Erivan Khanate: Difference between revisions
reverted possible vandalism. |
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|capital = [[Erevan]] |
|capital = [[Erevan]] |
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|status = [[Khanate]] |
|status = [[Khanate]] |
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}}'''The [[Khanate]] of [[Erevan]]''' ({{lang-fa|خانات ایروان}} ''Khānāt-e Īravān'' |
}}'''The [[Khanate]] of [[Erevan]]''' ({{lang-fa|خانات ایروان}} ''Khānāt-e Īravān''), also known as '''Čoḵūr Saʿd'''<ref name=iranica>[[Robert H. Hewsen|Hewsen, Robert H]]. and [[George Bournoutian]]. "[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v8f5/v8f561.html Erevan]." [[Encyclopedia Iranica]]. Accessed January 3, 2009.</ref>) was an administrative territory that was established [[Safavid Persia]] in the early 17th century. It covered an area of roughly 7,500 square miles,<ref name="iranica"/> and corresponded to most of present-day central [[Armenia]], most of the [[Iğdır Province]] of present-day [[Turkey]], and the [[Sharur]] and [[Sadarak]] rayons of the [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic]] of present-day [[Azerbaijan]]. |
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As a result of the Persian defeat in the last [[Russo-Persian War, 1826-1828|Russo-Persian War]], it was ceded to the [[Russian Empire]] in accordance with the 1828 [[Treaty of Turkmenchay]]. Immediately following this, the territories of the former Khanate of Erevan and the [[Nakhichevan khanate|Khanate of Nakhichevan]] were joined to form the [[Armenian oblast]]. |
As a result of the Persian defeat in the last [[Russo-Persian War, 1826-1828|Russo-Persian War]], it was ceded to the [[Russian Empire]] in accordance with the 1828 [[Treaty of Turkmenchay]]. Immediately following this, the territories of the former Khanate of Erevan and the [[Nakhichevan khanate|Khanate of Nakhichevan]] were joined to form the [[Armenian oblast]]. |
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==Government== |
==Government== |
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During Persian rule, the Shahs appointed the various khans as ''[[beylerbey|beglerbegī]]'' to preside over their domains, thus creating an administrative center. These khans from the [[Qajar]] tribe<ref>[http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus2/Bakihanov/frametext5.htm Abbasgulu Bakikhanov. Golestan-e Eram. Period V]</ref><ref>Bournoutian, George A. "[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v12f5/v12f5054.html Hosaynqolikhan Sardār-e Iravani]." Encyclopedia Iranica.</ref>, which is of Turkic origin<ref name="Abbas">Abbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896, I.B.Tauris, pp 2-3; "''In the 126 years between the fall of the Safavid state in 1722 and the accession of Nasir al-Din Shah, the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Iran into a Persian dynasty..''"</ref><ref>Choueiri, Youssef M., ''A companion to the history of the Middle East'', (Blackwell Ltd., 2005), 516.</ref>, also known as the ''sirdar'' (Pers. sardār, “chief”), governed the entire khanate, from the mid-17th century until the Russian occupation in 1828.<ref name="iranica"/> The khanate was divided into fifteen administrative districts called ''[[mahalle|maḥall]]s''. Persian rule was interrupted by [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] occupations between 1513–1514, 1533–1534, 1548–1549, 1553–1555, 1580–1604, 1635–1636 and 1722-1736. |
During Persian rule, the Shahs appointed the various khans as ''[[beylerbey|beglerbegī]]'' to preside over their domains, thus creating an administrative center. These khans from the [[Qajar]] tribe<ref>[http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus2/Bakihanov/frametext5.htm Abbasgulu Bakikhanov. Golestan-e Eram. Period V]</ref><ref>Bournoutian, George A. "[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v12f5/v12f5054.html Hosaynqolikhan Sardār-e Iravani]." Encyclopedia Iranica.</ref>, which is of Turkic origin<ref name="Abbas">Abbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896, I.B. Tauris, pp 2-3; "''In the 126 years between the fall of the Safavid state in 1722 and the accession of Nasir al-Din Shah, the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Iran into a Persian dynasty..''"</ref><ref>Choueiri, Youssef M., ''A companion to the history of the Middle East'', (Blackwell Ltd., 2005), 516.</ref>, also known as the ''sirdar'' (Pers. sardār, “chief”), governed the entire khanate, from the mid-17th century until the Russian occupation in 1828.<ref name="iranica"/> The khanate was divided into fifteen administrative districts called ''[[mahalle|maḥall]]s''. Persian rule was interrupted by [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] occupations between 1513–1514, 1533–1534, 1548–1549, 1553–1555, 1580–1604, 1635–1636 and 1722-1736. |
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==Population== |
==Population== |
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At the time of the Russian annexation of the Erevan Khanate in 1828, Armenians formed about less than 20% (about 15,000) of the population, while the remaining 80% was made up of Muslims (including 25,000 seminomadic Kurds), forming a total population of 102,000.<ref name=hewsen>{{cite book | last = Hewsen | first = Robert H. |authorlink= Robert Hewsen | title = Armenia: A Historical Atlas | year = 2001 |location = Chicago | publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] | isbn= 0-226-33228-4 | page = 168 }}</ref> |
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Philippos the head of Armenian community in Echmiadzin wrote in his address to [[Abbas I of Persia]] (1642-1667)<ref>Персидские документы Матенадарана (указы, сост.А.Д.Папазян), вып. II, (XV-XVII вв.). Ереван, 1956, pg. 368-369, </ref>:{{cquote|The majority of those living in our province at present have been relocated here from different provinces thanks to the immense care and love of Your Excellency. The 300 believers in Echmiadzin are praying for you day and night, as they are able to live only due to the mercy of Your Excellency.}} |
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Missionary Monye, who was a member of Jesuit Order, having arrived in Erevan Khanate on missionary work writes that <ref>Le Mamye-Clairac, Histoire de Perse, depuis le commencement de ce Siecle, Paris, t. II, 1750, pg. 154, MDCCL </ref>:{{cquote|The city, filled more gardens and vineyards than with houses, is surroundes by double fortification walls. Armenians amount to 1/4 of the population.}} |
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According to the data provided by I.Shopen, by order of Count I.F.Paskevich, following the Russian occupation of the Erivan Khanate (1829-1832), <ref>Шопен И.И., Исторический памятник состояния армянской области в эпоху ее присоединения к Российской империи. Санкт-Петербург, 1852, pg. 636-642, </ref>:{{cquote|49.875 Muslims (Azerbaijanis), 324 Kurds and 20.073 Armenians were living in Erivan Khanate.}} |
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===Armenian autonomy=== |
===Armenian autonomy=== |
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Revision as of 21:19, 12 November 2010
| 1604–1828 | |
 "Yerevan Khanate c. 1800." | |
| Status | Khanate |
| Capital | Erevan |
| History | |
• Established | 1604 |
• Disestablished | 1828 |
The Khanate of Erevan (Persian: خانات ایروان Khānāt-e Īravān), also known as Čoḵūr Saʿd[1]) was an administrative territory that was established Safavid Persia in the early 17th century. It covered an area of roughly 7,500 square miles,[1] and corresponded to most of present-day central Armenia, most of the Iğdır Province of present-day Turkey, and the Sharur and Sadarak rayons of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of present-day Azerbaijan.
As a result of the Persian defeat in the last Russo-Persian War, it was ceded to the Russian Empire in accordance with the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay. Immediately following this, the territories of the former Khanate of Erevan and the Khanate of Nakhichevan were joined to form the Armenian oblast.
Government
During Persian rule, the Shahs appointed the various khans as beglerbegī to preside over their domains, thus creating an administrative center. These khans from the Qajar tribe[2][3], which is of Turkic origin[4][5], also known as the sirdar (Pers. sardār, “chief”), governed the entire khanate, from the mid-17th century until the Russian occupation in 1828.[1] The khanate was divided into fifteen administrative districts called maḥalls. Persian rule was interrupted by Ottoman occupations between 1513–1514, 1533–1534, 1548–1549, 1553–1555, 1580–1604, 1635–1636 and 1722-1736.
Population
At the time of the Russian annexation of the Erevan Khanate in 1828, Armenians formed about less than 20% (about 15,000) of the population, while the remaining 80% was made up of Muslims (including 25,000 seminomadic Kurds), forming a total population of 102,000.[6]
Armenian autonomy
Armenians in the territory of the Khanate lived under the immediate jurisdiction of the melik of Erevan, from the House of the Melik-Aghamalyan family, who had the sole right to govern them with the authorization of the shah. The inception of the melikdom of Erevan appears only after the end of the last Ottoman-Safavid war in 1639 and seems to have been a part of an overall administrative reorganization in Persian Armenia after a long period of wars and invasions. The first known member of the family is a certain Melik Gilan but the first certain holder of the title of "melik of Erevan" was Melik Aghamal and it may be from him that the house had taken its surname. One of his successors, Melik-Hakob-Jan, attended the coronation of Nāder Shah in the Mughan plain in 1736.[1]
Under the melik of Erevan were a number of other meliks in the khanate, with each maḥall inhabited by Armenians having its own local melik. The meliks of Erevan themselves, especially the last, Melik Sahak II, were among the most important, influential and respected individuals in the khanate and both Christians and Muslims alike sought their advice, protection and intercession. Second in importance only to the khan himself, they alone among the Armenians of Erevan were allowed to wear the dress of a Persian of rank. The melik of Erevan had full administrative, legislative and judicial authority over Armenians up to the sentence of the death penalty, which only the khan was allowed to impose. The melik exercised a military function as well, because he or his appointee commanded the Armenian infantry contingents in the khan’s army. All the other meliks and village headmen (tanuters) of the khanate were subordinate to the melik of Erevan and all the Armenian villages of the khanate were required to pay him an annual tax.[1]
List of Khans
- 1736-40 Tahmasp-qulu khan
- 1740-47
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e Hewsen, Robert H. and George Bournoutian. "Erevan." Encyclopedia Iranica. Accessed January 3, 2009.
- ^ Abbasgulu Bakikhanov. Golestan-e Eram. Period V
- ^ Bournoutian, George A. "Hosaynqolikhan Sardār-e Iravani." Encyclopedia Iranica.
- ^ Abbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896, I.B. Tauris, pp 2-3; "In the 126 years between the fall of the Safavid state in 1722 and the accession of Nasir al-Din Shah, the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Iran into a Persian dynasty.."
- ^ Choueiri, Youssef M., A companion to the history of the Middle East, (Blackwell Ltd., 2005), 516.
- ^ Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-226-33228-4.