]]
 | leader_title1            = City manager
 | leader_name1             = Tim Thomure
 | leader_title2            = City council
 | leader_name2             = {{Collapsible list
 |title =
 |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
 |title_style = <!-- (optional) -->
 |list_style  = text-align:left;display:none;
 |1           = • Lane Santa Cruz
 |2           = • Paul Cunningham
 |3           = • Kevin Dahl
 |4           = • Nikki Lee
 |5           = • Richard Fimbres
 |6           = • Karin Uhlich
}}
<!-------------------Area---------------------->
 | area_total_km2           = 625.04
 | area_total_sq_mi         = 241.33
 | area_land_km2            = 624.22
 | area_land_sq_mi          = 241.01
 | area_water_km2           = 0.82
 | area_water_sq_mi         = 0.32
 | elevation_ft             = 2389
 | elevation_m              = 728
 | population_total         = 542629
 | population_as_of         = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
 | population_footnotes     = 
 | population_rank          = [[List of North American cities by population|89th]] in North America<br />[[List of United States cities by population|33rd]] in the United States<br />[[List of municipalities in Arizona|2nd]] in Arizona
 | population_density_sq_mi = 2251.44
 | population_density_km2   = 869.29
 | population_urban         = 875,441 ([[List of United States urban areas|US: 52nd]])
 | population_density_urban_km2 = 945.9
 | population_density_urban_sq_mi = 2,449.8
 | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="census-2020">{{cite web | title = 2020 Population and Housing State Data | url = https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html | publisher = United States Census Bureau | access-date = August 22, 2021}}</ref>
 | population_metro         = 1043433 ([[List of metropolitan statistical areas|US: 53rd]])
 | population_demonym       = Tucsonian; Tucsonan
 | timezone                 = [[Mountain Standard Time Zone|MST]] (no [[Daylight saving time|DST]])
 | utc_offset               = -07:00
 | postal_code_type         = [[ZIP Code]]s
 | postal_code              = 85701-85775
 | area_code                = [[Area code 520|520]]
 | area_code_type           = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
 | coordinates              = {{coord|32|13|18|N|110|55|35|W|region:US-AZ | display = inline,title}}
 | blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
 | blank_info               = 04-77000
 | blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
 | blank1_info              = 43534<ref>{{Cite GNIS|43534|Tucson}}</ref>
 | website                  = {{URL|tucsonaz.gov}}
 | footnotes                = <sup>1</sup> Urban = 2010 Census
 | unit_pref                = Imperial
 | area_footnotes           = <ref name="census-gaz-2020">{{cite web | title = 2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files | url = https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_04.txt | publisher = United States Census Bureau | access-date = October 29, 2021}}</ref>
 | pop_est_as_of            = 
 | pop_est_footnotes        = 
 | population_est           = 
}}

'''Tucson''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|uː|s|ɒ|n}}; {{langx|ood|Cuk Ṣon}}; {{langx|es|Tucsón}})<ref name="Saxton-1983"/> is a city in and the county seat of [[Pima County, Arizona]], United States,<ref name="National Association of Counties">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|archive-date=May 31, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and is home to the [[University of Arizona]].  It is the second-largest city in Arizona behind [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], with a population of 542,629 in the [[2020 United States census]],<ref name="census-website">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=May 25, 2018}}</ref> while the population of the entire Tucson [[metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) is 1,043,433.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qedfinancialsystems.com/tucson-a-fast-growing-az-city/|title=Tucson – A Fast Growing AZ City|website=Qedfinancialsystems.com|access-date=February 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002230/https://www.qedfinancialsystems.com/tucson-a-fast-growing-az-city/|archive-date=February 10, 2018|url-status=dead|date=February 8, 2018|first=Sesto|last=Trevisan}}</ref> The '''Tucson MSA''' forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales [[combined statistical area]]. Both Tucson and Phoenix anchor the [[Arizona Sun Corridor]]. The city is {{convert|108|mi}} southeast of Phoenix and {{cvt|60|mi|-2}} north of the [[United States–Mexico border]].<ref name="National Association of Counties" />

Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include [[Oro Valley, Arizona|Oro Valley]] and [[Marana, Arizona|Marana]] northwest of the city, [[Sahuarita, Arizona|Sahuarita]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/street-smarts-sahuarita-s-name-may-be-misspelling/article_08a0bf43-860f-5be1-bc24-a718f6fdcdb2.html |title=Street Smarts: Sahuarita's name may be misspelling |website=Arizona Daily Star |access-date=February 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210153135/http://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/street-smarts-sahuarita-s-name-may-be-misspelling/article_08a0bf43-860f-5be1-bc24-a718f6fdcdb2.html |archive-date=February 10, 2016 |url-status=live |first=David|last=Leighton|date=February 8, 2016}}</ref> south of the city, and [[South Tucson, Arizona|South Tucson]] in an enclave south of downtown. Communities in the vicinity of Tucson (some within or overlapping the city limits) include [[Casas Adobes, Arizona|Casas Adobes]], [[Catalina Foothills, Arizona|Catalina Foothills]], [[Flowing Wells, Arizona|Flowing Wells]], [[Midvale Park]], [[Tanque Verde, Arizona|Tanque Verde]], [[Tortolita, Arizona|Tortolita]], and [[Vail, Arizona|Vail]]. Towns outside the Tucson metropolitan area include [[Three Points, Arizona|Three Points]], [[Benson, Arizona|Benson]] to the southeast, [[Catalina, Arizona|Catalina]] and [[Oracle, Arizona|Oracle]] to the north, and [[Green Valley, Arizona|Green Valley]] to the south.

Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when [[Hugo Oconór|Hugo O'Conor]] authorized the construction of [[Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón]] in 1775. It was included in the state of [[Sonora]] after Mexico gained independence from the [[Spanish Empire]] in 1821. The United States acquired a {{convert|29670|sqmi|-1}} region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern [[New Mexico]] from Mexico under the [[Gadsden Purchase]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/nm-az-statehood/gadsden.html|title=Gadsden Purchase Treaty|date=August 15, 2016|website=National Archives|language=en|access-date=February 27, 2020}}</ref> in 1853. Tucson served as the capital of the [[Arizona Territory (CSA)|Arizona Territory]] from 1867 to 1877.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.library.pima.gov/blogs/post/capitals-of-the-arizona-territory/|title=Capitals of the Arizona Territory|website=Pima County Public Library|date=December 9, 2014|language=en-US|access-date=February 27, 2020|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809131445/https://www.library.pima.gov/blogs/post/capitals-of-the-arizona-territory/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tucson was Arizona's largest city by population during the territorial period and early statehood, until it was surpassed by Phoenix by 1920. Nevertheless, its population growth remained strong during the late 20th century. Tucson was the first American city to be designated a "City of Gastronomy" by [[UNESCO]] in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visittucson.org/press/news-releases/2017/tucson-named-first-unesco-city-gastronomy-usa|title=Tucson Named First UNESCO City of Gastronomy in the USA|website=Visit Tucson|language=en|access-date=June 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620140516/https://www.visittucson.org/press/news-releases/2017/tucson-named-first-unesco-city-gastronomy-usa|archive-date=June 20, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Spanish name of the city, {{Lang|es|Tucsón}} ({{IPA|es|tuɣˈson}}), is derived from the [[Oʼodham language|O'odham]] {{Lang|ood|Cuk Ṣon}} ({{IPA|ood|tʃʊk ʂɔːn}}). {{Lang|ood|Cuk}} is a stative verb meaning "(be) black, (be) dark". {{Lang|ood|Ṣon}} is (in this usage) a noun referring to the base or foundation of something.<ref name="Saxton-1983" /> The name is commonly translated into English as "the base [of the hill] is black", a reference to a basalt-covered hill now known as [[Sentinel Peak (Arizona)|Sentinel Peak]]. Tucson is sometimes referred to as the Old [[Pueblo]] and Optics Valley, the latter referring to its optical science and telescopes known worldwide.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aztechcouncil.org/optics-valley-arizona/ | title=AZ Optics Valley Optics & Photonics Networking Association }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.destguides.com/united-states/arizona/tucson/tucson-nicknames|date=September 12, 2023|author=Audrey Wilson|title=6 Tucson Nicknames and the History Behind Them}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Tucson, Arizona}}
{{For timeline}}

{{Quote box
| title = Historical affiliations
| quote = {{flagicon image|Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg}} [[Spanish Empire]] 1775–1821<br />{{flagicon image|Bandera del Primer Imperio Mexicano.svg}} [[First Mexican Empire]] 1821–1823<br />{{Flagdeco|Mexico|1823}} [[Mexico|United Mexican States]] 1823–1854<br />{{flagu|United States|1854}} 1854–present
| align = left
| width = 22em
| fontsize = 90%
| bgcolor = #B0C4DE
}}

[[File:Tucson Stone Ave year 1880.jpg|thumb|right|Tucson's Stone Avenue, 1880]]
[[File:Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the year ended June 30, 1897 (1898) (14802518083).jpg|thumb|right|Courthouse in Tucson, 1898]]

The Tucson area was probably first visited by [[Paleo-Indians]], who were known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the [[Santa Cruz River (Arizona)|Santa Cruz River]] found a village site dating from 2100 BC.<ref name="Thiel">{{cite news|last1=Thiel|first1=J. Homer|last2=Diehl|first2=Michael W.|title=Cultural History of the Tucson Basin and the Project Area|url=https://www.archaeologysouthwest.org/pdf/rn/rio_nuevo_ch03.pdf|access-date=October 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003224634/https://www.archaeologysouthwest.org/pdf/rn/rio_nuevo_ch03.pdf|archive-date=October 3, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the [[Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest|Early Agricultural Period]], c. 1200 BC to AD 150. These people hunted, gathered wild plants and nuts, and ate corn, beans, and other crops grown using irrigation canals they constructed.<ref name="Thiel"/>

The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson had the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated as the [[Hohokam]] lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hohokam|url=http://arizonamuseumofnaturalhistory.org/plan-a-visit/mesa-grande/the-hohokam|website=Arizona Museum of Natural History|access-date=October 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225824/http://arizonamuseumofnaturalhistory.org/plan-a-visit/mesa-grande/the-hohokam|archive-date=October 3, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mabry|first1=Jonathan B.|last2=Thiel|first2=J. Homer|title=A thousand years of irrigation in Tucson|url=https://www.archaeologysouthwest.org/pdf/ait/arch-tuc-v9-no4.pdf|access-date=October 3, 2017|work=Archaeology in Tucson|issue=Fall 1995|publisher=Center of Desert Archaeology|date=1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412021233/https://www.archaeologysouthwest.org/pdf/ait/arch-tuc-v9-no4.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Italian [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionary [[Eusebio Francisco Kino]] first visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692. He founded the [[Mission San Xavier del Bac]] in 1700, about {{convert|7|mi|0|abbr=on}} upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson. A separate Convento settlement was founded downstream along the Santa Cruz River, near the base of what is now known as [[Sentinel Peak (Arizona)|"A" mountain]]. [[Hugo Oconór]] (Hugo O'Conor), the founding father of the city of Tucson, Arizona, authorized the construction of a military fort in that location, ''[[Presidio San Augustin del Tucson|Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón]],'' on August 20, 1775 (the present downtown [[Pima County Courthouse]] was built near this site). During the Spanish period of the presidio, attacks such as the [[Second Battle of Tucson]] were repeatedly mounted by the [[Apache]]. Eventually, the town came to be called ''Tucsón,'' a Spanish version of the O'odham word for the area. It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the [[Kingdom of Spain]] and its [[Spanish Empire]] in 1821.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Rajesh Kumar |title=History of Tucson, Arizona: From Spanish Colonial Rule to Modern Times |url=https://www.travelerlifes.com/2023/06/history-of-tucson-arizona.html |access-date=July 3, 2023 |website=Traveler Lifes |language=en}}</ref>

During the [[Mexican–American War]] in 1846–1848, Tucsón was [[capture of Tucson (1846)|captured]] by [[Philip St. George Cooke]] with the [[Mormon Battalion]], but it soon returned to Mexican control as Cooke proceeded to the west, establishing [[Cooke's Wagon Road]] to California. Tucsón was not included in the [[Mexican Cession]] to the United States following the war. Cooke's road through Tucsón became one of the important routes into California during the [[California Gold Rush]] of 1849.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

The US acquired those portions of modern-day Arizona that lay south of the [[Gila River]] by treaty from Mexico in the [[Gadsden Purchase]] on June 8, 1854. Under this treaty and purchase, Tucsón became a part of the United States of America. The American military did not formally take over control until March 1856. In time, the name of the town became standardized in English in its current form, where the stress is on the first syllable, the "u" is long, and the "c" is silent.

In 1857, Tucson was established as a stage station on the [[San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line]]. In 1858, it became third division headquarters of the [[Butterfield Overland Mail]] and operated until the line was shut down in March 1861. The [[San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line|Overland Mail Corporation]] attempted to continue running, but following the [[Bascom Affair]], devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches ended operations in August 1861.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}

Tucson was incorporated in 1877, making it the oldest incorporated city in Arizona.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

From 1877 to 1878, the area suffered a rash of [[stagecoach]] robberies. Most notable were the two holdups committed by masked road agent [[William Brazelton|William Whitney Brazelton]].<ref name="Wright-2010">{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=Erik J.|title="Yes, Here I am Again! Tucson's Prize Bandit of 1878: William W. Brazelton|journal=Wild West History Association: Journal|volume=3|issue=5|date=October 2010|pages=43–48}}</ref> Brazelton held up two stages in the summer of 1878 near Point of Mountain Station, about {{convert|17|mi|km|abbr=on}} northwest of Tucson. [[John Clum]], of [[Tombstone, Arizona]], fame, was one of the passengers. Pima County Sheriff [[Charles A. Shibell]] and his citizen posse killed Brazelton on August 19, 1878, in a [[mesquite]] [[bosque]] along the Santa Cruz River {{convert|3|mi|km|0}} south of Tucson. Brazelton had been suspected of highway robbery in the Tucson area, the [[Prescott, Arizona|Prescott]] region, and the [[Silver City, New Mexico]] area. Because of the crimes and threats to his business, [[John J. Valentine Sr.]] of [[Wells, Fargo & Co.]] had sent [[Robert H. Paul|Bob Paul]], a special agent and future Pima County sheriff, to investigate.<ref name="Wright-2010" /> The US Army established Fort Lowell, then east of Tucson, to help protect settlers and travelers from Apache attacks.

In 1882, [[Morgan Earp]] was fatally shot, in what was later referred to in the press as the "Earp–Clanton Tragedy".<ref name="Tombstone, Arizona-1882"/> Marietta Spence, wife of [[Pete Spence]], one of the [[The Cowboys (Cochise County)|Cochise County Cowboys]], testified at the coroner's inquest on Earp's killing and implicated [[Frank Stilwell]] in the murder. The [[coroner]]'s jury concluded Pete Spence, Stilwell, Frederick Bode, and Florentino "Indian Charlie" Cruz were the prime suspects in the assassination of Morgan Earp.<ref name="Barra-1998">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1998/8/1998_8_76.shtml|title=Who Was Wyatt Earp?|first=Alan|last=Barra|magazine=American Heritage Magazine|date=December 1998|volume=49|issue=8|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507101535/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1998/8/1998_8_76.shtml|archive-date=May 7, 2006 }}</ref>
{{rp|250}}

Deputy U.S. Marshal [[Wyatt Earp]] gathered a few trusted friends and accompanied [[Virgil Earp]] and his family <!-- Who are they? relatives of Morgan? -->as they traveled to Benson to take a train to California. They found Stilwell apparently lying in wait for Virgil Earp at the Tucson station and killed Stilwell on the tracks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-few-tucsonans-saw-wyatt-earp-as-hero/article_35a38e95-44ea-59d9-8362-6adda0f41e56.html|title=Street Smarts: Few Tucsonans saw Wyatt Earp as hero|author=David Leighton|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=September 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912161724/http://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-few-tucsonans-saw-wyatt-earp-as-hero/article_35a38e95-44ea-59d9-8362-6adda0f41e56.html|archive-date=September 12, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tombstone, Arizona-1882">{{cite web|publisher=Tombstone, Arizona|date=March 27, 1882|title=Another Assassination Frank Stilwell Found Dead this Morning Being Another Chapter in the Earp-Clanton Tragedy|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84021939/1882-03-27/ed-1/seq-4|page=4|access-date=April 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226155211/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84021939/1882-03-27/ed-1/seq-4|archive-date=December 26, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> After killing Stilwell, Wyatt deputized others and conducted a [[Earp Vendetta Ride|vendetta]], killing three more cowboys over the next few days before leaving the territory.

[[Jim Levy (gunfighter)|Jim Leavy]] had built a reputation of having fought in at least 16 gunfights. On June 5, 1882, Leavy had an argument with [[faro (card game)|faro]] dealer John Murphy in Tucson. The two agreed to have a duel on the Mexican border, but after hearing of Leavy's exploits as a gunfighter, Murphy decided to ambush Leavy instead. Together with two of his friends, Murphy ambushed Leavy as he was leaving the Palace Hotel, killing him. According to Wright, the three co-defendants in Leavy's murder later escaped from the Pima County Jail, but were later recaptured. Murphy and Gibson were found in Fenner, California, living under assumed names; they were retried for the murder before being found not guilty. Moyer was captured in Denver and sentenced to life in Yuma Territorial Prison, but was pardoned in 1888.<ref name="Levy">[https://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-jimlevy/ Jim Levy – The Jewish Gunfighter]</ref><ref name="Rosa">Rosa, Joseph G. ''Jim Leavy, Gunfighter'' True West Magazine</ref>

===Post-frontier life===
As other settlers tried to overcome violent frontier society, in 1885, the territorial legislature founded the [[University of Arizona]] as a [[Land-grant university|land-grant college]] on what was overgrazed ranchland between Tucson and Fort Lowell.

In 1890, Asians made up 4.2% of the city's population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=January 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 }}</ref> They were predominantly Chinese men who had been recruited as workers on the railroads.

By 1900, 7,531 people lived in Tucson. By 1910, the population increased to 13,913.<ref name="census-1930">{{Cite web |title=Arizona |url=https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1930azpop.pdf |access-date=April 28, 2023 |website=census.gov}}</ref> About this time, the U.S. [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Administration]] had begun construction of the present Veterans Hospital. The city's clean, dry air made it a destination for many veterans who had been [[chemical weapons|gassed]] in World War I and needed [[respiratory therapy]]. In addition, these dry and high-altitude conditions were thought to be ideal for the treatment of tuberculosis, for which no cures were known before antibiotics were developed against it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rogers|first=Frank B.|title=The rise and decline of the altitude therapy of tuberculosis|date=1969|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=43|issue=1|pages=1–16|jstor=44447350|pmid=4887472}}</ref>

The city continued to grow, with the population increasing to 20,292 in 1920<ref name="census-1930" /> and 36,818 in 1940.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1940 |title=16th Census, Population, Volume I |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/population-volume-1/33973538v1ch03.pdf |access-date=April 28, 2023 |website=census.gov}}</ref> In 2006, the estimated population of [[Pima County, Arizona|Pima County]], in which Tucson is located, passed one million,<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNamara |first=Patrick |date=March 18, 2011 |title=Pima County falls short of 1M mark |url=https://www.insidetucsonbusiness.com/news/top_stories/pima-county-falls-short-of-1m-mark/article_7364b0fc-50d9-11e0-9e9f-001cc4c002e0.html |access-date=April 28, 2023 |website=Inside Tucson Business}}</ref> while the City of Tucson's population was 535,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biggest Cities in Arizona - 2006 Census Data |url=https://www.biggestuscities.com/az/2006#:~:text=Tucson,530,349 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.biggestuscities.com}}</ref>

In 1912, Arizona was admitted as a state. This increased the number of flags that had been flown over Tucson to five: Spanish, Mexican, United States, Confederate, and the State of Arizona.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tucsoncitizen.com/community/2010/08/20/feliz-cumpleanos-happy-birthday-tucson/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721160045/http://tucsoncitizen.com/community/2010/08/20/feliz-cumpleanos-happy-birthday-tucson/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 21, 2012 |title=Feliz Cumpleaños (Happy Birthday) Tucson! – Carolyn's Community |work=Tucson Citizen |date=August 20, 2010 |access-date=October 27, 2011 }}</ref>
{{wide image|Tucson old (edited).jpg|1000px|alt=Tucson, 1909|Tucson, 1909}}

During the territorial and early statehood periods, Tucson was Arizona's largest city and commercial center, while Phoenix was the seat of state government (beginning in 1889) and agriculture. The development of [[Davis–Monthan Air Force Base|Tucson Municipal Airport]] increased the city's prominence. Between 1910 and 1920, though, Phoenix surpassed Tucson in population, and has continued to outpace Tucson in growth. In recent years, both Tucson and Phoenix have had some of the highest growth rates of any jurisdiction in the United States.

==Geography==
[[File:TucsonAZ ISS009-E-10382.jpg|thumb|Tucson, as seen from space: The city's four major malls are indicated by blue arrows.]]

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], as of 2010, the City of Tucson has a land area of {{convert|226.71|sqmi}}. The city's elevation is {{convert|2643|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level (as measured at the Tucson International Airport).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airnav.com/airport/TUS |title=KTUS Tucson International Airport Tucson, Arizona, USA |website=Airnav.com |access-date=January 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717041739/http://airnav.com/airport/TUS |archive-date=July 17, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tucson is on an [[alluvial plain]] in the [[Sonoran Desert]], surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains: the [[Santa Catalina Mountains]] and the [[Tortolita Mountains]] to the north, the [[Santa Rita Mountains]] to the south, the [[Rincon Mountains]] to the east, and the [[Tucson Mountains]] to the west. Tucson Mountains include {{convert|4687|ft|adj=on|abbr=on}} Wasson Peak. The highest point in the area is [[Mount Wrightson]], found in the Santa Rita Mountains at {{convert|9453|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.

Tucson is {{convert|116|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of Phoenix and {{convert|69|mi|0|abbr=on}} north of the [[Mexico–United States border|United States–Mexico border]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} The 2020 United States census puts the city's population at 542,629 with a metropolitan area population at 1,043,433. In 2020, Tucson ranked as the 33rd-largest city and 53rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title= QuickFacts: Tucson city, Arizona |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/tucsoncityarizona/PST045222 |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |language=en}}</ref> A major city in the Arizona Sun Corridor, Tucson is the largest city in southern Arizona, and the second-largest in the state after Phoenix. It is also the largest city in the area of the historic Gadsden Purchase. As of 2015, the Greater Tucson Metro area has exceeded a population of 1 million.

The city is built along the [[Santa Cruz River (Arizona)|Santa Cruz River]], formerly a perennial river. Now a dry riverbed for much of the year, it regularly floods during significant seasonal rains.

[[Interstate 10 (Arizona)|Interstate 10]] runs northwest through town, connecting Tucson to Phoenix to the northwest (on the way to its western terminus in [[Santa Monica, California]]), and to [[Las Cruces, New Mexico]] and [[El Paso, Texas]] to the southeast. (Its eastern terminus is in [[Jacksonville, Florida]]).

[[Interstate 19 (Arizona)|I-19]] runs south from Tucson toward [[Nogales, Arizona|Nogales]] and the U.S.–Mexico border. I-19 is the only Interstate highway that uses "kilometer posts" instead of "[[milepost]]s". However, speed limits are marked in miles per hour and kilometers per hour.

===Neighborhoods===

====Downtown and Central Tucson====
[[File:TucsonDowntownView1.jpg|thumb|Downtown Tucson viewed from the Tucson Mountains]]
[[File:Tuscon 19thCentury Adobe.jpg|thumb|right|A 19th-century adobe house in the Armory Park neighborhood]]

Similar to many other cities in the Western US, Tucson was developed by European Americans on a [[grid plan]] starting in the late 19th century, with the city center at Stone Avenue and Broadway Boulevard. While this intersection was initially near the [[Centroid|geographic center]] of Tucson, the center has shifted as the city has expanded far to the east. Development to the west was effectively blocked by the Tucson Mountains. Covering a large geographic area, Tucson has many distinct neighborhoods.

Tucson's earliest neighborhoods, some of which were redeveloped and covered by the [[Tucson Convention Center]] (TCC), include:
* El Presidio,<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://www.tucsonpresidiotrust.org/PDF/Presidio_map.pdf |title=The Presidio Trail |website= Tucson Presidio Trust for Historic Preservation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704082402/http://tucsonpresidiotrust.org/PDF/Presidio_map.pdf |archive-date=July 4, 2009 }}</ref> Tucson's oldest neighborhood.
* Barrio Histórico,<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/barr/index.html |title=Barrio historico Tucson |website=The University of Arizona Library's Southwest Electronic Text Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703102438/http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/barr/index.html |archive-date=July 3, 2010 |access-date=March 12, 2010 }}</ref> also known as Barrio Libre.
* [[Armory Park Historic Residential District|Armory Park]] is directly south of downtown.
* Barrio Anita,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-well-i-hardly-knew-what-to-think-of/article_1887ad66-9cb1-5830-be34-ea2caa21be1d.html |date=April 15, 2014 |title=Street Smarts: 'Well, I hardly knew what to think of the place' was Tucsonan's first impression|first=David |last=Leighton|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=July 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620001802/https://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-well-i-hardly-knew-what-to-think-of/article_1887ad66-9cb1-5830-be34-ea2caa21be1d.html|archive-date=June 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> named for an early settler, is located between Granada Avenue and Interstate 10.
* Barrio Tiburón, now known as the Fourth Avenue arts district, was designated in territorial times as a [[red-light district]].
* Barrio El Jardín is named for an early recreational site, Levin's Gardens.
* Barrio El Hoyo is named for a lake that was part of the gardens. Before the convention center was built, the term ''El Hoyo'' (Spanish for 'pit' or 'hole') referred to this part of the city. Residents were mostly Mexican-American citizens and Mexican immigrants.
* [[Barrio Santa Rosa (Tucson, Arizona)|Barrio Santa Rosa]], dating from the 1890s, is now listed as a historic district on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].

Other historical neighborhoods near downtown include:
* Feldman's, just north and northwest of the University of Arizona, the neighborhood is named for Alther M. Feldman (1833–1906), an Eastern European immigrant who arrived in Tucson ''circa'' 1878. Neighborhood streets Helen and Mabel are named for his daughters.<ref>''Images of America: Early Tucson,'' by Anne I. Woosley and the Arizona Historical Society; (c) 2008 Arcadia Publishing; {{ISBN|0-7385-5646-7}}</ref> Feldman owned a photographic studio known as the Arizona Tent Gallery.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-feldman-brought-family-to-tucson-after-s-economic/article_4451d045-997a-5c77-a892-5ef7f44ba36d.html|title=Street Smarts: Feldman brought family to Tucson after 1870s economic crash|first=David |last=Leighton|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=September 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913043440/http://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-feldman-brought-family-to-tucson-after-s-economic/article_4451d045-997a-5c77-a892-5ef7f44ba36d.html|archive-date=September 13, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Menlo Park, situated west of downtown, is adjacent to Sentinel Peak.
* Iron Horse, east of Fourth Avenue and north of the railroad tracks, is named for its proximity to the railroad, informally known by that term.
* West University is between the University of Arizona and downtown.
* Dunbar Spring is west of West University.
* Pie Allen, west and south of the university near [[Tucson High School]], is named for [[Pie Allen|John Brackett "Pie" Allen]], a local entrepreneur and early mayor of Tucson.
* Sam Hughes, east of the University of Arizona, is named after a European-American pioneer in Tucson.
[[File:DTTucsonCongressSt.jpg|thumb|right|Bikes along Congress Street near Fifth Avenue]]

At the end of the 2010s, city planners and the business community worked to redevelop downtown Tucson. The primary project was Rio Nuevo, a large retail and community center that had been stalled in planning for more than a decade.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rob O'Dell |work=Arizona Daily Star |url=http://azstarnet.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/article_b255ce66-e3a3-11df-aefc-001cc4c03286.html |title=Azstarnet.com |date=October 29, 2010 |access-date=January 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101210259/http://azstarnet.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/article_b255ce66-e3a3-11df-aefc-001cc4c03286.html |archive-date=January 1, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvoa.com/news/rio-nuevo-town-hall-packed/ |title=Kvoa.com |website=Kvoa.com |date=June 23, 2010 |access-date=January 22, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227040633/http://www.kvoa.com/news/rio-nuevo-town-hall-packed/ |archive-date=December 27, 2011}}</ref> One Rio Nuevo project that was successful is [[Mission Garden]]. Related to Tucson's City of Gastronomy designation, this living agricultural museum at the base of [[Sentinel Peak (Arizona)|Sentinel Peak]] west of downtown grows heritage crops and heirloom trees that represent people who have lived in the area for thousands of years. Downtown is generally regarded as the area bordered by 17th Street to the south, I-10 to the west, and 6th Street to the north, and Toole Avenue and the [[Union Pacific Railroad|Union Pacific]] (formerly [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific]]) railroad tracks, site of the historic train depot<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tucsonhistoricdepot.org/1673/timeline/index.htm|title=Arrival of the Southern Pacific Railroad in Tucson|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126134917/http://www.tucsonhistoricdepot.org/1673/timeline/index.htm|archive-date=January 26, 2011|access-date=March 12, 2012}}</ref> on the east side. Downtown is divided into the Presidio District, the Barrio Viejo, and the Congress Street Arts and Entertainment District.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tucson.world-guides.com/tucson_districts.html |title=Tucson Neighbourhoods, Locations and Districts: Locations in Tucson Area, AZ, USA |website=Tucson.world-guides.com |access-date=October 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415105009/http://www.tucson.world-guides.com/tucson_districts.html |archive-date=April 15, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some authorities include the 4th Avenue shopping district, northeast of the rest of downtown and connected by an underpass beneath the [[Union Pacific Railroad|UPRR]] tracks.

[[File:Fox theater Tucson.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The recently restored [[Fox Tucson Theatre|Fox Theatre]] is in downtown Tucson.]]
Historic attractions downtown with rich architecture include the [[Hotel Congress]] designed in 1919, the Art Deco [[Fox Tucson Theatre|Fox Theatre]] designed in 1929, the [[Rialto Theatre (Arizona)|Rialto Theatre]] opened in 1920, and [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine Cathedral]] completed in 1896.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20061026052349/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=102386 Tucson, U.S.A. {{!}} Emporis.com]}}. Retrieved March 12, 2010.</ref> Included on the National Register of Historic Places is the old [[Pima County Courthouse]], designed by [[Roy Place]] in 1928.<ref>[http://www.azhistorytraveler.org/templates/content-view.php?nid=2&sid=546 Public Buildings – Pima County Courthouse], Arizona Heritage Traveler {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201035639/http://www.azhistorytraveler.org/templates/content-view.php?nid=2&sid=546 |date=February 1, 2015 }}</ref> [[El Charro Café]], Tucson's oldest restaurant, operates its main location downtown.<ref>[http://www.elcharrocafe.com/ El Charro Café] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524002650/http://www.elcharrocafe.com/ |date=May 24, 2009 }}. Retrieved March 12, 2010.</ref>

As one of the oldest parts of town, Central Tucson is anchored by the Broadway Village shopping center, designed by local architect [[Josias Joesler]] at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road. The 4th Avenue Shopping District between downtown, the university, and the Lost Barrio just east of downtown, also has many unique and popular stores. Local retail business in Central Tucson is densely concentrated along Fourth Avenue and the Main Gate Square on University Boulevard near the UA campus. [[El Con Mall]] is also in the eastern part of midtown.

[[File:UAmainlibr 1008.jpg|thumb|right|[[University of Arizona]] Main Library]]

The [[University of Arizona]], chartered in 1885, is in midtown and includes [[Arizona Stadium]] and [[McKale Center]] (named for [[Pop McKale|J.F. "Pop" McKale]], a prominent coach and athletics administrator at the university).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-before-arena-road-named-for-pop-mckale/article_cd1caeba-795d-57cf-9442-337adfa391ad.html|title=Street Smarts: Before arena, road named for "Pop" McKale|first=David |last=Leighton|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=September 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912165211/http://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-before-arena-road-named-for-pop-mckale/article_cd1caeba-795d-57cf-9442-337adfa391ad.html|archive-date=September 12, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The historic [[Tucson High Magnet School|Tucson High School]] (designed by Roy Place in 1924) was featured in the 1987 film ''Can't Buy Me Love''. The Arizona Inn (built in 1930) and the [[Tucson Botanical Gardens]] are also in Central Tucson.

Tucson's largest park, [[Reid Park]], is in midtown and includes [[Reid Park Zoo]] and [[Hi Corbett Field]]. Speedway Boulevard, a major east–west arterial road in central Tucson, was named the "ugliest street in America" by [[Life (magazine)|''Life'']] in the early 1970s, quoting Tucson Mayor [[Jim Corbett (politician)|James Corbett]].

In the late 1990s, Speedway Boulevard was awarded "Street of the Year" by ''[[Arizona Highways]].''<!-- based on what criteria? --> Speedway Boulevard was named after an historic horse racetrack, known as the [[Harlem River Drive#History|Harlem River Speedway]], and more commonly called "The Speedway", in New York City. The Tucson street was called "The Speedway" from 1904 to about 1906, when "The" was removed from the title.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-speedway-s-sports-racing-roots/article_f7b451ec-214a-5017-818c-ef3c6dae3dd5.html|title=Street Smarts: Speedway's sports racing roots|first=David |last=Leighton|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=July 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707201909/https://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-speedway-s-sports-racing-roots/article_f7b451ec-214a-5017-818c-ef3c6dae3dd5.html|archive-date=July 7, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of the early 21st century, Central Tucson is considered [[bicycle-friendly]]. To the east of the University of Arizona, Third Street is bike-only except for local traffic; it passes by the historic homes of the Sam Hughes neighborhood. To the west, East University Boulevard leads to the Fourth Avenue Shopping District. To the North, North Mountain Avenue has a full bike-only lane for half of the {{convert|3.5|mi|km}} to the [[Rillito River Park]] bike and walk multi-use path. To the south, North Highland Avenue leads to the Barraza-Aviation Parkway bicycle path.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/street-smarts-barraza-worked-to-unify-arizona-miners/article_dd19cc84-c0ef-5bff-be21-d0db8eb2d216.html|title=Street Smarts: Barraza worked to unify Arizona miners|first=David |last=Leighton|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=September 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829090330/http://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/street-smarts-barraza-worked-to-unify-arizona-miners/article_dd19cc84-c0ef-5bff-be21-d0db8eb2d216.html|archive-date=August 29, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Southern Tucson====
[[File:TUS Terminal Front.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tucson International Airport]] when it was under renovation]]
[[South Tucson]] is the name of an independent, incorporated town of {{convert|1|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} south of downtown. It is surrounded by the City of Tucson and was incorporated in 1936 and reincorporated in 1940.

The population is about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American, as residents self-identify in the census. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and architectural styles. Bright murals have been painted on some walls, but city policy discourages this and many have been painted over.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091104015232/http://www.arizonaguide.com/places-to-visit/tucson-southern-arizona/south-tucson Arizonaguide.com], Retrieved December 14, 2010</ref><ref>[http://img.groundspeak.com/waymarking/display/e3756840-2734-4364-aade-05974e8c5729.JPG IMG.groundspeak.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928021202/http://img.groundspeak.com/waymarking/display/e3756840-2734-4364-aade-05974e8c5729.JPG |date=September 28, 2011 }}, Retrieved December 14, 2010</ref><ref>[http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/sotucson CMS3.tucsonaz.gov] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206051411/http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/sotucson |date=December 6, 2010 }}, Retrieved December 14, 2010</ref>

The south side of the city of Tucson is generally considered to be the area around {{convert|25|sqmi|abbr=on}} south of 22nd Street, east of I-19, west of Davis Monthan Air Force Base and southwest of Aviation Parkway, and north of Los Reales Road.<ref name="Leighton-2016">{{cite news|url=http://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/street-smarts-bloody-murder-buried-money-in-town-s-history/article_589b7264-c39a-5c25-9e60-87879987b8ab.html|title=Street Smarts: Bloody murder, buried money in town's history|author=David Leighton|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=September 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913042507/http://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/street-smarts-bloody-murder-buried-money-in-town-s-history/article_589b7264-c39a-5c25-9e60-87879987b8ab.html|archive-date=September 13, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Tucson International Airport]] and [[Tucson Electric Park]] are located here.<ref name="Leighton-2016"/>

====Western Tucson====
[[File:Panorama-nw.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|Panorama of western suburbs]]

The West Side has areas of both urban and suburban development. It is generally defined as the area west of I-10. Western Tucson encompasses the banks of the Santa Cruz River and the foothills of the [[Tucson Mountains]]. Area attractions include the International Wildlife Museum and Sentinel Peak. The Marriott Starr Pass Resort and Spa serves travelers and residents.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/street-smarts-starr-pass-blvd-has-telegraph-line-link/article_ed43b3c5-5d48-55ae-a7c8-483c8747778f.html|title=Street Smarts: Starr Pass Blvd. has telegraph-line link|author=David Leighton|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=September 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912155422/http://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/street-smarts-starr-pass-blvd-has-telegraph-line-link/article_ed43b3c5-5d48-55ae-a7c8-483c8747778f.html|archive-date=September 12, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> As travelers pass the Tucson Mountains, they enter the area commonly referred to as "west of" Tucson or "Old West Tucson".<ref>[http://oldwesttucson.com Old West Tucson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921133933/http://oldwesttucson.com/ |date=September 21, 2017 }}. Old West Tucson. Retrieved on July 12, 2013.</ref> In this large, undulating plain extending south into the [[Altar Valley]], rural residential development predominates. Attractions include [[Saguaro National Park|Saguaro National Park West]], and movie set/theme park developed at the [[Old Tucson Studios]].

On Sentinel Peak, just west of downtown, a giant "A" was installed in honor of the University of Arizona, resulting in the nickname "A" Mountain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tucson.com/news/local/tucson-oddity-what-s-with-crater-on-edge-of-a/article_d306b1d1-1519-510d-b926-4b3eb3e703e3.html|title=Tucson Oddity: What's with crater on edge of 'A' Mountain?|author=Tom Beal|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=July 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163444/https://tucson.com/news/local/tucson-oddity-what-s-with-crater-on-edge-of-a/article_d306b1d1-1519-510d-b926-4b3eb3e703e3.html|archive-date=June 12, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Starting in about 1915, an annual tradition developed for freshmen to whitewash the A, which was visible for miles. After the September 11 terrorist attacks, the A was painted red, white, and blue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tafoya |first=Nathan |date=September 29, 2003 |title=Freshmen get blue on A-Day |url=https://wc.arizona.edu/papers/97/25/01_2.html |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=Arizona Daily Wildcat}}</ref> At the beginning of the [[Iraq War]] in 2003, antiwar activists painted the A black. Competition ensued, with various sides repainting the A in different colors until the city council intervened and made the red, white, and blue colors official. In 2013, the color scheme changed back to white.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tucson.com/news/local/tim-steller-big-a-will-revert-to-white-so-let/article_5ffe3c11-d694-56da-be46-60c2a5d3c44e.html |title=Tim Steller: Big 'A' will revert to white, so let's color this battle over |website=tucson.com |access-date=January 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308174522/http://tucson.com/news/local/tim-steller-big-a-will-revert-to-white-so-let/article_5ffe3c11-d694-56da-be46-60c2a5d3c44e.html |archive-date=March 8, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Peak-2020">{{Cite web |title=A Mountain, or Sentinel Peak |url=https://www.library.pima.gov/content/a-mountain-aka-sentinel-peak/ |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=Pima County Public Library}}</ref> Another color may be decided by a biennial election. With the tricolor scheme, some observers complain the shape of the A is hard to distinguish from the background of the peak. Since 1993, the A has been painted green for St. Patrick's Day. It has also been given other color schemes for different causes.<ref name="Peak-2020" />

====Northern Tucson====
North Tucson includes the urban neighborhoods of Amphitheater and [[Flowing Wells, Arizona|Flowing Wells]]. Usually considered the area north of Fort Lowell Road, North Tucson includes some of Tucson's primary commercial zones ([[Tucson Mall]] and the Oracle Road Corridor). Many of the city's most upscale [[boutiques]], restaurants, and art galleries are also on the north side, including St. Philip's Plaza. The plaza is directly adjacent to the historic [[St. Philip's in the Hills Episcopal Church]] (built in 1936).

The north side also is home to the suburban community of [[Catalina Foothills, Arizona|Catalina Foothills]], in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains just north of the city limits. This community includes many of the area's most expensive homes, sometimes multimillion-dollar estates. The Foothills area is generally defined as north of River Road, east of Oracle Road<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-how-oracle-road-came-to-be-named-for/article_f3bf19c2-e2b0-5192-92c6-f7dabe3204a0.html|title=Street Smarts: How Oracle Road came to be named for a fast ship with a teetotaling crew|author=David Leighton|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=July 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707230849/https://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-how-oracle-road-came-to-be-named-for/article_f3bf19c2-e2b0-5192-92c6-f7dabe3204a0.html|archive-date=July 7, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and west of [[Sabino Canyon|Sabino Creek]]. Some of the Tucson area's major resorts are in the Catalina Foothills, including [[Hacienda Del Sol Guest Ranch Resort|Hacienda Del Sol]], Westin La Paloma Resort, Loews Ventana Canyon Resort and [[Canyon Ranch|Canyon Ranch Resort]]. [[La Encantada (shopping center)|La Encantada]], an outdoor shopping mall, is also in the Foothills.

The [[DeGrazia Gallery in the Sun Historic District|DeGrazia Gallery of the Sun]] is near the intersection of Swan Road and Skyline Drive. Built by artist [[Ettore DeGrazia|Ted DeGrazia]] starting in 1951, the {{convert|10|acre|ha|adj=on}} property is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] and features an eclectic chapel, an art gallery, and a museum.

[[File:Northwest Metro Tucson from the Santa Catalina Mountains.jpg|thumb|right|Northwestern suburbs viewed from the Santa Catalina Mountains]]

The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse, ranging from the rural communities of [[Catalina, Arizona|Catalina]] and parts of the town of [[Marana, Arizona|Marana]], the small suburb of [[Picture Rocks, Arizona|Picture Rocks]], the town of [[Oro Valley, Arizona|Oro Valley]] in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of the Tucson Mountains. Continental Ranch (Marana), Dove Mountain (Marana), and Rancho Vistoso (Oro Valley), and Saddlebrooke (North Oro Valley) are all master planned communities in the northwest that have thousands of residents.

The community of [[Casas Adobes, Arizona|Casas Adobes]] is also on the Northwest side, with the distinction of being Tucson's first suburb, established in the late 1940s. Casas Adobes is centered on the historic [[Casas Adobes Plaza]] (built in 1948). Casas Adobes is also home to [[Tohono Chul Park]], which is now within the town of Oro Valley, (a nature preserve) near the intersection of North Oracle Road and West Ina Road. The [[2011 Tucson shooting|attempted assassination]] of Representative [[Gabby Giffords]], which resulted in the murders of chief judge for the [[United States District Court for the District of Arizona|U.S. District Court for Arizona]], [[John Roll]], and five other people on January 8, 2011, occurred at the La Toscana Village in Casas Adobes. The [[Foothills Mall (Arizona)|Foothills Mall]] is also on the northwest side in Casas Adobes.

This area is home to many of the Tucson area's golf courses and resorts, including the Preserve and Mountainview Golf Clubs at Saddlebrooke, Hilton El Conquistador Golf & Tennis Resort in Oro Valley, the Omni Tucson National Resort & Spa, and Westward Look Resort. The Ritz Carlton at Dove Mountain, the second [[Ritz Carlton]] resort in Arizona, which also includes a golf course, opened in the foothills of the [[Tortolita Mountains]] in northeast Marana in 2009.

====Eastern Tucson====
East Tucson is relatively new compared to other parts of the city, developed between the 1950s and the 1970s,{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} with developments such as [[Desert Palms Park, Tucson|Desert Palms Park]]. It is generally classified as the area of the city east of Swan Road, with above-average real estate values relative to the rest of the city. The area includes urban and suburban development near the [[Rincon Mountains]]. East Tucson includes [[Saguaro National Park|Saguaro National Park East]]. Tucson's "Restaurant Row" is also on the east side, along with a significant corporate and financial presence. Restaurant Row is sandwiched by three of Tucson's storied Vicinages: Harold Bell Wright Estates,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/harold-bell-wright-the-inspiration-for-tucson-vicinage/article_33e43eba-bfe3-5809-a83c-bacf4194ba1f.html|title=Harold Bell Wright the inspiration for Tucson vicinage|author=David Leighton|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|date=November 25, 2014 |access-date=September 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419204851/https://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/harold-bell-wright-the-inspiration-for-tucson-vicinage/article_33e43eba-bfe3-5809-a83c-bacf4194ba1f.html|archive-date=April 19, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> named after the author's ranch which occupied some of that area before the depression; the Tucson Country Club (the third to bear the name Tucson Country Club),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/street-smarts-country-club-golf-links-used-to-be-one/article_7000c651-d111-5e99-b212-46b60d29e769.html|title=Street Smarts: Country Club, Golf Links used to be one road|author=David Leighton|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|date=April 27, 2015 |access-date=September 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912225710/http://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/street-smarts-country-club-golf-links-used-to-be-one/article_7000c651-d111-5e99-b212-46b60d29e769.html|archive-date=September 12, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Dorado Country Club. Tucson's largest office building is 5151 East Broadway in east Tucson, completed in 1975. The first phases of Williams Centre, a mixed-use, master-planned development on Broadway near Craycroft Road,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tucson.com/news/local/engineer-businessman-craycroft-built-impressive-home-for-its-time/article_088185c3-ab50-5d95-ad95-c8d91e711cc3.html|title=Engineer-businessman Craycroft built impressive home for its time|author=David Leighton|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=September 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912225659/http://tucson.com/news/local/engineer-businessman-craycroft-built-impressive-home-for-its-time/article_088185c3-ab50-5d95-ad95-c8d91e711cc3.html|archive-date=September 12, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> were opened in 1987. [[Park Place (Tucson, Arizona)|Park Place]], a recently renovated shopping center, is also along Broadway (west of Wilmot Road).

Near the intersection of Craycroft and Ft. Lowell Roads are the remnants of the Historic Fort Lowell. This area has become one of Tucson's iconic neighborhoods. In 1891, the Fort was abandoned and much of the interior was stripped of their useful components and it quickly fell into ruin. In 1900, three of the officer buildings were purchased for use as a sanitarium. The sanitarium was then sold to Harvey Adkins in 1928. The Bolsius family – Pete, Nan and [[Charles Bolsius|Charles]] – purchased and renovated surviving adobe buildings of the Fort, transforming them into spectacular artistic southwestern architectural examples. Their woodwork, plaster treatment and sense of proportion drew on their Dutch heritage and New Mexican experience.

Other artists and academics throughout the middle of the 20th century, including Win Ellis, [[Jack Maul]], Madame [[Germaine Cheruy]] and [[René Cheruy]], Giorgio Belloli, Charles Bode, [[Veronica Hughart]], [[Edward H. Spicer]] and [[Rosamond Spicer]], [[Hazel Larson Archer]] and Ruth Brown, renovated adobes, built homes and lived in the area. The artist colony attracted writers and poets including beat generation Alan Harrington and [[Jack Kerouac]] whose visit is documented in his iconic book ''[[On the Road]]''. This rural pocket in the middle of the city is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Each year in February the vicinage celebrates its history in the City Landmark it owns and restored the [[San Pedro Chapel]].

[[File:B52sdestroyed.jpg|thumb|right|Retired B-52s are stored in the [[309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group|boneyard]] at [[Davis-Monthan Air Force Base]].]]

Situated between the [[Santa Catalina Mountains]] and the [[Rincon Mountains]] near [[Redington Pass]] northeast of the city limits is the affluent community of [[Tanque Verde, Arizona|Tanque Verde]]. The Arizona National Golf Club, Forty-Niners Country Club, and the historic Tanque Verde Guest Ranch are also in northeast Tucson.

Southeast Tucson continues to experience rapid residential development. The area includes [[Davis-Monthan Air Force Base]]. The area is considered to be south of Golf Links Road. It is the home of Santa Rita High School, Chuck Ford Park (Lakeside Park), [[Lakeside Lake]], Lincoln Park (upper and lower), The Lakecrest Vicinagess, and Pima Community College East Campus. The Atterbury Wash with its access to excellent bird watching is also in the Southeast Tucson area. The suburban community of [[Rita Ranch]] houses many of the military families from Davis-Monthan, and is near the southeasternmost expansion of the current city limits. Close by Rita Ranch and also within the city limits lies Civano,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-civano-honors-notable-tucsonans-who-gave-to-their/article_ed9df1c4-0cca-5f69-b59e-1c4dc477b236.html|title=Street Smarts: Civano honors notable Tucsonans who gave to their community|author=David Leighton|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|date=October 2, 2017 |access-date=July 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707202343/https://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-civano-honors-notable-tucsonans-who-gave-to-their/article_ed9df1c4-0cca-5f69-b59e-1c4dc477b236.html|archive-date=July 7, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> a planned development meant to showcase ecologically sound building practices and lifestyles.

===Climate===
Tucson has a hot [[desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BWh''), with two major seasons, a hot summer and mild winter. Tucson averages {{convert|10.61|in|mm|1}} of precipitation per year, concentrated during the Pacific storms of winter and the [[North American Monsoon]] of summer. Fall and spring tend to be sunny and dry.<ref>McKnight & Hess, pp. 212 ''ff'', "Climate Zones and Types: Dry Climates (Zone B)".</ref> Despite being at a more southerly latitude than Phoenix, Tucson is slightly cooler and wetter due to a variety of factors, including elevation and [[orographic lift]] in surrounding mountains, though Tucson does occasionally see warmer daytime temperatures in the winter.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix-weather/2017/12/01/why-tucson-winter-can-be-warmer-than-phoenix/903557001/ |title=Why Tucson can be warmer than Phoenix in winter |publisher=azcentral.com |access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Tucsonmonsoon.jpg|thumb|right|Monsoon clouds blanketed the Catalina Mountains in August 2005.]]

Summer is characterized by average daily high temperatures between {{convert|98|and|102|°F|°C|0}} and low temperatures between {{convert|71|and|77|°F|°C|0}}. Early summer is characterized by low humidity and clear skies; mid- and late summer are characterized by higher humidity, cloudy skies, and frequent rain. The sun is intense in Tucson during part of the year, and those who spend time outdoors need protection. Recent studies show that the rate of skin cancer in Arizona is at least three times higher than in more northerly regions. Additionally, [[heat stroke]] is a concern for hikers, mountain bikers, and adventurers who explore canyons, open desert lands, and other exposed areas.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 11568742 | doi=10.1067/mjd.2001.114742 | volume=45 | issue=4 | title=Trends in the incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancers in southeastern Arizona, 1985-1996 | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | pages=528–36 | last1 = Harris | first1 = RB | last2 = Griffith | first2 = K | last3 = Moon | first3 = TE| year=2001 }}</ref>

While monsoon season officially begins on June 15, the arrival of the North American Monsoon is unpredictable, as it varies from year to year. On average, Tucson receives its first monsoon storms around July 3. Monsoon activity generally persists through August and often into September.<ref name="moonsoon-2006">[http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/twc/monsoon/monsoon.php NWS Tucson Office Monsoon tracker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818053548/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/twc/monsoon/monsoon.php |date=August 18, 2006 }}. Retrieved March 12, 2010.</ref> During the monsoon, the [[relative humidity|humidity]] is much higher than the rest of the year. It begins with clouds building up from the south in the early afternoon, followed by intense thunderstorms and rainfall, which can cause [[flash floods]]. The evening sky at this time of year is often pierced with dramatic lightning strikes. Large areas of the city do not have [[storm sewer]]s, so monsoon rains flood the main thoroughfares, usually for no longer than a few hours. A few underpasses in Tucson have "feet of water" scales painted on their supports to discourage fording by automobiles during a rainstorm.<ref>Two underpasses leading towards downtown Tucson from the north, at Sixth Avenue and Stone Avenue, have such "feet of water" scales.</ref> Arizona traffic code Title 28–910, the so-called "Stupid Motorist Law", was instituted in 1995 to discourage people from entering flooded roadways. If the road is flooded and a barricade is in place, motorists who drive around the barricade can be charged up to $2000 for costs involved in rescuing them.<ref>[http://www.azleg.state.az.us/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/ars/28/00910.htm&Title=28&DocType=ARS/ Arizona State Legislature, ARS 28–910, Liability for emergency responses in flood areas; definitions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923094242/http://www.azleg.state.az.us/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=%2Fars%2F28%2F00910.htm&Title=28&DocType=ARS%2F |date=September 23, 2016 }}. Retrieved March 12, 2010.</ref> Despite the warnings and precautions, three Tucson drivers have drowned between 2004 and 2010.{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}

The weather in the fall is much like spring, dry, with warm/cool nights and warm/hot days. Temperatures above {{convert|100|°F|0}} are possible into early October. Temperatures decline at the quickest rate in October and November, and are normally the coolest in late December and early January.

Winters in Tucson are mild relative to other parts of the United States. Average daytime highs range between {{convert|65|and|70|°F|°C|0}}, with overnight lows between {{convert|40|and|44|°F|°C|0}}. Tucson typically averages three hard freezes per winter season, with temperatures dipping to the mid- or low 20 degrees F (−4 to −7&nbsp;°C), but this is typically limited to only a very few nights. Although rare, snow occasionally falls in lower elevations in Tucson and is common in the Santa Catalina Mountains. The most recent snowfall was on March 2, 2023, when a [[Early-March 2023 North American storm complex|winter storm]] caused snow to fall throughout most of the southwest. Tucson airport recorded {{cvt|1.0|in|cm}} of snow, the seventh heaviest March snowfall on record.<ref>[https://twitter.com/NWSTucson/status/1631321696786579456 The one inch of snow at the Tucson International Airport ranks as the 7th highest March snow. It is also the 10th occurrence of measurable snow in Tucson during March. The highest March snow amount was 6.0" (3/12/1922) & overall record 1 day snow is 6.8" (12/8/1971). #azwx], NWS Tucson, ''[[Twitter]]'', March 2, 2023</ref>

Early spring is characterized by gradually rising temperatures and several weeks of vivid wildflower blooms beginning in late February and into March. During this time of year the [[diurnal temperature variation]] occurs with a temperature change often surpassing {{convert|30|F-change}} daily.

[[File:Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) - Tucson Area, AZ(ThreadEx).svg|thumb|right|Climate chart for Tucson]]
Since records began in 1894, the record maximum temperature was {{convert|117|°F|0}} on June 27, 1990, and the record minimum temperature was {{convert|6|°F|0}} on January 7, 1913. There are an average of 158 days annually with highs of {{convert|90|°F|0}} or higher and an average of 12 days with lows reaching or below the freezing mark. Average annual precipitation is {{convert|10.61|in|abbr=on}}. On average, 47.4 days have measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1905, with {{convert|24.17|in|abbr=on}} and the driest year was 2020 with {{convert|4.16|in|abbr=on}}. The most precipitation in one month was {{convert|8.06|in|abbr=on}} in July 2021. The most precipitation in 24 hours was {{convert|3.93|in|abbr=on}} on July 29, 1958. Annual snowfall averages {{convert|0.1|in|cm|abbr=on}}. The most snow in one winter was {{convert|6.8|in|cm|abbr=on}} in winter 1971–1972. The most snow in one month was {{convert|6.8|in|cm|abbr=on}} in December 1971.

{{Tucson, Arizona weatherbox}}
{{Graph:Weather monthly history
| table=Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Tucson, Arizona.tab
| title=Tucson monthly weather statistics
}}

==Demographics==
{{See also|History of Mexican Americans in Tucson}}
{{US Census population
|1850= 400
|1860= 915
|1870= 3215
|1880= 7007
|1890= 5150
|1900= 7531
|1910= 13193
|1920= 20292
|1930= 32506
|1940= 35752
|1950= 45454
|1960= 212892
|1970= 262933
|1980= 330537
|1990= 405371
|2000= 486699
|2010= 520116
|2020= 542629
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="census-pop-2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|website=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2016}}</ref><br />2010–2020<ref name="quickfacts-2021">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Tucson city, Arizona |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/tucsoncityarizona/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref>
}}

According to [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the racial composition of Tucson was:<ref>{{cite news |title=Tucson census |url=https://data.statesmanjournal.com/census/total-population/not-hispanic-white/tucson-city-arizona/160-0477000/#cmap |access-date=November 5, 2022 |agency=Census |publisher=Census}}</ref>
* [[Non-Hispanic white]]: 43.6%
* [[African American]] (including Hispanics): 5.6%
* [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] (including Hispanics): 2.9%
* [[Asian American]] (including Hispanics): 3.2%
* [[Pacific Islander American|Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander]] (including Hispanics): 0.3%
* [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]: 42.2%

According to the 2010 [[American Census Bureau]], the racial composition of Tucson was:
* [[European American|Non-Hispanic White]]: 47.2%
* [[African American|Black or African American]] (including Hispanics): 5.0%
* [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] (including Hispanics): 2.7%
* [[Asian American|Asian]] (including Hispanics): 2.9%
* [[Pacific Islander American|Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander]] (including Hispanics): 0.2%
* Other race (including Hispanics): 17.8%
* [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] (including Hispanics): 3.4%
* [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]: 41.6%; [[Mexican American]]s made up 36.1% of the city's population.

===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Tucson city, Arizona – Racial and ethnic composition'''<br><small>{{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small>
!Race / Ethnicity <small>(''NH = Non-Hispanic'')</small>
!Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Tucson city, Arizona|url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALSF12000.P004?g=160XX00US0477000|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Tucson city, Arizona|url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=160XX00US0477000&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Tucson city, Arizona|url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=160XX00US0477000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!% 2000
!% 2010
!{{partial|% 2020}}
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|263,748
|245,323
|style='background: #ffffe6; |236,837
|54.19%
|47.17%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |43.65%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|19,795
|23,362
|style='background: #ffffe6; |27,702
|4.07%
|4.49%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |5.11%
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|7,732
|8,776
|style='background: #ffffe6; |9,197
|1.59%
|1.69%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |1.69%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|11,537
|14,211
|style='background: #ffffe6; |16,336
|2.37%
|2.73%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |3.01%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|642
|951
|style='background: #ffffe6; |1,328
|0.13%
|0.18%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.24%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Some Other Race]] alone (NH)
|734
|792
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2,518
|0.15%
|0.15%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.46%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed Race or Multi-Racial]] (NH)
|8,643
|10,393
|style='background: #ffffe6; |19,833
|1.78%
|2.00%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |3.65%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|173,868
|216,308
|style='background: #ffffe6; |228,878
|35.72%
|41.59%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |42.18%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''486,699'''
|'''520,116'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''542,629'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}

[[File:Race and ethnicity 2010- Tucson (5559886439).png|thumb|left|Map of racial distribution in Tucson, 2010 U.S. census. Each dot is 25 people: {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ff0000|White}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#0000ff|Black}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#00ffaa|Asian}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffa600|Hispanic}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffff07|Other}}]]

As of the census of 2010, 520,116 people, 229,762 households, and 112,455 families resided in the city. The population density was {{convert|2,500.1|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|inhabitants&nbsp;|inhabitants}}. The 209,609 dwelling units had an average density of {{convert|1,076.7|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 69.7% White (down from 94.8% in 1970<ref name="census-1990">{{cite web |title=Arizona – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 }}</ref>), 5.0% Black or African-American, 2.7% Native American, 2.9% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 16.9% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 41.6% of the population.<ref name="facts-2012"/> [[Non-Hispanic Whites]] were 47.2% of the population in 2010,<ref name="facts-2012">{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0477000.html |title=Tucson (city), Arizona |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=May 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531110448/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0477000.html |archive-date=May 31, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> down from 72.8% in 1970.<ref name="census-1990"/>

The largest ancestries reported in Tucson according to 2022 estimates were [[Mexican Americans|Mexican]] (39.9%), [[German Americans|German]] (11%), [[English Americans|English]] (7.7%), [[Italian Americans|Italian]] (3.4%), [[American ancestry|American]] (2.8%), and [[Polish Americans|Polish]] (1.8%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B04006 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B04006&geo_ids=16000US0477000&primary_geo_id=16000US0477000#valueType%7Cpercentage |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=censusreporter.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B03001 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03001&geo_ids=16000US0477000&primary_geo_id=16000US0477000 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=censusreporter.org}}</ref>

According to research by demographer [[William H. Frey]] using data from the [[2010 United States Census|2010 United States census]], Tucson has the lowest level of Black-White segregation of any of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Frey |first1=William H. |title=Diversity Explosion: How New Racial Demographics Are Remaking America |date=2018 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8157-2398-1 |page=177|edition=2nd}}</ref>

Of the 192,891 households, 29.0% had children under 18 living with them, 39.7% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were not families. About 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.42, and the average family size was 3.12.

In the inner city, the population has 24.6% under 18, 13.8% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 19.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 93.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,981, and for a family was $37,344. Males had a median income of $28,548 versus $23,086 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $16,322. About 13.7% of families and 18.4% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 23.6% of those under 18 and 11.0% of those 65 or over.<ref>{{cite web|title=Feds give OK to new Ariz. congressional maps|date=April 13, 2012 |url=http://www.insidetucsonbusiness.com/news/feds-give-ok-to-new-ariz-congressional-maps/article_47106c7c-84df-11e1-8c06-001a4bcf887a.html|publisher=Inside Tucson Business|access-date=February 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305035301/http://www.insidetucsonbusiness.com/news/feds-give-ok-to-new-ariz-congressional-maps/article_47106c7c-84df-11e1-8c06-001a4bcf887a.html|archive-date=March 5, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Tucson shab1.JPG|thumb|right|Downtown Tucson with the University of Arizona in the background]]

Much of Tucson's economic development has centered on the development of the University of Arizona, which is the city's largest employer. [[Davis-Monthan Air Force Base]], on the city's southeastern edge, also provides many jobs for Tucson residents. Its presence, as well as the presence of the US Army Intelligence Center ([[Fort Huachuca]], the region's largest employer, in nearby Sierra Vista), has led to the development of many high-technology industries, including government contractors. The city of Tucson is also a major hub for the Union Pacific Railroad's Sunset Route that links the Los Angeles ports with the South/Southeast regions of the country.

[[Raytheon]] Missiles and Defense (formerly [[Hughes Aircraft Co.]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-tucson-s-biggest-manufacturing-plant-was-almost-built/article_202c62a1-c68d-5a28-87b9-98532741cc46.html|title=Street Smarts: Tucson's biggest manufacturing plant was almost built in Phoenix|author=David Leighton|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|date=May 4, 2015 |access-date=July 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707202320/https://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-tucson-s-biggest-manufacturing-plant-was-almost-built/article_202c62a1-c68d-5a28-87b9-98532741cc46.html|archive-date=July 7, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Texas Instruments]], [[IBM]], [[Intuit Inc.]], [[Universal Avionics]], [[Honeywell Aerospace]], [[Sunquest Information Systems]], [[Sanofi-Aventis]], [[Ventana Medical Systems]], Inc., and [[Bombardier Aerospace]] all have a large presence in Tucson. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of [[optics]] and [[optoelectronics]] systems, earning Tucson the nickname "[[Optics Valley]]".<ref>{{cite web|last=Fischer|first=Alan D.|url=http://www.azstarnet.com/neweconomy/optics.html|title=Optics Valley: Can Tucson stay king of the hill?|access-date=August 25, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225045005/http://www.azstarnet.com/neweconomy/optics.html|archive-date=December 25, 2007|url-status=dead|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star}}</ref> Much of this comes from the [[Steward Observatory]] at the University of Arizona, which is one of few locations in the world that can cast the enormous mirrors used in telescopes around the world and in space.

Tourism is another major industry in Tucson. The city's many resorts, hotels, and attractions bring in $2&nbsp;billion and over 3.5&nbsp;million visitors annually.<ref>Long, Levy J. (October 10, 2006). {{cite web|url=http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/85704/150067 |title=Luxury labels: Tiffany, Louis Vuitton could inspire more high-end retailers to try Tucson. |access-date=December 29, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528024424/http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/85704/150067 |archive-date=May 28, 2008 }} ''Arizona Daily Star''. Retrieved March 12, 2010.</ref>

One of the major annual attractions is the [[Tucson Gem and Mineral Show]], and its associated shows, all held generally in the first two weeks of February. These associated shows (such as gems, jewelry, beads, and fossils) are held throughout the city, with 43 different shows in 2010. This makes Tucson's the largest such exposition in the world. Its yearly economic impact in 2015 was evaluated at $120&nbsp;million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biztucson.com/2015/01/16/worlds-biggest-gem-show-120-million-economic-impact/|title=BizTUCSON {{!}} World's Biggest Gem Show – $120 Million Economic Impact|language=en-US|access-date=November 23, 2019|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809131818/https://biztucson.com/2015/01/16/worlds-biggest-gem-show-120-million-economic-impact/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In addition to vacationers, many winter residents, or "[[Snowbird (person)|snowbirds]]", are attracted to Tucson's mild winters and live here on a seasonal basis. They also contribute to the local economy. Snowbirds often purchase [[Vacation property|second homes]] in Tucson and nearby areas, contributing significantly to the property tax base.

===Top employers===
According to Tucson's 2023 [[Annual comprehensive financial report|Annual Comprehensive Financial Report]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tucsonaz.gov/files/sharedassets/public/v/1/bsd/documents/finance-documents/city-of-tucson-fy-2023-annual-comprehensive-financial-report-final.pdf|title=City of Tucson 2023 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report|page=208|access-date=June 4, 2024|date=June 30, 2023}}</ref> the top employers in the city are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Employer
! # of Employees
|-
|1
|[[University of Arizona]]
|10,864
|-
|2
|[[Raytheon Technologies]]
|9,600
|-
|3
|[[Davis–Monthan Air Force Base]]
|8,580
|-
|4
|[[State of Arizona]]
|8,500
|-
|5
|[[Tucson Unified School District|Tucson Unified School District No. 1]]
|7,700
|-
|6
|[[Pima County]]
|7,060
|-
|7
|[[Banner University Medical Center Tucson]]
|6,272
|-
|8
|[[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]]
|5,739
|-
|9
|[[Freeport-McMoran Copper & Gold, Inc.]]
|5,530
|-
|10
|[[Walmart]]
|5,500
|}

==Arts and culture==
===Annual cultural events and fairs===
====Tucson Gem and Mineral Show====
The [[Tucson Gem & Mineral Show]] is one of the largest gem and mineral shows in the world and has been held for over 50 years. The show is only one part of the [[Gemstone|gem]], [[mineral]], [[fossil]] and [[bead]] gathering held across more than 45 different sites in Tucson.<ref>[http://www.tgms.org/ Tucson Gem and Mineral Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204005257/http://www.tgms.org/ |date=December 4, 2008 }}. Retrieved March 12, 2010.</ref> The shows run from late January to mid-February, with the official show lasting two weeks in February.

====Tucson Festival of Books====
Since 2009, the [[Tucson Festival of Books]] has been held annually over a two-day period in March at the [[University of Arizona]]. By 2010 it had become the fourth largest book festival in the United States, with 450 authors and 80,000 attendees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tucson Festival of Books now fourth largest book fair in U.S. |url=http://tucsonfestivalofbooks.org/item/show/123874 |access-date=March 9, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418171516/http://tucsonfestivalofbooks.org/item/show/123874 |archive-date=April 18, 2012}}</ref> In addition to readings and lectures, it features a science fair, varied entertainment, food, and exhibitors ranging from local retailers and publishers to regional and national nonprofit organizations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tucson Festival of Books: Exhibitors |url=http://tucsonfestivalofbooks.org/exhibitor/list |access-date=March 9, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313060140/http://tucsonfestivalofbooks.org/exhibitor/list |archive-date=March 13, 2013}}</ref>

==== El Tour de Tucson ====
[[El Tour de Tucson]] is a cycling race that has been happening in Tucson since 1983. The race tends to happen in the month of November, before [[Thanksgiving (United States)|American Thanksgiving]]. There are a number of distances available to ride, from 1-mile fun rides to a long distance ride that spans the whole city resulting in 102 miles. In addition to being a competitive race, this race also allows non-profit charities to raise funds for their organizations. The race was first held by the [[Perimeter Bicycling Association]] in 1983 with less than 200 cyclists, and raised $4,500; by 2023 there have been close to 9,000 cyclists and raised $5.8 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Perimeter {{!}} El Tour de Tucson – Perimeter Bicycling |url=https://eltourdetucson.org/about-perimeter/ |access-date=2024-10-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> It was recently named a top 10 road race in the United States, ranking at #4.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=Top 10 Road Cycling Events in 2024 Ranked by USA Today - Unlimited Biking Blog |url=https://www.unlimitedbiking.com/blog/uncategorized/top-10-road-cycling-events-in-2024-ranked-by-usa-today/ |access-date=2024-10-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Tucson Folk Festival====
For the past 33 years, the Tucson Folk Festival has taken place the first Saturday and Sunday of May in downtown Tucson's El Presidio Park. In addition to nationally known headline acts each evening, the Festival highlights over 100 local and regional musicians on five stages and is one of the largest free festivals in the country. All stages are within easy walking distance. Organized by the Tucson Kitchen Musicians' Association,<ref>[http://www.tkma.org The Tucson Folk Festival homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506020553/http://tkma.org/ |date=May 6, 2018 }}. Retrieved March 12, 2010.</ref> volunteers make this festival possible. [[KXCI]] 91.3-FM, Arizona's only community radio station, is a major partner, broadcasting from the Plaza Stage throughout the weekend. There are also many workshops, events for children, sing-alongs, and a popular singer-songwriter contest. Musicians typically play 30-minute sets, supported by professional audio staff volunteers. A variety of food and crafts are available at the festival, as well as local microbrews. All proceeds help fund future festivals.

====Fourth Avenue Street Fair====
[[File:US Navy 070317-N-5324D-002 Sailors from the Los Angeles-class fast attack submarine USS Tucson (SSN 770) and Navy Operational Support Center Tucson take part in the annual St. Patrick's Day Parade.jpg|thumb|right|Sailors take part in the annual [[St. Patrick's Day]] parade.]]
There are two Fourth Avenue Street Fairs, in December and late March/early April, staged between 9th Street and University Boulevard, that feature arts and crafts booths, food vendors and street performers. The fairs began in 1970 when Fourth Avenue, which at the time had half a dozen thrift shops, several New Age bookshops and the Food Conspiracy Co-Op, was a gathering place for [[hippies]], and a few merchants put tables in front of their stores to attract customers before the holidays.

These days, the street fair has grown into a large corporate event, with most tables owned by outside merchants. It hosts mostly traveling craftsmen selling various arts such as pottery, paintings, wood working, metal decorations, candles, and many others.

====Tucson Rodeo (Fiesta de los Vaqueros)====
[[File:TeamRopingTucson.jpg|thumb|right|Team roping competition at Tucson's ''Fiesta de los Vaqueros'']]

Another popular event held in February, which is early spring in Tucson, is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros, or [[rodeo]] week, founded by winter visitor, Leighton Kramer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-kramer-ave-named-for-winter-visitor-who-helped/article_83577fb0-db6d-5bee-a64a-e5a35dd52130.html|title=Street Smarts: Kramer Ave. named for winter visitor who helped start rodeo, parade in 1925|author=David Leighton|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=July 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707202438/https://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-kramer-ave-named-for-winter-visitor-who-helped/article_83577fb0-db6d-5bee-a64a-e5a35dd52130.html|archive-date=July 7, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> While at its heart the Fiesta is a sporting event, it includes what is billed as "the world's largest non-mechanized parade".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tucson Rodeo Parade |url=http://www.tucsonrodeoparade.com/Pages001/Parade.htm |access-date=March 12, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301085026/http://tucsonrodeoparade.com/Pages001/Parade.htm |archive-date=March 1, 2010}}</ref> The Rodeo Parade is a popular event as most schools give two rodeo days off instead of Presidents' Day. The exception is Presidio High (a non-public charter school), which does not get either. Western wear is seen throughout the city as corporate dress codes are cast aside during the Fiesta. The Fiesta de los Vaqueros marks the beginning of the rodeo season in the United States.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

====Tucson Meet Yourself====
Every October for the past 30 years, the Tucson Meet Yourself festival<ref>[http://www.tucsonmeetyourself.org/ Tucson Meet Yourself, Tucson Festival, Tucson Folk Arts, Tucson Entertainment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811121220/http://www.tucsonmeetyourself.org/ |date=August 11, 2007 }}. Retrieved March 12, 2010.</ref> has celebrated the city's many ethnic groups. For one weekend, the downtown area features dancing, singing, artwork, and food from more than 30 different ethnicities. The event is held at and around the Jacome Plaza,<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2017 |title=Jacome Plaza |url=https://www.tucsonaz.gov/parks/jacomeplaza |access-date=October 7, 2022 |website=www.tucsonaz.gov |language=en}}</ref> located in front of the Joel D. Valdez Main Library. All performers are from Tucson and the surrounding area, in keeping with the idea of "meeting yourself." The records of the Tucson Meet Yourself Festival reside at the University of Arizona Special Collections Library.<ref>{{cite web |title=Records of the Tucson Meet Yourself finding aid |url=http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/uoa/UAMS618.xml |access-date=June 11, 2020}}</ref>

====Tucson Modernism Week====
Since 2012, during the first two weekends of October, the [[Tucson Historic Preservation Foundation]] hosts Tucson Modernism Week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tucsonmod.com|title=Tucson Modernism Week|website=Tucsonmod.com|access-date=September 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910185052/https://www.tucsonmod.com/|archive-date=September 10, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>  The event includes more than 30 programs including tours, lectures, exhibits, films and parties. The events are in mid-century modern buildings and neighborhoods throughout the city and highlight the work of significant architects and designers who contributed to the development and history of southern Arizona including: architect [[Arthur Brown Jr.|Arthur Brown]], fashion designer [[Dolores Gonzales]], architect Bob Swaim, architect Anne Rysdale, textile designers [[Harwood and Sophie Steiger]], architect Nick Sakellar, architectural designer Tom Gist, furniture designer [[Max Gottschalk]], architect Ned Nelson, landscape architect Guy Green, architect Juan Worner Baz, and many others.

====All Souls Procession Weekend====
[[File:TPPL Day of Dead float, 2009.jpg|thumb|right|Day of the Dead float, Pima County Public Library, 2009 procession]]
The [[All Soul's Weekend|All Souls Procession]], held in early November, is one of Tucson's largest festivals. Modeled on the Mexican holiday [[Day of the Dead|Dia de los Muertos]] (Day of the Dead), it combines aspects of many different cultural traditions.<ref name="Westerman-2011">{{cite book|last=Westerman|first=Kim|title=Explorer's Guide Tucson: A Great Destination (Explorer's Great Destinations)|year=2011|publisher=The Countryman Press|isbn=978-1-58157-909-3|pages=38–39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZJIayduy-EC&pg=PT38|access-date=November 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120193902/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZJIayduy-EC&pg=PT38|archive-date=January 20, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The first All Souls Procession was organized by local artist Susan Kay Johnson in 1990 and involved 35 participants; by 2013, participation was estimated at 50,000.<ref name="MobileReference-2007">{{cite book|last=MobileReference|title=Encyclopedia of Observances, Holidays and Celebrations|year=2007|publisher=MobileReference Series|pages=198–199|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VhTa1Eiq7oC&pg=PT198|isbn=978-1-60501-177-6|access-date=November 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120030837/https://books.google.com/books?id=5VhTa1Eiq7oC&pg=PT198|archive-date=January 20, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Herreras">{{cite web|last=Herreras|first=Mari|title=All Souls, All Community: Tucson's heart exposes itself every All Souls Procession|url=http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/all-souls-all-community/Content?oid=3902713|work=Tucson Weekly|access-date=November 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107025047/http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/all-souls-all-community/Content?oid=3902713|archive-date=November 7, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Procession, held at sundown, consists of a non-motorized parade through downtown Tucson featuring many floats, sculptures, and memorials, in which the community is encouraged to participate. The parade is followed by performances on an outdoor stage, culminating in the burning of an urn in which written prayers have been collected from participants and spectators.<ref name="Herreras"/><ref name="Regan-2009">{{cite web|last=Regan|first=Margaret|title=To Mourn and to Honor: The All Souls Procession enters its third decade of helping Tucsonans deal with death|url=http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/to-mourn-and-to-honor/Content?oid=1519884|work=Tucson Weekly|access-date=November 13, 2013|date=November 5, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113195613/http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/to-mourn-and-to-honor/Content?oid=1519884|archive-date=November 13, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The event is organized and funded by the non-profit arts organization Many Mouths One Stomach, with the help of volunteers and donations from the public and local businesses.<ref name="Herreras"/>

===Cyclovia Tucson===
Cyclovia Tucson is an annual event supported by Living Streets Alliance that invites people of all ages and abilities to walk, bike, and roll down car-free streets for a day. Cyclovia is an Open Streets initiative designed to maximize the enormous amount of space taken up by roads in sprawling cities like Tucson. Since 2012, Cyclovia transforms the streets of metro Tucson into a block party atmosphere to socialize, incorporating partnerships with small businesses, and giving people the opportunity to move freely through the streets without moving cars. Cyclovia happens twice a year, typically in the spring and in the fall.

===Cultural and other attractions===
Cultural and other attractions include:
* [[Arizona Historical Society]]
* The [[Sosa-Carrillo-Fremont House|Fremont House]] is an original adobe house in the Tucson Community Center that was saved when one of Tucson's earliest barrios was razed as part of urban renewal.
* [[Fort Lowell|Fort Lowell Museum]]
* [[Mission San Xavier del Bac]]
* [[Old Tucson Studios]], built as a set for the movie ''[[Arizona (1940 film)|Arizona]]'', is a [[movie studio]] and [[theme park]] for classic [[Western movie|Westerns]].
* The [[Tucson Museum of Art]] was established as part of an art school, the Art Center, which was founded by local Tucson artists, including [[Rose Cabat]].<ref name="Regan">Regan, Margaret. "Ninety and Nimble". ''Tucson Weekly''. Tucson, Arizona. October 7, 2004.</ref>
* The [[University of Arizona Museum of Art]] includes works by [[Franz Kline]], [[Jackson Pollock]] and [[Mark Rothko]] as part of the Edward J. Gallagher Memorial Collection, a tribute to a young man who was killed in a boating accident. The museum also includes the Samuel H. Kress Collection of European works from the 14th to 19th centuries and the C. Leonard Pfeiffer Collection of American paintings.
* [[Center for Creative Photography]], a leading museum with many works by major artists such as [[Ansel Adams]] and [[Edward Weston]].
* International Wildlife Museum maintains an exhibition of over four-hundred different mounted and prepared animal species hunted from around the globe.<ref>[http://www.thewildlifemuseum.org/static/index.cfm?contentID=1857/ Thewildlifemuseum.org],{{dead link|date=October 2017}} retrieved 12-15-10</ref><ref>[http://www.thewildlifemuseum.org/?landed=1 Thewildlifemuseum.org], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229012142/http://www.thewildlifemuseum.org/?landed=1 |date=December 29, 2010 }} retrieved 12-15-10</ref>
* The [[DeGrazia Gallery in the Sun Historic District|DeGrazia Gallery in the Sun]] is an iconic Tucson landmark in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
* [[Titan Missile Museum]] is about {{convert|25|mi|abbr=on}} south of the city on [[Interstate 19 (Arizona)|I-19]]. This is a Cold War-era [[Titan (rocket family)|Titan]] nuclear [[missile silo]] (billed as the only remaining intact post-Cold War Titan missile silo) turned tourist stop.
* [[Pima Air & Space Museum]] has a wide assortment of aircraft on display both indoors and outdoors.
* [[Pima County Fair]]
* [[Trail Dust Town]] is an outdoor shopping mall and restaurant complex built from the remains of a 1950 western movie set.
* [[Museum of the Horse Soldier]]
* [[Jewish History Museum (Tucson)|Jewish History Museum]]
* [[Centennial Hall (Tucson, Arizona)|Centennial Hall]] opened in 1937 as the University of Arizona's campus auditorium, designed by architect [[Roy Place]].
* Tucson Chinese Cultural Center
* Tucson Loop Shared Use Bike Path
* [[Arizona State Museum]] (on the University of Arizona campus)
* [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Tucson]]

Fourth Avenue, near the [[University of Arizona]], is home to many shops, restaurants, and bars, and hosts the annual 4th Avenue Street Fair every December and March. University Boulevard, leading directly to the UA Main Gate, is also the center of numerous bars, retail shops, and restaurants most commonly frequented by the large student population of the UA.

[[El Tiradito]] is a religious shrine in the downtown area. The shrine dates back to the early days of Tucson. It is based on a love story of revenge and murder. People stop by the shrine to light a candle for someone in need, a place for people to go give hope.

[[Biosphere 2]] is a {{convert|3.14|acre|ha|adj=on}} educational facility designed to mimic a tropical or sub-tropical climate-controlled environment.<ref>[http://www.b2science.org/b2/about-fact.html B2science.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229213312/http://www.b2science.org/b2/about-fact.html |date=December 29, 2010 }}, retrieved December 15, 2010</ref>

===Literary arts===
The accomplished and awarded writers (poets, novelists, dramatists, nonfiction writers) who have lived in Tucson include [[Edward Abbey]], [[Erskine Caldwell]], [[Barbara Kingsolver]] and [[David Foster Wallace]]. Some were associated with the University of Arizona, but many were independent writers who chose to make Tucson their home. The city is particularly active in publishing and presenting contemporary innovative poetry in various ways. Examples are the [[Chax Press]], a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions, and the [[University of Arizona Poetry Center]], which has a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops.

===Performing arts===
Theater groups include the [[Arizona Theatre Company]], which performs in the Temple of Music and Art, and [[Arizona Onstage Productions]], a not-for-profit theater company devoted to musical theater. [[Broadway in Tucson]] presents the touring reproductions of many Broadway-style events. The Gaslight Theater produces musical melodrama parodies in the old Jerry Lewis Theater and has been in Tucson since 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thegaslighttheatre.com/history/|title=History|work=The Gaslight Theatre|access-date=December 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203144137/http://thegaslighttheatre.com/history/|archive-date=December 3, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Tucson is home to the Tucson Symphony Orchestra, the oldest performing arts organization in the state of Arizona.

The annual Tucson Fringe Festival, held in various local venues in and around Downtown Tucson, offers non-traditional artistic performances at low cost to the public. The festival is held in early January each year.

===City of Tucson Designated Historic Landmarks===
* [[San Pedro Chapel]], Designated 1981 
* Smith House, Designated 1986
* Cannon-Douglas House, Designated 1986
* [[Sosa–Carrillo–Fremont House]], Part of TCC PAD, Designated 1987
* El Con Water Tower, Designated 1991
* [[El Tiradito]] Wishing Shrine, Designated 1995
* [[Valley of the Moon (Tucson, Arizona)|Valley of the Moon]], Designated, 2015
* Broadway Village, Designated 2015
* Voorhees-Pattison House, Designated 2015
* Rubinstein House, Designated 2018
* Williamson House, Designated 2018
* [[Hirsh's Shoes]], Designated 2018
* Benedictine Monastery, Designated 2019
* [[Ball-Paylore House]], Designated 2020
* Kirby Lockard House, Designated 2020
* Beck House, Designated 2021  
* Loerpabel Joesler House, Designated 2022

===Music===
[[Music of Tucson, Arizona|Musical organizations]] include the [[Tucson Symphony Orchestra]] (founded in 1929) and [[Arizona Opera]] (founded as the Tucson Opera Company in 1971). The [[Tucson Arizona Boys Chorus]], founded in 1939 and performing a wide-ranging repertoire that incorporates [[Trick roping|rope tricks]], has represented the city as "Ambassadors in Levi's" at local, national, and international concerts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.movingimagearchivenews.org/t-model-hank-rides-and-tucson-boys-sing/|title=T-Model Hank Rides and Tucson Boys Sing|date=July 28, 2015|access-date=January 14, 2019|work=Moving Image Archive News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115181926/http://www.movingimagearchivenews.org/t-model-hank-rides-and-tucson-boys-sing/|archive-date=January 15, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1QdKfWZ2W4| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/q1QdKfWZ2W4| archive-date=October 28, 2021|title=Tucson Arizona Boys Chorus (video)|date=December 8, 2016|access-date=January 14, 2019|work=[[KGUN-TV]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The [[Tucson Girls Chorus]] runs six choirs and numerous satellite choirs which perform locally, nationally, and internationally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tucsongirlschorus.org/Home/about-us/history|title=History|publisher=Tucson Girls Chorus|access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117070151/http://www.tucsongirlschorus.org/Home/about-us/history|archive-date=January 17, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Tucson is considered an influential center for [[Mariachi]] music and is home to a large number of Mariachi musicians and singers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tatum|first=Charles M.|title=Chicano Popular Culture: Que Hable el Pueblo|series=The Mexican American Experience|date=August 2, 2001|publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]]|isbn=978-0-8165-1983-5|page=46}}</ref> The Tucson International Mariachi Conference, hosted annually since 1982, involves several hundred mariachi bands and folklorica dance troops during a three-day festival in April.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2007/04/26/49160-mariachi-25-years-of-greatness/|title=Mariachi: 25 years of greatness|last=Rosendtadt|first=Jose|date=April 26, 2007|work=[[Tucson Citizen]]|page=Calendar|access-date=December 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060957/http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2007/04/26/49160-mariachi-25-years-of-greatness/|archive-date=October 11, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Norteño (music)|Norteño]] Festival and Street Fair in the [[enclave]] city of [[South Tucson]] is held annually at the end of summer.

Tucson is also known nationally for its [[Punk subculture|punk]] scene. Since the late 1970s [[punk subculture]] has flourished in Tucson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trialanderrorcollective.com/rockindieexperimental/they-called-it-thc-a-glimpse-into-tucsons-punk-history|title=They Called It T.H.C.: A Glimpse into Tucson's Punk History|last1=Gonzales|first1=Greg|last2=Eshrati|first2=Parisa|date=November 17, 2016|website=Trial and Error Collective|access-date=April 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428093558/http://www.trialanderrorcollective.com/rockindieexperimental/they-called-it-thc-a-glimpse-into-tucsons-punk-history|archive-date=April 28, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> At present there are multiple punk bars downtown and house venues in the surrounding neighborhoods.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wildcat.arizona.edu/article/2017/12/punk-the-lost-music-in-tucson|title=Punk, the lost music in Tucson|last=Spooner|first=Steven|date=December 4, 2017|work=the Daily Wildcat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428093554/http://www.wildcat.arizona.edu/article/2017/12/punk-the-lost-music-in-tucson|archive-date=April 28, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Prominent musicians based in Tucson or with ties to the city include [[Linda Ronstadt]], [[Lalo Guerrero]], [[The Dusty Chaps (band)|The Dusty Chaps]], [[Howe Gelb]], [[Bob Log III]], [[Calexico (band)|Calexico]], [[Giant Sand]], [[Hipster Daddy-O and the Handgrenades]], [[The Bled]], [[AJJ (band)|AJJ]], [[Ramshackle Glory]], and Tucson's official troubadour Ted Ramirez. The Tucson Area Music Awards, or TAMMIES, are an annual event.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/critics-choice-awards/Content?oid=1084553 |title=Critics' Choice Awards: Best Band or Artist: Calexico |publisher=[[Tucson Weekly]] |date=June 29, 2006 |access-date=March 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406104255/http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/critics-choice-awards/Content?oid=1084553 |archive-date=April 6, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Television and film===
Tucson has been the setting and filming location for multiple films. Some notable films that have been filmed in Tucson include ''[[Revenge of the Nerds]]'', ''[[Can't Buy Me Love (film)|Can't Buy Me Love]]'', ''[[Major League (film)|Major League]]'', ''[[Tombstone (film)|Tombstone]]'', and ''[[Tin Cup]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=5 'modern movies' that were filmed in Tucson |url=https://tucson.com/entertainment/movies/5-modern-movies-that-were-filmed-in-tucson/collection_b9eceffe-63c5-11e5-80d6-8312ff318885.html#5 |website=Tucson.com|date=July 22, 2019 }}</ref> The city is also a common filming location and setting for [[Western (genre)|Western films]], most were filmed at [[Old Tucson]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Westerns filmed at Old Tucson |url=https://tucson.com/entertainment/westerns-filmed-at-old-tucson/collection_d39a78ca-8f67-11e7-9c73-f35fac6328de.html#1 |website=Tucson.com|date=June 9, 2018 }}</ref> The television show ''[[Hey Dude]]'' was filmed at Tanque Verde Ranch.<ref>{{cite web |title=Visiting the set of "Hey Dude" in Tucson |url=https://www.kgun9.com/news/local-news/visiting-the-set-of-hey-dude-in-tucson |website=KGUN9.com|date=January 27, 2020 }}</ref> Additionally, the fictional motorcycle clubs the Sons of Anarchy and Mayans from the television shows ''[[Sons of Anarchy]]'' and ''[[Mayans M.C.]]'' both have Tucson chapters that are featured in the show. In the [[Sons of Anarchy (season 4)|season 4]] ''Sons of Anarchy'' episode "Una Venta", the cast travels to Tucson to discuss an issue with the Tucson chapter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sons of Anarchy Season 4 Episode 4 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/sons_of_anarchy/s04/e04 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> The upcoming TV series ''Duster'' began filming in Tucson in October 2021. The series is specifically being filmed in downtown Tucson and the [[Tucson Mountains]] region of [[Saguaro National Park]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Roads closing for HBO filming in Tucson's downtown, Saguaro National Park |url=https://www.kold.com/2021/10/13/roads-closing-hbo-filming-tucsons-downtown-saguaro-national-park/ |website=KOLD.com|date=October 13, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why was HBO Max's 'Duster' pilot shot in Tucson?|url=https://www.wildcat.arizona.edu/article/2021/12/a-duster|access-date=February 1, 2022|website=The Daily Wildcat|archive-date=January 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131210643/https://www.wildcat.arizona.edu/article/2021/12/a-duster|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
Tucson is well known for its [[Sonora]]n-style Mexican food.<ref>Alpers, Jackie. [http://www.foodnetwork.com/restaurants/photos/welcome-to-tucson--10-must-try-mexican-inspired-dishes.html "Welcome to Tucson: 10 Must-Try Mexican-Inspired Dishes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415223652/http://www.foodnetwork.com/restaurants/photos/welcome-to-tucson--10-must-try-mexican-inspired-dishes.html |date=April 15, 2016 }}, Food Network. Retrieved April 10, 2016.</ref><ref>Arellano, Gustavo (March 6, 2018). [https://wamu.org/story/18/03/06/why-doesnt-tucsons-mexican-food-scene-get-more-national-attention/ "Why Doesn't Tucson's Mexican Food Scene Get More National Attention?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328164932/https://wamu.org/story/18/03/06/why-doesnt-tucsons-mexican-food-scene-get-more-national-attention/ |date=March 28, 2018 }} ''WAMU''. Retrieved March 28, 2018.</ref>  Since the turn of the century, other ethnic restaurants and fine dining choices have proliferated.<ref>Downing, Renée (July 27, 2006). [http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/the-birth-of-tucson-cuisine/Content?oid=1084809 "The Birth of Tucson Cuisine"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424071311/http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/the-birth-of-tucson-cuisine/Content?oid=1084809 |date=April 24, 2016 }}, ''Tucson Weekly''. Retrieved April 10, 2016.</ref><ref>Tersigni, Jennifer (October 16, 2014). [https://tucsonfoodie.com/2014/10/16/must-try-12-amazing-ethnic-dishes-from-all-over-tucson/ "Must Try: 12 Amazing Ethnic Dishes from All Over Tucson"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423203427/https://tucsonfoodie.com/2014/10/16/must-try-12-amazing-ethnic-dishes-from-all-over-tucson/ |date=April 23, 2016 }}, ''Tucson Foodie''. Retrieved April 10, 2016.</ref>

In 2015 the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]) designated Tucson a "world city of gastronomy" under the [[Creative Cities Network]] program,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tucsonaz.gov/integrated-planning/tucson-unesco-city-gastronomy|title=Tucson, UNESCO City of Gastronomy|website=www.tucsonaz.gov|language=en|access-date=October 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203062906/https://www.tucsonaz.gov/integrated-planning/tucson-unesco-city-gastronomy|archive-date=December 3, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> becoming thus the first city of gastronomy in the United States.<ref>Berlin, Andi (December 11, 2015). [http://tucson.com/business/local/unesco-designates-tucson-as-world-city-of-gastronomy/article_55f3f0a6-0b47-5fab-8672-af53bef07f15.html "UNESCO Designates Tucson as World City of Gastronomy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914212145/http://tucson.com/business/local/unesco-designates-tucson-as-world-city-of-gastronomy/article_55f3f0a6-0b47-5fab-8672-af53bef07f15.html |date=September 14, 2016 }}, ''Arizona Daily Star''. Retrieved August 27, 2016.</ref><ref>Severson, Kim (August 23, 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/24/dining/tucson-food-unesco.html "Tucson Becomes an Unlikely Food Star"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224121139/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/24/dining/tucson-food-unesco.html |date=December 24, 2016 }}, ''The New York Times''. Retrieved August 27, 2016.</ref> The city's focus on food includes [[Mission Garden]], a living agricultural museum that showcases the crops and trees that have been grown in the area for over 4000 years.

The [[Sonoran hot dog]] is very popular in Tucson. A hot dog is wrapped in bacon and grilled, served on a [[bolillo]]-style hot dog bun, and topped with pinto beans, onions, tomatoes, and a variety of additional condiments, often including mayonnaise, mustard, and jalapeño salsa.<ref>Nevarez, Griselda (August 15, 2015). [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/tucsons-savory-invention-sonoran-hot-dog-n406211 "Tucson's Savory Invention: The Sonoran Hot Dog"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729230737/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/tucsons-savory-invention-sonoran-hot-dog-n406211 |date=July 29, 2019 }}, NBC News. Retrieved April 10, 2016.</ref><ref>Robbins, Ted (August 6, 2009). [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106366080 "The Sonoran Hotdog Crosses the Border"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405020009/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106366080 |date=April 5, 2018 }}, NPR. Retrieved April 10, 2016.</ref><ref>Edge, John T. (August 25, 2009). [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/26/dining/26unit.html "In Praise of the All-American Mexican Hot Dog"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020145308/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/26/dining/26unit.html |date=October 20, 2016 }}, ''The New York Times''. Retrieved April 10, 2016.</ref> Tucson also has a strong, though contested, claim to being the place of origin of the [[chimichanga]].

===Nicknames===
Tucson is commonly known as "The Old Pueblo". While the exact origin of this nickname is uncertain, it is commonly traced back to Mayor [[Robert N. Leatherwood|R. N. "Bob" Leatherwood]]. When [[railroad|rail service]] was established to the city on March 20, 1880, Leatherwood celebrated the fact by sending telegrams to various leaders, including the [[President of the United States]] and the [[Pope]], announcing the "ancient and honorable pueblo" of Tucson was now connected by rail to the outside world. The term became popular with newspaper writers who often abbreviated it as "A. and H. Pueblo". This in turn transformed into the current form of "The Old Pueblo".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tucson.com/news/state-and-regional/history-and-culture/life-in-the-old-pueblo-here-s-how-tucson-came/article_8bf4391f-1499-5e71-bdd8-178e3c52b96d.html|title=Life in the Old Pueblo: Here's how Tucson came to own its charming nickname|author=Jim Turner|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=July 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707201830/https://tucson.com/news/state-and-regional/history-and-culture/life-in-the-old-pueblo-here-s-how-tucson-came/article_8bf4391f-1499-5e71-bdd8-178e3c52b96d.html|archive-date=July 7, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the early 1980s, city leaders ran a contest searching for a new nickname. The winning entry was the "Sunshine Factory".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GY5PAAAAIBAJ&pg=5518,5331610&dq=tucson+sunshine+factory&hl=en|title='The Sunshine Factory' Picked as New Nickname for Tucson|date=November 15, 1981|work=Ocala Star-Banner|page=11A|location=Ocala, Florida|agency=Associated Press|access-date=November 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908094015/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GY5PAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aQYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5518,5331610&dq=tucson+sunshine+factory&hl=en|archive-date=September 8, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>  The new nickname never gained popular acceptance, allowing the old name to remain in common use.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JGsaAAAAIBAJ&pg=6594,4066995&dq=tucson+sunshine+factory&hl=en|title=There's more to Tucson than Sun, Guns, Scenery|last=Abel|first=Barbara|date=January 8, 1984|work=The Milwaukee Journal|pages=Travel 1–4|access-date=November 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908091903/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JGsaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NCoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6594,4066995&dq=tucson+sunshine+factory&hl=en|archive-date=September 8, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>  Tucson was dubbed "[[Optics Valley]]" in 1992 when ''[[Business Week]]'' ran a cover story on the Arizona Optics Industry Association.<ref>{{cite book|last=Liou|first=Koutsai T. |title=Handbook of economic development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxxJkKYAzioC&q=tucson+optics+valley&pg=PA205|year=1998|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=0-8247-0181-X|page=205}}</ref>

==Sports==
Tucson is not represented in any of the [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|five major sports leagues of the United States]]: the [[NFL]], [[MLB]], the [[NBA]], the [[NHL]], or [[MLS]].

The [[University of Arizona|University of Arizona's]] athletic teams, most notably the [[Arizona Wildcats men's basketball|men's basketball]], [[Arizona Wildcats football|football]], [[Arizona Wildcats baseball|baseball]], and [[Arizona Wildcats softball|softball]] teams, have strong local interest. The men's basketball team, formerly coached by Hall of Fame head coach [[Lute Olson]] and currently coached by [[Tommy Lloyd]], made 25 straight [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA Tournaments]] appearances (1985–2009) and won the 1997 National Championship. Arizona's softball team has reached the NCAA National Championship game 12 times and has won 8 times, most recently in 2007. Arizona's baseball team won NCAA National Championships in 1976, 1980, 1986, and 2012. The university's [[Arizona Wildcats#Swimming|swim teams]] have gained international recognition, with swimmers coming from as far as Japan and Africa to train with coach [[Frank Busch]], who has also worked with the U.S. Olympic swim team for numerous years. Both men's and women's swim teams won the 2008 [[NCAA]] National Championships.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.collegemedianetwork.com/search/Arizona+Icecats |title=College News Updates |publisher=College Media Networks |access-date=January 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325133131/http://news.collegemedianetwork.com/search/Arizona+Icecats |archive-date=March 25, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Tucson May 2019 22 (Tucson Arena at the Tucson Convention Center).jpg|thumb|Tucson Arena is home to the [[Tucson Roadrunners]] and [[Tucson Sugar Skulls]]]]

In [[ice hockey]], the [[Tucson Roadrunners]] of the [[American Hockey League]] began play during the 2016–2017 season after relocating to Tucson in 2016. They play at the [[Tucson Convention Center|Tucson Convention Center Arena]] from October to April, and are the top affiliate of the [[Utah Hockey Club]].

In [[American football]], the [[Indoor Football League]] announced in 2018 they were bringing an expansion team to Tucson to play at the [[Tucson Convention Center]]'s newly renovated Tucson Arena starting in 2019. That team would be announced as the [[Tucson Sugar Skulls]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tucson.com/sports/local/sweet-tucson-s-new-indoor-football-league-team-picks-a/article_90151e2c-bd36-11e8-a242-d3756e45a1d3.html |title=Sweet: Tucson's new Indoor Football League team picks a name with local significance |author=Ryan Finlay |website=tucson.com |date=September 20, 2018 |access-date=September 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924070625/https://tucson.com/sports/local/sweet-tucson-s-new-indoor-football-league-team-picks-a/article_90151e2c-bd36-11e8-a242-d3756e45a1d3.html |archive-date=September 24, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[baseball]], the [[Tucson Saguaros]] of the independent [[Pecos League]] began play in 2016 and play at the [[Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium]]. They won the league in their inaugural season and won two more championships in 2020 and 2021. The [[Tucson Padres]] played at [[Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium]] from 2011 to 2013. They served as the AAA affiliate of the [[San Diego Padres]]. The team, formerly known as the Portland Beavers, temporarily moved to Tucson from [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] while the team awaited a new stadium in [[Escondido, California|Escondido]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Finley, Patrick |url=http://azstarnet.com/sports/baseball/professional/minor/tucson-padres-new-california-stadium-deal-looks-unlikely/article_8ee8ffec-3254-11e1-85ad-001871e3ce6c.html |title=Tucson Padres owner to look at selling team |newspaper=Arizona Daily Star |date=December 29, 2011 |access-date=January 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202203243/http://azstarnet.com/sports/baseball/professional/minor/tucson-padres-new-california-stadium-deal-looks-unlikely/article_8ee8ffec-3254-11e1-85ad-001871e3ce6c.html |archive-date=February 2, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Trotto, Sarah|url=http://azstarnet.com/sports/baseball/professional/mlb/tucson-padres-notebook-moorad-kino-may-be-a-long-term/article_dcf103af-640e-558f-b448-550b3ebe84fb.html#ixzz1kCCYAMFN |title=TUCSON PADRES NOTEBOOK: Moorad: Kino may be a long-term option|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star |date=April 16, 2011 |access-date=January 22, 2012}}</ref> Legal issues derailed the plans to build the Escondido stadium, so they moved to [[El Paso, Texas]] for the 2014 season and onward. Previously, the [[Tucson Sidewinders]], a triple-A affiliate of the [[Arizona Diamondbacks]] from 1998 to 2008, won the [[Pacific Coast League]] championship and unofficial AAA championship in 2006. The Sidewinders played at [[Tucson Electric Park]] (now called Kino Sports Complex) and were in the Pacific Conference South of the PCL. The Sidewinders were sold in 2007 and moved to [[Reno, Nevada]] after the 2008 season. They now compete as the [[Reno Aces]], who have served as a triple-A affiliate for the Arizona Diamondbacks since 2009.

In [[Association football|soccer]], Tucson is host to the [[Mobile Mini Sun Cup]], the largest pre-season [[Major League Soccer]] (MLS) tournament in the country. As many as 11 MLS soccer clubs train in Tucson every winter. Tucson is also host to [[FC Tucson]], a professional soccer club that plays at the [[Kino Sports Complex North Stadium]] in the third-tier [[USL League Two]].

The [[United States Handball Association]] Hall of Fame is in Tucson.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushandball.org/content/category/30/83/128/ |title=The USHA Hall of Fame |publisher=United States Handball Association |access-date=September 29, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802231639/http://www.ushandball.org/content/category/30/83/128/ |archive-date=August 2, 2012}}</ref>

Tracks include [[Tucson Raceway Park]] and Rillito Downs. [[Tucson Raceway Park]] hosts [[NASCAR]]-sanctioned auto racing events and is one of only two asphalt short tracks in Arizona. Rillito Downs is an in-town destination on weekends in January and February each year. This historic track held the first organized [[quarter horse]] races in the world, and they are still racing there. The racetrack is threatened by development. The Moltacqua racetrack, was another historic horse racetrack on what is now Sabino Canyon Road and Vactor Ranch Trail, but it no longer exists.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-giant-boot-marks-spot-of-road-named-for/article_ee5a870a-cb54-5e4f-a041-46268b5d7ab6.html|title=Street Smarts: Giant boot marks spot of road named for Restaurant owning family|author=David Leighton|newspaper=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=July 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707230357/https://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-giant-boot-marks-spot-of-road-named-for/article_ee5a870a-cb54-5e4f-a041-46268b5d7ab6.html|archive-date=July 7, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Parks and recreation===
The city has more than 120 parks, from small and local to larger parks with ballfields, natural areas, lakes, 5 public golf courses, and [[Reid Park Zoo]]. The [[The Loop (Tucson)|Loop]] is a popular system of shared-use paths encircling the city primarily along washes and is usually well-separated from traffic. Several scenic parks and points of interest are also nearby, including the [[Tucson Botanical Gardens]], [[Tohono Chul Park]], [[Saguaro National Park]], [[Sabino Canyon]], and [[Biosphere 2]] (just north of the city, near the town of [[Oracle, Arizona|Oracle]]).

[[Tumamoc Hill]] is an active research site maintained by the [[University of Arizona]] and [[Pima County, Arizona|Pima County]] that doubles as a popular walking/running trail. The paved trail on Tumamoc Hill is 1.5 miles uphill (3 miles full trip), divided into two parts. The lower half is a much more gradual slope compared to the steep upper half reaching a final elevation of 2,340&nbsp;ft where it overlooks most of the city of Tucson. The trail attracts around 1500 visits a day from various demographics of the Tucson area.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Walk the Hill {{!}} Desert Laboratory on Tumamoc Hill|url=https://tumamoc.arizona.edu/walk-hill|access-date=August 20, 2020|newspaper=Desert Laboratory on Tumamoc Hill|date=February 13, 2020}}</ref>

[[Mt. Lemmon]] is {{convert|25|mi|km}} north (by the [[Catalina Highway]]) and over {{convert|6700|ft|m}} above Tucson in the Santa Catalina Mountains in the [[Coronado National Forest]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/coronado/recreation/recarea/?recid=25628&actid=105%22|title=Catalina Highway|website=Forest Service|access-date=April 21, 2024}}</ref> Outdoor activities in the Catalinas include hiking, mountain biking, birding, rock climbing, picnicking, camping, swimming in mountain stream pools, sky rides at Ski Valley, fishing, and photography. In winter with enough snow, the sky ride converts back to skiing at the southernmost ski resort in the continental United States. [[Summerhaven, Arizona|Summerhaven]], a community near the top of Mt. Lemmon, is also a popular destination.

The [[League of American Bicyclists]] gave Tucson a gold rating for bicycle friendliness in late April 2007. Tucson hosts the largest perimeter cycling event in the United States. The ride, called "[[El Tour de Tucson]]", takes place each November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving. [[El Tour de Tucson]] produced and promoted by [[Perimeter Bicycling]] has had as many as 10,000 participants from all over the world. In 2019, ridership is expected to be 6,000 cyclists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kvoa.com/news/local-news/2019/11/22/el-tour-de-tucson-2019-what-to-know/|title=El Tour de Tucson 2019: What to know|date=November 22, 2019|website=KVOA.com|language=en-US|access-date=November 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122205252/https://kvoa.com/news/local-news/2019/11/22/el-tour-de-tucson-2019-what-to-know/|archive-date=November 22, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tucson is one of only nine cities in the U.S. to receive a gold rating or higher for cycling friendliness from the [[League of American Bicyclists]]. The city is known for its winter cycling opportunities, with teams and riders from around the world spending a portion of the year training in Tucson's year-round biking climate. Popular mountain biking areas include Tucson Mountain Park, Sweetwater Preserve, the Tortolita Mountain trail systems, and Fantasy Island. Road cyclists take on Catalina Highway's steep climb year-round.

==Government==
[[Pima County]] supported [[John Kerry]] 53% to 47% in the [[2004 United States presidential election|2004 U.S. Presidential Election]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004//pages/results/states/AZ/P/00/county.000.html|title=CNN Election 2004|website=CNN|access-date=July 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204015328/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004//pages/results/states/AZ/P/00/county.000.html|archive-date=February 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Barack Obama]] 54% to 46% in the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 U.S. Presidential Election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/individual/#mapPAZ|title=Local and National Election Results - Election Center 2008 - Elections & Politics from CNN.com|website=CNN|access-date=July 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081107105721/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/individual/#mapPAZ|archive-date=November 7, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> In the latter year, Pima was the only county to vote against Arizona's gay marriage ban.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azsos.gov/results/2008/general/BM102.htm|title=2008 General Election – Ballot Measures|date=November 1, 2011|website=www.azsos.gov|access-date=July 7, 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101120208/http://www.azsos.gov/results/2008/general/BM102.htm|archive-date=November 1, 2011}}</ref> In 2013, Tucson became the second city in Arizona to approve of [[civil union]]s for same-sex partners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/aj-walkley/civil-unions-in-tucson_b_3586513.html|title=Civil Unions in Tucson|last=Walkley|first=A. J.|date=July 19, 2013|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=July 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426110351/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/aj-walkley/civil-unions-in-tucson_b_3586513.html|archive-date=April 26, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The city was the first in the state to pass a [[domestic partnership]] registry earlier in 2003.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tucson.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/tucson-expands-domestic-partner-registry/article_56eaf555-6a59-5952-8441-5147c21c9300.html|title=Tucson expands domestic-partner registry|work=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=July 28, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728071410/https://tucson.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/tucson-expands-domestic-partner-registry/article_56eaf555-6a59-5952-8441-5147c21c9300.html|archive-date=July 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In general, Tucson and Pima County support the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], while the state's largest metropolitan area, greater Phoenix, has traditionally supported the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. Congressional redistricting in 2013, following the publication of the 2010 Census, divided the Tucson area into three Federal Congressional districts (the first, second and third of Arizona). The city center is in the 3rd District, represented by [[Raul Grijalva]], a Democrat, since 2003, while the more affluent residential areas to the south and east are in the 2nd District, represented by Democrat [[Ann Kirkpatrick]] since 2019, and the exurbs north and west between Tucson and Phoenix in the 1st District are represented by Democrat [[Tom O'Halleran]] since 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Feds give OK to new Ariz. congressional maps|url=http://www.insidetucsonbusiness.com/news/feds-give-ok-to-new-ariz-congressional-maps/article_47106c7c-84df-11e1-8c06-001a4bcf887a.html|access-date=February 2, 2013|newspaper=Inside Tucson Business|date=April 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305035301/http://www.insidetucsonbusiness.com/news/feds-give-ok-to-new-ariz-congressional-maps/article_47106c7c-84df-11e1-8c06-001a4bcf887a.html|archive-date=March 5, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[United States Postal Service]] operates post offices in Tucson. The Tucson Main Post Office is at 1501 South Cherrybell [[Stravenue]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/tucson-1501-s-cherrybell-stra-rm-205-tucson-az-1439539|title=TUCSON Post Office™ Location|date=March 9, 2010|publisher=United States Postal Service|access-date=July 7, 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309221357/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/tucson-1501-s-cherrybell-stra-rm-205-tucson-az-1439539|archive-date=March 9, 2010}}</ref>

===City government===
{{see also|List of mayors of Tucson, Arizona}}
Tucson follows the "weak mayor" model of the [[council–manager government|council-manager]] form of local government. The six-member city council holds exclusive legislative authority, and shares executive authority with the mayor, who is elected by the voters independently of the council. An appointed city manager is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the city. Tucson is the only city in Arizona that holds officially partisan elections for city offices, with candidates nominated through party primaries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ballot-access.org/2018/01/05/arizona-legislature/|title=Arizona Legislature {{!}} Ballot Access News|website=ballot-access.org|language=en-US|access-date=January 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105212401/http://ballot-access.org/2018/01/05/arizona-legislature/|archive-date=January 5, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Both the council members and the mayor serve four-year terms; none face term limits. Council members are nominated by their wards via a ward-level primary held in August. The top vote-earners from each party then compete at-large for their ward's seat on the November ballot. In other words, on [[Election Day (politics)|election day]] the whole city votes on all the council races up for that year. Council elections are severed: Wards 1, 2, and 4 (as well as the mayor) are up for election in the same year (most recently 2015), while Wards 3, 5, and 6 share another year (most recently 2017).

Tucson is known for being a trailblazer in voluntary partial [[campaign finance|publicly financed campaigns]]. Since 1985, both mayoral and council candidates have been eligible to receive matching public funds from the city. To become eligible, council candidates must receive 200 donations of $10 or more (300 for a mayoral candidate). Candidates must then agree to spending limits equal to 33¢ for every registered Tucson voter, or $79,222 in 2005 (the corresponding figures for mayor are 64¢ per registered voter, or $142,271 in 2003). In return, candidates receive matching funds from the city at a 1:1 ratio of public money to private donations. The only other limitation is that candidates may not exceed 75% of the limit by the date of the primary. Many cities, such as San Francisco and New York City, have copied this system, albeit with more complex spending and matching formulas.

Mayor [[Regina Romero]] (D) was sworn into office on December 2, 2019, succeeding [[Jonathan Rothschild]] (D) who was sworn into office on December 5, 2011, succeeding [[Robert E. Walkup]] (R), who took office in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/mayor|title=Mayor Bob Walkup – City of Tucson Web|date=February 13, 2010|website=tucsonaz.gov|access-date=July 7, 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213101425/http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/mayor|archive-date=February 13, 2010}}</ref> Walkup was preceded by [[George Miller (Arizona politician)|George Miller]] (D), 1991–1999; [[Tom Volgy]] (D), 1987–1991; [[Lew Murphy]] (R), 1971–1987; and [[Jim Corbett (politician)|Jim Corbett]] (D), 1967–1971.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Tucson City Council Members
!Ward
!First Elected
!Website
|-
|Lane Santa Cruz
|1
|2019
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tucsonaz.gov/ward-1 |title=Ward 1 – Councilor Lane Santa Cruz &#124; Official website of the City of Tucson |publisher=Tucsonaz.gov |access-date=June 19, 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|Paul Cunningham
|2
|2010 (Appointed)
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tucsonaz.gov/ward-2 |title=Ward 2 Councilmember Paul Cunningham &#124; Official website of the City of Tucson |publisher=Tucsonaz.gov |access-date=April 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422032833/https://www.tucsonaz.gov/ward-2 |archive-date=April 22, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Karin Uhlich
|3
|2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tucson.com/news/local/tucson-city-council-selects-karin-uhlich-to-fill-ward-3-council-seat/article_f3fe5daa-7b01-11eb-8a30-1f9a852a9cef.html|website=tucson.com|access-date=September 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302201618/https://tucson.com/news/local/tucson-city-council-selects-karin-uhlich-to-fill-ward-3-council-seat/article_f3fe5daa-7b01-11eb-8a30-1f9a852a9cef.html|archive-date=March 2, 2021|url-status=live|title=Tucson City Council selects Karin Uhlich to fill Ward 3 council seat|date=March 2, 2021 }}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tucsonaz.gov/ward-3 |title=Ward 3 – Council Member Karin Uhlich &#124; Official website of the City of Tucson |publisher=Tucsonaz.gov |access-date=April 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422032810/https://www.tucsonaz.gov/ward-3 |archive-date=April 22, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Nikki Lee
|4
|2019
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tucsonaz.gov/ward-4 |title=Ward 4 – Council Member Nikki Lee &#124; Official website of the City of Tucson |date=May 21, 2014 |publisher=Tucsonaz.gov |access-date=June 19, 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|Richard Fimbres
|5
|2009
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tucsonaz.gov/ward-5 |title=Ward 5 – Council Member Richard Fimbres &#124; Official website of the City of Tucson |publisher=Tucsonaz.gov |access-date=April 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422032821/https://www.tucsonaz.gov/ward-5 |archive-date=April 22, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Steve Kozachick
|6
|2009<ref name="Tucsonaz.gov-2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.tucsonaz.gov/files/clerks/Election_Summary_Report_1991_-_2015_0.pdf|title=2015 Primary 8/31 : Registered Voters : 225,105|website=Tucsonaz.gov|access-date=July 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201234310/https://www.tucsonaz.gov/files/clerks/Election_Summary_Report_1991_-_2015_0.pdf|archive-date=February 1, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tucsonaz.gov/ward-6 |title=Council Member Steve Kozachik &#124; Official website of the City of Tucson |publisher=Tucsonaz.gov |access-date=April 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422032855/https://www.tucsonaz.gov/ward-6 |archive-date=April 22, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==Education==
===Post-secondary education===
* [[University of Arizona]]: established in 1885; the second largest university in the state in terms of enrollment with over 36,000 students.
* [[Pima Community College]] has ten campuses.
* [[Arizona State University]]'s [[ASU College of Public Service & Community Solutions|College of Public Service & Community Solutions]] has conferred [[Bachelor of Social Work]] (BSW) and [[Master of Social Work]] (MSW) degrees for more than 30 years through its School of Social Work Tucson component.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socialwork.asu.edu/tucson|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906041133/https://socialwork.asu.edu/tucson|archive-date=September 6, 2015|title=Tucson|date=September 8, 2014}}</ref>
* Tucson College<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tucsoncollege.edu|title=Tucson College – Technical Schools & Career Training in Arizona|website=Tucsoncollege.edu|access-date=September 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103034634/https://www.tucsoncollege.edu/|archive-date=November 3, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> has one Tucson campus.
* [[Brookline College]] has one Tucson campus.
* [[University of Phoenix]] has four Tucson campuses.
* [[Prescott College]] has a Tucson branch campus.
* [[Northern Arizona University]] has a Tucson branch campus.
* Arizona School of Acupuncture & Oriental Medicine<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asaom.edu/|title=Traditional Chinese Medicine (OM)|publisher=Arizona School of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine|website=ASAOM|access-date=July 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707173058/http://www.asaom.edu/|archive-date=July 7, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[The Art Center Design College]] has two Tucson campuses.
* [[Wayland Baptist University]] has one Tucson campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbu.edu/colleges-in-tucson/|title=Tucson Campus of Wayland Baptist University – Christian Universities in Arizona|website=Wbu.edu|access-date=September 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908034814/http://www.wbu.edu/colleges-in-tucson/|archive-date=September 8, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Primary and secondary schools===
{{Main|List of primary and secondary schools in Tucson, AZ}}
Primarily, students of the Tucson area attend public schools in the [[Tucson Unified School District]] (TUSD). TUSD has the second highest enrollment of any school district in Arizona, behind [[Mesa Unified School District]] in the Phoenix metropolitan area. There are also many publicly funded [[charter school]]s with a specialized curriculum.<ref name="www.azstarnet.com-2009">{{cite web|url=http://azstarnet.com/special/schoolsurvey2009|title=www.azstarnet.com|date=August 22, 2009|website=www.azstarnet.com|access-date=July 7, 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822160136/http://azstarnet.com/special/schoolsurvey2009|archive-date=August 22, 2009}}</ref> Other notable districts include [[Sunnyside Unified School District]], [[Marana Unified School District]], [[Amphitheater Unified School District]], and [[Flowing Wells Unified School District]].

In 1956, Tucson High School had the largest enrollment of any secondary school in the United States, with a total of more than 6,800 students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tucsonhighschool.com/history.asp|title=History of Tucson High School|access-date=November 11, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323011644/http://www.tucsonhighschool.com/history.asp|archive-date=March 23, 2009|publisher=Tucson High Badger Foundation}}</ref> In 2018, Tucson High School enrollment was just over 3,000. {{Main|Tucson High Magnet School}} The facility operated on a two-shift basis while construction went on for two other high schools that opened within a year to educate children in the rapidly booming Tucson population.

==Media==
===Print===
Tucson has one daily newspaper, the morning ''[[Arizona Daily Star]]''. [[Wick Communications]] publishes the daily legal paper ''[[The Daily Territorial]]'', while Boulder, Colo.-based 10/13 Communications publishes ''[[Tucson Weekly]]'' (an "alternative" publication), ''[[Inside Tucson Business]]'' and the ''[[Explorer (newspaper)|Explorer]]''. [[TucsonSentinel.com]] is a nonprofit independent online news organization. ''Tucson Lifestyle Magazine'', ''[[Times Media Group (Arizona)|Lovin' Life in Tucson]]'', ''DesertLeaf'', and ''Zócalo Magazine'' are monthly publications covering arts, architecture, decor, fashion, entertainment, business, history, and other events. The ''[[Arizona Daily Wildcat]]'' is the University of Arizona's [[student newspaper]], and the ''Aztec News'' is the Pima Community College student newspaper. ''Catholic Outlook'' is the newspaper for the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson]], and the ''Arizona Jewish Post'' is the newspaper of the [[Jewish Federation of Southern Arizona]].

===Television===
The Tucson metro area is served by many local television stations and is the 65th largest [[media market|designated market area]] (DMA) in the U.S. with 433,330 homes (0.39% of the total U.S.). It is limited to the three counties of southeastern Arizona (Pima, [[Santa Cruz County, Arizona|Santa Cruz]], and [[Cochise County, Arizona|Cochise]])<ref name="Nielsen-2016">Holmes, Gary. {{cite web|url = http://www.nielsen.com/content/dam/corporate/us/en/docs/solutions/measurement/television/2016-2017-nielsen-local-dma-ranks.pdf|title = Local Television Market Universe Estimates|date = September 24, 2016|access-date = October 8, 2017|website = Nielsen|publisher = The Nielsen Company|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160909193029/http://www.nielsen.com/content/dam/corporate/us/en/docs/solutions/measurement/television/2016-2017-nielsen-local-dma-ranks.pdf|archive-date = September 9, 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>

The major [[television network]]s serving Tucson are:
* [[KVOA]] 4 ([[National Broadcasting Company|NBC]])
* [[KUAT-TV]] 6 is a [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] member station run by the University of Arizona (as is sister station KUAS 27).
* [[KGUN]] 9 ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]])
* [[KMSB-TV]] 11 ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]])
* [[KOLD-TV]] 13 ([[CBS]])
* [[KUDF-LP]] 14 ([[Estrella TV]])
* [[KTTU (TV)|KTTU]] 18 ([[The CW|CW]], with [[MyNetworkTV]] on DT2)
* [[KPCE-LD]] 29 ([[Daystar (TV network)|Daystar]])
* [[KHRR-TV]] 40 ([[Telemundo]])
* [[KUVE-DT]] 46 ([[Univision]])
* [[KWBA-TV]] 58 ([[Independent station|Independent]])

{{See also|List of radio stations in Arizona}}

==Infrastructure==
===Energy===
Tucson's primary electrical power source is a natural gas power plant managed by [[Tucson Electric Power]] that is within the city limits on the southwestern boundary of Davis-Monthan Air-force base adjacent to Interstate 10. The air pollution generated has raised some concerns as the Sundt operating station has been online since 1962 and is exempt from many pollution standards and controls due to its age.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vanderpool|first=Tim|title=Polluting the Poor:TEP's southside coal plant keeps on pumping out noxious gases|url=http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/polluting-the-poor/Content?oid=3596947|publisher=Tucson Weekly|access-date=December 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228013941/http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/polluting-the-poor/Content?oid=3596947|archive-date=December 28, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Solar has been gaining ground in Tucson with its ideal over 300 days of sunshine climate. Federal, state, and even local utility credits and incentives have also enticed residents to equip homes with solar systems.
Davis-Monthan AFB has a 3.3 [[Megawatt]] (MW) ground-mounted [[solar photovoltaic]] (PV) array and a 2.7 MW rooftop-mounted PV array, both of which are in the Base Housing area. The base will soon have the largest solar-generating capacity in the [[United States Department of Defense]] after awarding a contract on September 10, 2010, to [[SunEdison]] to construct a 14.5 MW PV field on the northwestern side of the base.<ref>{{cite web |id=Release: 050910 |url=http://www.dm.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123222163 |title=D-M awards solar photovoltaic utility contract to SunEdison |publisher=Dm.af.mil |access-date=October 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929230631/http://www.dm.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123222163 |archive-date=September 29, 2011}}</ref>

[[Global Solar Energy]], which is at the University of Arizona's science and technology park, is one of the planet's largest [[Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells|CIGS]] solar fields at 750 kilowatts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalsolar.com/en/press/press-releases/77-global-solar-energy-opens-landmark-manufacturing-plant-sets-full-scale-production-capacity-records.html |title=Global Solar Energy Opens Landmark Manufacturing Plant, Sets Full-scale Production Capacity Records &#124; Global Solar Energy - POWER the Possibilities |website=globalsolar.com |access-date=January 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020145116/http://globalsolar.com/en/press/press-releases/77-global-solar-energy-opens-landmark-manufacturing-plant-sets-full-scale-production-capacity-records.html |archive-date=October 20, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uatechpark.org/|title=Tech Parks Arizona-research park and business incubator|website=Uatechpark.org|access-date=July 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106111046/http://uatechpark.org/|archive-date=January 6, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Light pollution====
Tucson and Pima County adopted [[Dark-sky movement|dark sky]] ordinances to control [[light pollution]] in support of the region's astronomical [[observatory|observatories]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite web |title=Light Pollution – Tucson/Pima County, AZ |website=The Public Good |date=January 12, 2009 |url=http://www.ilsr.org/rule/light-pollution/2466-2/ |access-date=June 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714040617/http://www.ilsr.org/rule/light-pollution/2466-2/ |archive-date=July 14, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Last amended in 2012,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pima County approves changes to lighting ordinance |website=KVOA.com |date=March 13, 2012 |url=http://www.kvoa.com/news/pima-county-approves-changes-to-lighting-ordinance/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105113819/http://www.kvoa.com/news/pima-county-approves-changes-to-lighting-ordinance/ |archive-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> the City of Tucson/Pima County Outdoor Lighting Code establishes maximum illumination levels, shielding requirements, and limits on signage in "continuing support of astronomical activity and minimizing wasted energy, while not compromising the safety, security, and well-being of persons engaged in outdoor nighttime activities."<ref>{{cite web |title=2012 City of Tucson/Pima County Outdoor Lighting Code |url=http://www.dsd.pima.gov/Building/Codes/OLC.pdf |publisher=Pima County Development Services |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014172124/http://www.dsd.pima.gov/Building/Codes/OLC.pdf |archive-date=October 14, 2013}}</ref>

===Water===
[[File:Snowy Catalinas.jpg|thumb|right|The nearby Santa Catalina Mountains, covered in snow]]

Less than 100 years ago, the [[Santa Cruz River (Arizona)|Santa Cruz River]] flowed nearly year-round through Tucson. This supply of water has slowly disappeared, causing Tucson to seek alternative sources.

In 1881, water was pumped from a well on the banks of the Santa Cruz River and flowed by gravity through pipes into the distribution system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.tucsonaz.gov/water/about-us|title=About Tucson Water|website=M.tucsonaz.gov|access-date=December 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329083415/http://m.tucsonaz.gov/water/about-us|archive-date=March 29, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Tucson currently draws water from two main sources: [[Central Arizona Project]] (CAP) water and [[groundwater]]. In 1992, Tucson Water delivered CAP water to some customers that was unacceptable due to discoloration, bad odor and flavor, as well as problems it caused with some customers' plumbing and appliances. Tucson's city water currently consists of CAP water mixed with groundwater.

In an effort to conserve water, Tucson is recharging groundwater supplies by running part of its share of CAP water into various open portions of local rivers to seep into their aquifer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/water/heritage.htm |title=Tucson Water—Tucson Water's Heritage |website=www.ci.tucson.az.us |access-date=January 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703194522/http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/water/heritage.htm |archive-date=July 3, 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Additional study is scheduled to determine how much water is lost through evaporation from the open areas, especially during the summer. The City of Tucson provides [[reclaimed water]] to its inhabitants, but it is only used for "applications such as irrigation, dust control, and industrial uses".<ref name="City of Tucson-2012">{{cite web | title = Reclaimed Water | publisher = City of Tucson | year = 2012 | url = http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/water/reclaimed | access-date = March 22, 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120505110418/http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/water/reclaimed | archive-date = May 5, 2012 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> These resources have been in place for more than 27 years, and deliver to over 900 locations.<ref name="City of Tucson-2012"/>

To prevent further loss of groundwater, Tucson has been involved in water conservation and groundwater preservation efforts, shifting away from its reliance on a series of Tucson area wells in favor of conservation, consumption-based pricing for residential and commercial water use, and new wells in the more sustainable Avra Valley aquifer, northwest of the city. An allocation from the [[Central Arizona Project Aqueduct]] (CAP), which passes more than {{convert|300|mi|-1|abbr=on}} across the desert from the [[Colorado River]], has been incorporated into the city's water supply, annually providing over 20 million gallons of "recharged" water which is pumped into the ground to replenish water pumped out.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/water/clearwater_faqs |title=Clearwater Frequently Asked Questions &#124; The Official Website for the City of Tucson, Arizona |publisher=Cms3.tucsonaz.gov |access-date=October 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105141442/http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/water/clearwater_faqs |archive-date=November 5, 2011}}</ref> Since 2001, CAP water has allowed the city to remove or turn off over 80 wells.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/files/water/docs/coloradoriver.pdf |title=Tucson Water's Long Range Water Resource Planning |publisher=City of Tucson |access-date=January 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516095331/http://cms3.tucsonaz.gov/files/water/docs/coloradoriver.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Water harvesting ====
The city of Tucson, Arizona provides financial incentives for residents to harvest their rainwater. Tucson's water supply, like many Western cities, is drawn from two main sources: surface water that is pumped more than 300 miles from the Colorado River and groundwater.<ref name="Malloy-2020">{{Cite web|last=Malloy|first=Chris|date=November 23, 2020|title=A Desert City Tries to Save Itself With Rain|website=[[Bloomberg News]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-23/harvesting-rainwater-in-a-desert-city}}</ref> The pump expends a significant amount of energy and the Colorado River is diminishing as a result of climate change and overuse.

In 2012, the city began a program that rebates residents as much as $2,000 for the purchase of water harvesting systems. "Water harvesting" refers to rainwater, which is gathered from building surfaces, and stormwater'','' which collects nonpotable storm runoff from streets and earth. The program is financed by a water bill fee of 10 cents per 748 gallons of city water used. In the first few years, the rebate program was not conserving water as efficiently as they anticipated. But in fiscal year 2018 to 2019, the rebate program saved 52.1 million gallons of water.<ref name="Malloy-2020" /> That is enough water to meet the annual usage of 160 households.<ref name="Malloy-2020" /> The city has been trying to grow the approximately 250 people who obtain active rebates each year by introducing a loan program to bring rebates within reach of lower-income residents.

The city government has an ambitious goal to be carbon neutral by 2030 and is integrating changes that will help change local resident's conventional thinking and practices. On May 1, 2020, Tucson began charging residents and businesses within city limits a monthly Green Stormwater Infrastructure fee (13 cents per 748 gallons of city water used), which is projected to raise some $3&nbsp;million a year for public stormwater capture installations and other projects.<ref name="Malloy-2020" /> But this comes at a time when unemployment is rising and the number of low income residents facing unaffordable bills between 2010 and 2018 doubled to 46% as the average bill increased by 119% in Tucson.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lakhani|first=Nina|date=June 23, 2020|title=Revealed: millions of Americans can't afford water as bills rise 80% in a decade|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/23/millions-of-americans-cant-afford-water-bills-rise|access-date=December 1, 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Additionally, as part of the citywide climate resiliency effort, Mayor Regina Romero recently announced the planting of a million trees over the next decade.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sayers|first=Justin|title=For Mayor Romero, 1 million planted trees in city admittedly a 'big effort'|url=https://tucson.com/news/local/for-mayor-romero-1-million-planted-trees-in-city-admittedly-a-big-effort/article_81c4c718-ef9c-5b65-aae2-d6bf979f3c1d.html|access-date=December 1, 2020|website=Arizona Daily Star|date=February 15, 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

===Transportation===
[[File:Tucson May 2019 38 (2nd Street).jpg|thumb|2nd Street with a [[Sun Link]] streetcar in the background]]

====Public transit====
Tucson's [[Sun Tran]] bus system serves greater Tucson with standard, express, regional shuttle, and on-demand shuttle bus service. It was awarded [[American Public Transportation Association|Best Transit System]] in 1988 and 2005.<ref name="tdt-2009">{{cite press release |title = Federal Transit Administration Gives Approval to the Tucson Modern Streetcar Project |publisher = Tucson Department of Transportation |date = October 1, 2009 |url = http://dot.tucsonaz.gov/news/details.cfm?id=604 |access-date = March 12, 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100527213837/http://dot.tucsonaz.gov/news/details.cfm?id=604 |archive-date = May 27, 2010 |df = mdy-all }}</ref>  A {{convert|3.9|mile|km|adj=on}} [[streetcar]] line, [[Sun Link]], connects the [[University of Arizona]] campus with 4th Avenue, downtown, and the Mercado District west of [[Interstate 10 (Arizona)|Interstate 10]] and the [[Santa Cruz River (Arizona)|Santa Cruz River]]. Ten-minute [[headway]] passenger service began July 25, 2014.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.azpm.org/p/bus-econ-news/2014/7/25/40393-tucson-streetcar-debuts-to-crowds-hot-weather/ | title=Tucson Streetcar Debuts to Crowds, Hot Weather | newspaper=Arizona Public Media | publisher=Arizona Board of Regents | date=July 25, 2014 | access-date=October 24, 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006111811/https://news.azpm.org/p/bus-econ-news/2014/7/25/40393-tucson-streetcar-debuts-to-crowds-hot-weather/ | archive-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> The streetcar uses Sun Tran's card payment and transfer system, connecting with the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, [[Amtrak]], and [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]] intercity bus service. Sun Tran has been [[Free public transport|fare-free]] since the spring of 2020. Initially this change was made to limit contact between riders and drivers due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], but the city council voted to eliminate fares indefinitely in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pallack |first1=Becky |title=Tucson's public transit system is now officially free to ride |url=https://azluminaria.org/2023/05/09/tucsons-public-transit-system-is-now-officially-free-to-ride-a-first-in-arizona/ |website=AZ Luminaria |access-date=January 16, 2024 |date=May 10, 2023}}</ref>

====Rail====
[[Amtrak]], the national passenger rail system, provides service to [[Tucson station|Tucson]] three times weekly in both directions, operating its ''[[Sunset Limited]]'' between [[Los Angeles, California]] and [[New Orleans, Louisiana]]; and ''[[Texas Eagle]]'' service between Los Angeles and [[Chicago, Illinois]].

====Airport====
[[Tucson International Airport]] {{airport codes|TUS|KTUS}}, is {{convert|6|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of the city's center. TIA is the second-largest commercial [[airport]] in Arizona, providing nonstop flights to 15 destinations throughout the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alaska Airlines to launch Tucson-Portland nonstop |last=Wichner |first=David |date=June 27, 2013 |url=http://azstarnet.com/business/local/alaska-airlines-to-launch-tucson-portland-nonstop/article_d73c4e5a-debc-11e2-9bb6-0019bb2963f4.html |newspaper=Arizona Daily Star |access-date=August 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731140448/http://azstarnet.com/business/local/alaska-airlines-to-launch-tucson-portland-nonstop/article_d73c4e5a-debc-11e2-9bb6-0019bb2963f4.html |archive-date=July 31, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>  In addition to passenger and freight service, TIA supports the [[162nd Wing|162nd Fighter Wing]]'s fleet of seventy [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16s]] stationed at the [[Tucson Air National Guard Base]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.162fw.ang.af.mil/resources/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=11853 |title=162nd Fighter Wing Fact Sheet |date=July 3, 2012 |publisher=162nd Fighter Wing Public Affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152813/http://www.162fw.ang.af.mil/resources/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=11853 |archive-date=July 14, 2014}}</ref> There are two general aviation reliever airports in the area. The city of Tucson operates [[Ryan Airfield]] {{convert|13|mi|km}} southwest of the city center, and the town of Marana operates [[Marana Regional Airport]] {{convert|15|mi|km}} to the northwest. [[Pinal Airpark]] is also within the metropolitan area.

====Roadways====
There are two [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate highways]] in the metropolitan area. [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] runs southeast from Phoenix through Marana, passes west of downtown, and continues east toward El Paso. [[Interstate 19]] leaves the I-10 south of downtown and heads south to the Mexican border. [[Arizona State Route 210]] is a shorter expressway that links downtown with [[Davis-Monthan Air Force Base]] and Tucson's southeast side. Tucson does not have a [[ring road|beltway]] system, and relies almost entirely on surface streets.

Freeways and state highways in Tucson include:
* [[File:I-10.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]]
* [[File:I-19.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 19]]
* [[File:Arizona 77.svg|20px]] [[Arizona State Route 77|State Route 77]]
* [[File:Arizona 86.svg|20px]] [[Arizona State Route 86|State Route 86]]
* [[File:Arizona 210.svg|20px]] [[Arizona State Route 210|State Route 210]]

====Cycling====
Cycling is popular in Tucson. Tucson and Pima County maintain an extensive network of marked bike routes, signal crossings, on-street bike lanes, mountain-biking trails, and dedicated [[shared use path|shared-use paths]]. [[The Loop (Tucson)|The Loop]] is a network of seven linear parks, built mainly along river beds, comprising {{convert|131|mi|km}} of paved, vehicle-free trails that encircles the majority of the city with links to Marana and Oro Valley.<ref>{{cite news |title=New segment of The Loop trail opens Saturday with a fiesta |newspaper=Arizona Daily Star |date=April 28, 2015 |last=Kreutz |first=Douglas |url=http://tucson.com/news/local/new-segment-of-the-loop-trail-opens-saturday-with-a/article_9a16985c-3d80-5a8f-9a3a-b9bafaf3565f.html |access-date=February 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020510/http://tucson.com/news/local/new-segment-of-the-loop-trail-opens-saturday-with-a/article_9a16985c-3d80-5a8f-9a3a-b9bafaf3565f.html |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pima-County-2014">{{cite web |title=The Loop 2014 Annual Report: The First 100 Miles |publisher=Pima County |url=http://webcms.pima.gov/UserFiles/Servers/Server_6/File/Government/The%20Loop/Annual%20Reports/1386%20-%20Loop%20Annual%20Report_web-ready.pdf |access-date=February 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811080230/http://webcms.pima.gov/UserFiles/Servers/Server_6/File/Government/The%20Loop/Annual%20Reports/1386%20-%20Loop%20Annual%20Report_web-ready.pdf |archive-date=August 11, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Tyler |title=The Loop River Path Tucson, AZ {{!}} Bike Path Ride Map & Elevation |url=https://www.arizonabikerides.com/rides/586/the-loop-bike-ride-tucson/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418141644/http://www.arizonabikerides.com/rides/586/the-loop-bike-ride-tucson/ |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Arizona Bike Rides |language=en-US}}</ref>  The Tucson–Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee (TPCBAC) serves in an advisory capacity to local governments on issues relating to bicycle recreation, transportation, and safety. The [[League of American Bicyclists]] awarded Tucson a gold rating for bicycle-friendliness in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bikeleague.org/media/press/042406_press.php |title=League Names New Bicycle Friendly Communities |access-date=March 12, 2010 |date=April 24, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315212042/http://www.bikeleague.org/media/press/042406_press.php |archive-date=March 15, 2010}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Tucson, Arizona}}

==Sister cities==
Tucson's [[Sister city|sister cities]] are:<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities|url=https://arizonasistercities.com/sister-cities/|website=arizonasistercities.com|date=August 9, 2013 |publisher=Arizona Sister Cities|access-date=March 30, 2022}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Ciudad Obregón]], [[Sonora]], Mexico
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Guadalajara]], [[Jalisco]], Mexico
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mazatlán Municipality|Mazatlán]], [[Sinaloa]], Mexico
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Pécs]], Hungary
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Puerto Peñasco Municipality|Puerto Peñasco]], [[Sonora]], Mexico
* {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Roscommon]], [[Connacht]], Ireland
* {{Flagicon|Kurdistan}}  [[Sulaymaniyah]], [[Kurdistan Region|Kurdistan region]], [[Iraq]]

==See also==
{{portal|Arizona|Cities|Geography|North America|United States}}
* [[Davis–Monthan Air Force Base]]
* [[Iskashitaa Refugee Network]], based in Tucson
* [[List of tallest buildings in Tucson]]
* [[List of historic properties in Tucson, Arizona]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Pima County, Arizona]]
* [[Optics Valley]]
* ''[[Sons of Tucson]]''
* [[Tucson Garbage Project]]
* [[USS Tucson|USS ''Tucson'']], 2 ships
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [https://archive.org/details/historyofarizona00banc Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 1888, ''History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530–1888.'' The History Company, San Francisco.]
* Cooper, Evelyn S., 1995, ''Tucson in Focus: The Buehman Studio.'' Arizona Historical Society, Tucson. ({{ISBN|0-910037-35-3}}).
* [http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/spct/ Spanish Colonial Tucson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628114759/http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/spct/ |date=June 28, 2014 }}, [[Henry F. Dobyns|Dobyns, Henry F]], 1976, University of Arizona Press, Tucson. {{ISBN|0-8165-0546-2}}.
* Drachman, Roy P., 1999, ''From Cowtown to Desert Metropolis: Ninety Years of Arizona Memories.'' Whitewing Press, San Francisco. ({{ISBN|1-888965-02-9}}).
* Fontana, Bernard L., 2015, ''San Xavier Del Bac: Portrait of a Desert Church.'' Southwestern Mission Research Center, Tucson. ({{ISBN|978-0-915076-15-4}})
* Hand, George, 1995, ''Whiskey, Six-Guns and Red-Light Ladies.'' High Lonesome Books, Silver City, New Mexico. ({{ISBN|0-944383-30-0}}).
* Hand, George, 1996, ''The Civil War in Apacheland.'' High Lonesome Books, Silver City, New Mexico. ({{ISBN|0-944383-36-X}}).
* Harte, John Bret, 2001, ''Tucson: Portrait of a Desert Pueblo.'' American Historical Press, Sun Valley, California. ({{ISBN|1-892724-25-1}}).
* Henry, Bonnie, 1992, ''Another Tucson.'' Arizona Daily Star, Tucson. ({{ISBN|0-9607758-2-X}}).
* Kalt III, William D., 2007, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090118221152/http://tucsonrrtown.com/index.html ''Tucson Was a Railroad Town.''], VTD Rail Publishing, Tucson. ({{ISBN|978-0-9719915-4-5}}).
* Logan, Michael F. ''Desert Cities: The Environmental History of Phoenix and Tucson.'' (2006). 240 pp.
* McIntyre, Allan J. and the Arizona Historical Society, 2008, [https://archive.today/20130101214345/http://www.arcadiapublishing.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=0738556335&Store_Code=arcadia&search=mcintyre+tohono&offset=0&filter_cat=&PowerSearch_Begin_Only=&sort=name.asc&range_low=&range_high= ''The Tohono O'odham and Pimeria Alta.''], Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina. ({{ISBN|978-0-7385-5633-8}}).
* Moisés, Rosalio, 2001, ''The Tall Candle: The Personal Chronicle of a Yaqui Indian.'' University of Nebraska Press. ({{ISBN|0-8032-0747-6}}).
* Painter, Muriel Thayer, 1971, ''A Yaqui Easter.'' University of Arizona Press, Tucson. ({{ISBN|0-8165-0168-8}}). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080603005902/http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/YaquiEaster/particip.htm Read online].
* Ronstadt, Edward E. (editor), 1993, ''Borderman: The Memoirs of Federico Jose Maria Ronstadt.'' University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. ({{ISBN|0-8263-1462-7}}) [https://web.archive.org/web/20051017092206/http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/borderman/index.html Read online].
* Schellie, Don, 1968, ''Vast Domain of Blood: The Story of the Camp Grant Massacre.'' Westernlore Press, Tucson.
* Sheaffer, Jack and Steve Emerine, 1985, ''Jack Sheaffer's Tucson, 1945–1965.'' Arizona Daily Star, Tucson. ({{ISBN|0-9607758-1-1}}).
* Sheridan, Thomas E., 1983, ''Del Rancho al Barrio: The Mexican legacy of Tucson.'' Arizona Historical Society, Tucson.
* Sheridan, Thomas E., 1992, ''Los Tucsonenses: The Mexican Community in Tucson, 1854–1941.'' University of Arizona Press, Tucson. ({{ISBN|0-8165-1298-1}}).
* Sonnichsen, C. L., 1987, ''Tucson: The Life and Times of an American City.'' University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. ({{ISBN|0-8061-2042-8}}).
* {{Cite news|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2010/01/03/travel/03hours.html|title=36 Hours in Tucson, Ariz.|last=Woodward|first=Richard B.|date=January 3, 2010|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 2, 2010}}
* Woosley, Anne I. and the Arizona Historical Society: 2008, [https://archive.today/20130101230028/http://arcadiapublishing.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=0738556467 ''Early Tucson.''] Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina. ({{ISBN|0-7385-5646-7}}).
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Tucson, Arizona|voy=Tucson}}
* [http://www.tucsonaz.gov Official City of Tucson government website]
* [http://www.visittucson.org/ Metropolitan Tucson Convention & Visitors Bureau]
* [https://tucsonazseniorliving.com/ Resources for seniors in the Tucson area]
* [http://www.tucsonchamber.org Tucson Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce]
* {{osmrelation|253824}}
* {{cite web|title=Tucson, Arizona|url=https://www.c-span.org/series/?citiesTour&city=250|publisher=[[C-SPAN]] Cities Tour|date=November 2016}}
{{Tucson, Arizona}}
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