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===Judges===
===Judges===
{{Expand|section|date=August 2010}}
{{Expand section|date=August 2010}}
On March 24, 2009, [[Antonio Cassese]] was appointed the President of the tribunal.<ref>{{cite web|author=The Earthtimes |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/261343,italian-judge-antonio-cassese-to-head-special-tribunal-for-lebanon.html |title=Italian judge Antonio Cassese to head Special Tribunal for Lebanon |work=Earthtimes.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-03}}</ref> Daniel Fransen is also a judge hearing the case.<ref name="almanar"/>
On March 24, 2009, [[Antonio Cassese]] was appointed the President of the tribunal.<ref>{{cite web|author=The Earthtimes |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/261343,italian-judge-antonio-cassese-to-head-special-tribunal-for-lebanon.html |title=Italian judge Antonio Cassese to head Special Tribunal for Lebanon |work=Earthtimes.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-03}}</ref> Daniel Fransen is also a judge hearing the case.<ref name="almanar"/>


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===False witness===
===False witness===
{{Expand|section|date=August 2010}}
{{Expand section|date=August 2010}}
Mohammed Zaheer Al-Sadiq, a former Syrian agent, has accused Hezbollah personnel of "logistical involvement" in the murder.<ref>[http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story_s.asp?StoryId=1093321269 Former Syrian agent fingers Hezb men for Hariri hit] MenaFM.com 12-04-2010</ref> The tribunal has stated, however, that he is no longer considered a credible witness. Sheikh [[Hassan Nasrallah]], secretary-general of Hezbollah, has stated that Al-Sadiq should be tried for acting as a false witness. Following his deportation from the UAE, where he was held for entering that country under a false Czech passport, he remains in hiding in an undisclosed European country.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
Mohammed Zaheer Al-Sadiq, a former Syrian agent, has accused Hezbollah personnel of "logistical involvement" in the murder.<ref>[http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story_s.asp?StoryId=1093321269 Former Syrian agent fingers Hezb men for Hariri hit] MenaFM.com 12-04-2010</ref> The tribunal has stated, however, that he is no longer considered a credible witness. Sheikh [[Hassan Nasrallah]], secretary-general of Hezbollah, has stated that Al-Sadiq should be tried for acting as a false witness. Following his deportation from the UAE, where he was held for entering that country under a false Czech passport, he remains in hiding in an undisclosed European country.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}


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[[Category:21st century in Lebanon]]
[[Category:21st century in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Organisations based in The Hague]]
[[Category:Organisations based in The Hague]]


{{International-law-stub}}


[[ar:المحكمة الدولية الخاصة بلبنان]]
[[ar:المحكمة الدولية الخاصة بلبنان]]

Revision as of 09:28, 5 August 2010

Special Tribunal for Lebanon
Rafik Hariri
CourtUnited Nations Security Council Mandate
CitationResolution 1757 (2007) Adopted by 10-0-5 to establish Tribunal
Court membership
Judges sittingAntonio Cassessee, Daniel Fransen
Case opinions
TBD

The Special Tribunal for Lebanon is an international criminal tribunal for the prosecution, under international law, of criminal acts relating to the assassination of Rafik Hariri on February 14, 2005. The court is based in Leidschendam-Voorburg, near The Hague.

Mandate

The court was established by an Agreement between the United Nations and the Lebanese Republic pursuant to Security Council resolution 1664 (2006) of 29 March 2006. The United Nations Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations endorsed the agreement on 30 May 2007 (Security Council Resolution 1757 (2007))[1]

The tribunal is mandated to try those suspected of assassinating former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, who was murdered, along with 22 others, on 14 February 2005. Several human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch had argued that the tribunal should have been given jurisdiction over 14 other attacks perpetrated in Lebanon since October 1, 2004.[2] And in fact the Tribunal can expand its mandate to include attacks which took place between 1 October 2004 and 12 December 2005, if they can be shown to have a connection to the 14 February incident.[3]

The tribunal marks the first time that a UN-based international criminal court tries a "terrorist" crime committed against a specific person.[4] According to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1664 (2006), it is a "tribunal of an international character based on the highest international standards of criminal justice."[citation needed]

The Special Tribunal is a "hybrid" international court, similar to the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). Like the ECCC the STL does not apply international (criminal) law, but rather national law (Article 2 of the Statute of the Special Tribunal). Accordingly, it also is similar to the Section I for War Crimes and Section II for Organized Crime, Economic Crime and Corruption of the Criminal and Appellate Divisions of the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina which has such "hybrid" chambers.[5] It was announced in March 2010 that the Special Court for Sierra Leone would use the same courtroom in The Hague as the STL.[citation needed]

Staff

The chambers of the tribunal are composed of both Lebanese and international judges with a majority, however, of international judges (Article 8 of the Statute of the Special Tribunal)[6] In September 2007, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon estimated that the tribunal would cost 120 USD million over three years.[7] During the Opening Ceremony for the Tribunal, which was held on March 1, 2009, UN officials indicated that contributions were in hand to cover the estimated costs of the first year (51.4 million USD). The estimated budget for year 2 and 3 was announced as 65 million USD per year.

Ban Ki-Moon appointed Robin Vincent Registrar of the Tribunal on 11 March 2008.[8] A series of successive resignations in early January triggered concerns about the staffing of the tribunal. The registrar of the STL David Tolbert, and Chief of Investigation Naguib Kaldas resigned during the first two weeks of January.[9][10][11]

Following the resignation of David Vincent, Ban Ki-moon appointed David Tolbert registrar on 9 July 2009, to assume the post effective 26 August 2009.[12] Joyce Tabet assumed the post of Deputy Prosecutor of the Court in November 2009.[citation needed]

Judges

On March 24, 2009, Antonio Cassese was appointed the President of the tribunal.[13] Daniel Fransen is also a judge hearing the case.[14]

Venue

For reasons of security, administrative efficiency and fairness, the tribunal has its seat outside Lebanon, in Leidschendam in The Netherlands. The premises of the tribunal will be the former Algemene Inlichtingen- en VeiligheidsDienst (AIVD) building.[15]

Timeline

The tribunal officially opened on 1 March 2009.[16] While an initial 3 year budgetary mandate has been planned, there is no timeline on the judicial work and the tribunal could be operational though 2014 and beyond depending on the scope of the investigation.[17]

Summary of Reports

On the 6th of March, 2010, Cassese issued his first report on current findings of the tribunal.[citation needed]

Impact

•The United Nations investigation initially implicated high-level Lebanese and Syrian security officers in Hariri's killing. Damascus denied involvement.

•Four pro-Syrian Lebanese generals were detained for four years without charge in connection with Hariri's killing. They were released last year after the court said there was not enough evidence to indict them.[18]

Controversies

Alleged Syrian involvement

The Syrian government claimed in the days following the assassination that it was carried out by Ahmed Abu Addas. While this has been discredited, Michel Aoun has maintained that other factions, such as Fatah Al Islam, are the culprits.[19]

The tribunal called for the arrest of four Lebanese officers, and had them detained four years. They were allegedly pro-Syrian Lebanese generals, and their release was seen as a severe blow in implicating Syria. They were believed by the March 14 alliance to have been involved in a Syrian conspriacy to assassinate Rafik Hariri. Judge Fransen released of Mustafa Hamdan, former head of the Lebanese Presidential Guard brigade; Jamil al-Sayed, former Director-General of Security General; Ali al-Hajj, director general of the Lebanese Internal Security Forces; and Raymond Azar, the former director of the Military Intelligence. He said the four generals had to be freed because there was no evidence to justify their detention, given that some witnesses had changed or retracted their statements. "[There were] inconsistencies in the statements of key witnesses [and a] lack of corroborative evidence to support these statements."[14] The fact that all the detained officers were released as innocents, and the fact that they were aligned with opposers to Hariri's politics, has raised some question marks about the reason of detention.[citation needed]

A legal case against 25 Lebanese officials had also been leveled in a Syrian court by one of the persons initially arrested by the tribunal for wrongful imprisonment/[20]

False witness

Mohammed Zaheer Al-Sadiq, a former Syrian agent, has accused Hezbollah personnel of "logistical involvement" in the murder.[21] The tribunal has stated, however, that he is no longer considered a credible witness. Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah, secretary-general of Hezbollah, has stated that Al-Sadiq should be tried for acting as a false witness. Following his deportation from the UAE, where he was held for entering that country under a false Czech passport, he remains in hiding in an undisclosed European country.[citation needed]

Indictment leak

Der Spiegel published a leaked remember to suggest an indictment of Hezbollah figures. Prime Minister Saad Hariri vowed "not to allow my father's blood to stir disunity in Lebanon."[22] He also assured Nasrallah that he would publicly avow that it was "undisciplined" Hezbollah members, and not the party itself, who would be implicated.[23] Hariri, asked the tribunal to postpone the announcement because of the potentially incendiary implications for Lebanon of such an announcement, akin to the shootings on the streets of Beirut in 2008.[24]

Hezbollah's leader, Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, announced in July 2010 that he was told by Hariri the tribunal would indict Hezbollah members, not Syrian officials. He condemned the investigation as an Israeli project intended to escalate tensions in Lebanon and that any indictment of a Hezbollah member could destabilise the unity government.[18] He also said he would resist any attempt to arrest even "half a member" of the party. He had previously questioned the alleged funding for the STL.[22]

Following Nasrallah being warned of the tribunal verdict, reactions abounded in Lebanon. A spokesman for the STL said rejected charges that its work was politically motivated, while saying Lebanon is obliged to respond to its requests. "Experience of other international tribunals has shown that the results of the work of such institutions speak for themselves and contradict the unsubstantiated allegations of hostile interference. We are convinced that this will also happen in the case of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon." In regards to the indictment she said that the Office of the Prosecutor would issue an indictment and that the Lebanese government had an obligation to respond to the tribunal's requests despite apparent refusals to turn over indictees. "Though we certainly hope it would not come to that, the absence of an accused will not prevent the tribunal from conducting proceedings and examining evidence against those who may be indicted."[25] He also said the STL's indictment is an "Israeli project" designed to target Hezbollah through sectarian conflict.[26]

The head of the Free Patriotic Movement and the Change and Reform bloc, Michel Aoun said that Lebanon should unite in light of the domestic situation in the country. "All that is currently happening is a smear campaign. [We have] questions and suspicions regarding several issues [related to STL]."[27] He also said that "Everyone admitted that there were false witnesses who testified about the murder of Rafik Hariri. Why is the Lebanese judiciary prevented from limiting the investigation [in the Rafik Hariri murder] to Lebanon and [questioning] Syrian witnesses?." In the same vein he thanked the "Arab and international effort seeking to uncover the truth," but explicitly renounced efforts "to frame the crime on anyone with the intentions of destabilizing Lebanon. Israel is planning for trouble in Lebanon [so that] international resolutions are imposed on us at the expense of our sovereignty."[28] Hezbollah's Deputy Secretary General Sheikh Naim Qassem said that the expected verdict was part of a scheme to create sedition in Lebanon and were part of the attempts to weaken and target the Resistance (Hezbollah) in Lebanon. "Let everyone know: Hezbollah is not weak and it can't be a gateway for the Zionist schemes, schemes that will be destroyed." Agriculture Minister Hussein Hajj Hasan said tribunal is "an American product in every sense of the word. Any accusation of members of the party will drag the country towards problems and a very difficult situation. Hezbollah does not oppose the idea of a tribunal, but the problem lies in its content seeing as it cannot try false witnesses and therefore cannot give justice to those whom it wrongfully accused." A MP from the Loyalty to the Resistance bloc, Ali al-Moqdad, said Hezbollah fears the STL's indictment would create internal strife. "From day one of former Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri's assassination, we feared that the tribunal would be politicized and we knew from the start that the assassination will cause an earthquake, not only in Lebanon, but the whole region. The international tribunal is the second crime after Hariri's assassination;" while he added Israel and the US have benefited the most from the "crime."[29] The Minister of Economy and Trade, Mohamad Safadi stressed the government's unity and that Lebanon's leaders are diligent enough to overcome the crisis. He added that former Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri shared a "fraternal relationship with Hezbollah above all else" and any indictment against it will be rejected; "Aoun has the ability to play a leading and central role in bringing the Lebanese together to reach solutions that maintain Lebanon's unity."[30] Marada Movement leader and MP Suleiman Frangieh said the STL's pending indictment is designed to stir up sectarian strife in Lebanon.[26] Change and Reform bloc MP Alain Aoun said the STL has lost its credibility, and that the FPM's and Hezbollah’s views on the STL come based on their views that the STL’s investigations are suspicious.[31]

Information Minister Tarek Mitri said Lebanon should resort to dialogue rather than trade accusations. "The Cabinet is the best place for dialogue to preserve the country’s best interests regardless of the extent of disputes." This followed March 14 Alliance parties and Hezbullah trading barbs over destabilisation of the country amid rising tensions that could lead to civil strife. He also talked of the visits by the Syrian and Saudi heads of state as reflecting the Arab world’s keenness on preserving Lebanon’s stability and on repelling dangers facing the country.[32]

Maronite patriarch Nasrallah Sfeir had another reaction to the STL, labeling it as "fair and righteous."[33] Former March 14 MP Samir Franjieh expressed surprise over Nasrallah’s remark that the STL is fair because it exonerated Syria from involvement, but at the same time is an "Israeli project," saying "Nasrallah is telling Syria today that it must help him as he helped it and supported it in the past." However, he added that this does not mean that Hezbollah is at odds with Syria.[34]

Attempt to assuage tensions

On July 30, 2010, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, Saudi King Abdullah and Qatari Emir Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani visited Lebanon to calm tensions amid reports of an indictment of "rogue"[23] members of Hezbollah.[35] al-Assad's visit to Lebanon was the first since before Hariri's assassination, and follows rare visits by Walid Jumblatt[36][37] and Saad al-Hariri[38] to Damascus. The visit to Lebanon was built up by the Lebanese media tracing Abdullah's Arab tour when he was in Damascus amid great expectations for the trilateral meet.[39]

Lebanese President Michel Suleiman and al-Hariri welcomed the Syrian and Saudi leaders saying "The leaders stressed the importance of stability ... the commitment [of the Lebanese] not to resort to violence and the need to place the country's interests above all sectarian interests, [while stressing the need to] resort to legal institutions and Lebanon's unity government to resolve any differences."[40]

After the meeting a joint statament by Lebanon, Syria and Saudi Arabia urged all parties to put Lebanon's interests above all else and refrain from violence. "Solidarity is a necessity, and standing side-by-side to confront challenges facing the Arab world." al-Assad also said "it was an excellent summit," which was echoed by State Department spokesman P.J. Crowley who said the US hoped the meeting would produce "a recommitment to Lebanese sovereignty" and "an understanding to try to restrain those elements within Lebanon who have precipitated conflict in the past."[41] At a ceremony with the Qatari Emir, Suleiman, Speaker Nabih Berri, Hariri, and MP Mohammed Raad, representing Hezbollah, Raad said "the stability established in Lebanon after the Doha Accord is being targeted by the STL indictment." Sheikh Hamad said the Lebanese people have enough "will for life and perseverance that would enable them to recover from challenges."[42]

Michael Williams, the UN Special Coordinator for Lebanon, said " I think the visits of these Arab heads of state will be enormously important and beneficial for Lebanon’s stability and future. I am hopeful that the engagement of Lebanon’s external friends and partners, together with the efforts, internally, of President Sleiman, of General Aoun, of other political leaders, will play a very, very important part in resolving the issues that face Lebanon and bring stability for the coming months."[35]

al-Assad's first visit in eight years was met with banners of his picture that proclaimed "Welcome among your family."[41]

The visit was read by Shadi Hamid, the deputy director of the Brookings Doha Center as crucial ahead of the STL's preliminary findings. He said "There is a risk of escalation, of sectarian violence, and all players involved realise that risk and are taking pre-emptive action to defuse things before they get out of hand in the next weeks and months."[43] Al Jazeera's Rula Amin said the joint visit was hugely symbolic. "These two leaders coming together to Beirut shows the urgency, it shows that they realise the dangers that are lying ahead for Lebanon."[40] Paul Salem, the head of the Beirut-based Carnegie Middle East Centre said "This new situation is very alarming. Hezbollah is in a very worrisome position and the tribunal is just one symptom of this position. If there is movement towards peace in the region, then Hezbollah has a problem. If there's movement toward war, Hezbollah has a problem. And now if the tribunal moves forward, they will also have a problem." Oussama Safa, heads of the Lebanese Centre for Policy Studies said Lebanon has a "50-50 chance" of descending into another round of violence following Nasrallah's announcement of rejection of the STL. "The country could go towards a confrontation and it could also go towards a way to contain this -- certainly not by stopping the indictment. But I think all parties have an interest in containing this."[23] A Gulf News editorial said that "Unless the Lebanese wise up, the country is headed for a break-up that will see Israel grab the South for its water resources and Syria occupy the Beqa Valley, the latter confiscated by the French after the poorly devised 1916 Sykes-Picot land redistribution initiatives that passed for policies...Calls for Lebanon to move beyond the STL, which is mandated under a Security Council Chapter 7 initiative to find killers in over 25 cases of political violence, fail to appreciate how little Beirut can actually do about it at this late hour even if five long and largely wasted years have passed without significant results. Simply stated, [the] STL is an independent body that stands beyond Beirut's reach." While it suggested Lebanon leaders must "keep their heads."[44] Al Manar hailed the visit as "exceptional," while saying the visit was believed to be "historic for many reasons, at the top of which comes the 'identity' of the 'guests' as well as the 'nature' of the current stage, considered by all Lebanese to be accurate and sensitive. The importance of the visit can also be reflected through the 'relaxing atmosphere' that prevailed in the country." it said Lebanon was divided over the STL's course of actions, not its "principle[s]," citing how "one bloc was warning of a serious plot to create sedition in the country through the newest Israeli project, the STL, while the other bloc was rejecting any discussion or compromise, claiming that 'international justice' comes above everything else."[45]

Israeli allegations

Israeli media suggested the tribunal would indict an Hezbollah member, Mustafa Badr al-Din, a relative of Imad Mughniyeh, Prime Minister Saad Hariri, asked the tribunal to postpone the announcement because of the potentially incendiary implications for Lebanon of such an announcement, akin to the shootings on the streets of Beirut in 2008.[24] This was rejected in Lebanon with Al Manar saying "Israel doesn't surrender and therefore doesn't calm down. It believes that the Special Tribunal for Lebanon provides it with the best 'opportunity' for it to achieve its 'unachieved' goals," while saying Israel's "caring for the dignity and honour of Hariri's family perhaps more than all Lebanese and blaming Prime Minister Saad Hariri for favoring his 'political future' over his father's blood, didn't give up and continued spreading scenarios of a verdict denouncing Hezbollah, confirming that the verdict that will be issued soon is an Israeli decision per excellence." This came in in response to Israel's Channel 1 announcing the names and positions of alleged suspects.[46] Controversy continued over allegation that the Israeli media quoting sources in the United Nations saying that following the verdict the UN expects some shaking of Lebanon's stability. Channel One said the indictment would be issued in two stages: Accuse two officials from Hezbollah, and include three to five names of senior Hezbollah senior officials. It said the STL’s verdict would not differentiate between the suspects and Hezbollah's leadership. Former head of Operations Directorate in the Israeli army, Major General Yisrael Ziv, said "Hezbollah’s policy now is to walk on the brink of the abyss. Thus, Israel must not make mistakes in order not to fall in the organization’s hand." The channel also quoted a political analyst, Ari Shavit, as saying "Hezbollah is the most ferocious and dangerous enemy for Israel. Thus dragging it into a real interior quagmire and harsh legal problem inside Lebanon is a very positive issue for Israel." Military analyst, Amir Bar-Shalom, was quoted as saying "[Hezbollah] allows itself to take essential options since it has a deterrence power against Israel."[47]

Possible consequences

The UNIFIL mission was also seen as tenuous should the verdict inflame events already threatening to shake, if not disrupt, the government. The verdict could change the equation resulting in all agreements between Hezbollah and the rest of the government partners collapsing, and placing UNIFIL under pressure to disarm Hezbollah - which would then resist. With an explosion of internal divisions, Israel may still use a perceived failure of UNIFIL as a pretext to opt for war on either the south or all of Lebanon. At the same time, France could try to push the UN Security Council to give more power to UNIFIL, thus empowering it to search out Hezbollah.[48]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Security Council votes to establish Hariri assassination tribunal". UN News Centre. 2007-05-30. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  2. ^ Human Rights Watch (2006-05-30). "Establishing the Hariri Tribunal". Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  3. ^ http://www.stl-tsl.org/section/AbouttheSTL
  4. ^ Ghattas, Kim (2006-05-21). "Lebanon's groundbreaking tribunal". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  5. ^ "About the Registry". Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  6. ^ Mayer-Cantu, Jerome (2006-04-18). "Lebanon's Experiment with a Hybrid Tribunal". Lebanon Daily Star. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  7. ^ Jansen, Jaime (2007-09-11). "Netherlands invite UN to finalize hosting details for Hariri tribunal". JURIST. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  8. ^ "Ban Ki-moon names top official for Lebanon tribunal". UN News Centre. 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  9. ^ "Politics - Hariri Tribunal VP hands in retirement notice". The Daily Star. 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  10. ^ "Politics". iloubnan.info. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  11. ^ "Hariri tribunal chief steps aside". UPI.com. 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  12. ^ "Registry", Website tribunal
  13. ^ The Earthtimes. "Italian judge Antonio Cassese to head Special Tribunal for Lebanon". Earthtimes.org. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  14. ^ a b "Al-ManarTV:: The STL and the Anti-Lebanese Plot. Part 2: Focus Changes to Hezbollah 02/08/2010". Almanar.com.lb. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  15. ^ "Netherlands Close to Agreeing to Host the Hariri Tribunal". UN Dispatch. 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  16. ^ "Int'l Tribunal on Hariri's murder starts officially in March". People's Daily Online. 2008-11-27. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  17. ^ "Breakthrough in Tribunal Investigation: New Evidence Points to Hezbollah in Hariri Murder - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News - International". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  18. ^ a b "What are Syria's interests in Lebanon?". gulfnews. 2010-07-30. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  19. ^ "Aoun: Shiites Don't Want the Faqih Rule, al-Qaida Killed Hariri - Naharnet Newsdesk". Naharnet.com. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  20. ^ "Politics - Judiciary will view Syrian warrants under Lebanese law". The Daily Star. 2009-12-12. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  21. ^ Former Syrian agent fingers Hezb men for Hariri hit MenaFM.com 12-04-2010
  22. ^ a b http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2010/08/201084142939589511.html
  23. ^ a b c Yazbeck, Natacha (2010-07-23). "AFP: Lebanon on edge after Hezbollah revelation". Google.com. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  24. ^ a b "Hariri hit suspect is Hizbullah bigwig". Jpost.com. 2010-07-30. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  25. ^ http://www.almanar.com.lb/newssite/NewsDetails.aspx?id=148378&language=en >> Issawi: Lebanon Obliged to Respond to Tribunal's Requests
  26. ^ a b "Lebanon news - NOW Lebanon -Franjieh forecasts destruction if STL indicts Hezbollah members". NOW Lebanon. 2010-07-24. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  27. ^ "Lebanon news - NOW Lebanon -Alain Aoun calls for unity amid domestic political tension". NOW Lebanon. 2010-07-26. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  28. ^ "Al-ManarTV:: Aoun: STL Can't Release Indictment before Resolving False Witnesses Issue 01/08/2010". Almanar.com.lb. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  29. ^ http://www.almanar.com.lb/newssite/NewsDetails.aspx?id=148387&language=en >> Hezbollah Warns of Sedition Attempts through STL Verdict
  30. ^ "Al-ManarTV:: Safadi: Any Indictment against Hezbollah Will Be Rejected 27/07/2010". Almanar.com.lb. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  31. ^ "Lebanon news - NOW Lebanon -Alain Aoun: STL has lost its credibility". NOW Lebanon. 2010-07-25. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  32. ^ "The Daily Star". The Daily Star. 2010-07-28. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  33. ^ http://www.almanar.com.lb/newssite/NewsDetails.aspx?id=148382&language=en >> Sfeir Says International Tribunal Fair and Righteous
  34. ^ "Lebanon news - NOW Lebanon -Samir Franjieh criticizes Nasrallah’s STL remarks". NOW Lebanon. 2010-07-23. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  35. ^ a b "Lebanon: UN envoy welcomes visit by leaders of Saudi Arabia and Syria". Un.org. 2010-07-30. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  36. ^ "Lebanon news - NOW Lebanon -Hashem praises Jumblatt’s Damascus visit". NOW Lebanon. 2010-04-03. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  37. ^ "Lebanon news - NOW Lebanon -Gemayel welcomes Jumblatt’s Damascus trip as far as it corresponds to principles". NOW Lebanon. 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  38. ^ "Khalifeh: Hariri's Damascus Visit Culmination of Lebanon-Syria Efforts - Naharnet Newsdesk". Naharnet.com. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  39. ^ "Al-ManarTV:: Saudi King in Damascus on Eve of Beirut Tripartite Summit 29/07/2010". Almanar.com.lb. 2010-07-30. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  40. ^ a b "Beirut talks call for Lebanon unity - Middle East". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  41. ^ a b "Assad, Abdullah stress Lebanese stability - Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 1995-06-20. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  42. ^ "Al-ManarTV:: Sheikh Hamad Attends Bint Jbeil’s Ceremony in his Honor 31/07/2010". Almanar.com.lb. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  43. ^ "Assad 'to attend' summit in Lebanon - Middle East". Al Jazeera English. 2010-07-29. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  44. ^ "Lebanese leaders must keep their heads". gulfnews. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  45. ^ Hussein Assi. "Al-ManarTV:: Abdullah, Assad in Beirut in Unprecedented, Historic Visit 30/07/2010". Almanar.com.lb. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  46. ^ Hussein Assi (2010-07-30). "Al-ManarTV:: Israel Doesn't Surrender: Hezbollah behind Hariri's Murder! 30/07/2010". Almanar.com.lb. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  47. ^ "Al-ManarTV:: Israel Says STL Goal: Putting Israel’s “Most Ferocious Enemyâ€‌ in Deep Quagmire 31/07/2010". Almanar.com.lb. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  48. ^  By Lamis Andoni (2010-03-08). "Unifil 'on shaky ground' in Lebanon - Focus". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
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