Cool (aesthetic): Difference between revisions
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:''For other uses of cool, see [[Cool (disambiguation)]].'' |
:''For other uses of cool, see [[Cool (disambiguation)]].'' |
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:''For more on cool in the context of indigenous African cultures, see [[African aesthetic]].'' |
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| ⚫ | '''Cool''', in [[popular culture]], is an [[aesthetics|aesthetic]] of attitude, [[behavior]], comportment, appearance and [[style]]. Because of the varied and changing connotations of ''cool'', as well its subjective nature, the word has no one meaning. It has associations of composure and self-control (cf. the [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]] definition) and is |
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| ⚫ | '''Cool''', in [[popular culture]], is an [[aesthetics|aesthetic]] of attitude, [[behavior]], comportment, appearance and [[style]]. Because of the varied and changing connotations of ''cool'', as well its subjective nature, the word has no one meaning. It has associations of composure and self-control (cf. the [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]] definition) and is often used as an expression of admiration or approval. |
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==A cross-cultural perspective== |
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==Historical similarities== |
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===Cool in Africa and the diaspora=== |
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{{Main|African aesthetic}} |
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Scholar [[Robert Farris Thompson]] has described [[African American]] cool as having corollaries in several [[Africa]]n cultural traditions, citing, the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] concept of "Itutu". He also has noted similarities between African and [[Europe]]an notions of cool. |
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| ⚫ | Thompson |
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<blockquote>The telling point is that the "mask" of coolness is worn not only in time of stress, but also of pleasure, in fields of expressive performance and the dance. Struck by the re-occurrence of this vital notion elsewhere in tropical Africa and in the Black Americas, I have come to term the attitude "an aesthetic of the cool" in the sense of a deeply and completely motivated, consciously artistic, interweaving of elements serious and pleasurable, of responsibility and play.<ref>Thompson, Robert Farris. ''African Arts''.</ref></blockquote> |
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===Aristocratic and artistic cool in Europe=== |
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<blockquote>Idioms of cool heart and cool territory do not ... communicate in Western languages the same sorts of meanings of composure and social stability unless the phrasing is used by, or has been influenced by, the presence of black people of African heritage.<ref>Thompson, Robert Farris. ''African Arts''.</ref></blockquote> |
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"Aristocratic cool", known as [[sprezzatura]], has existed in Europe for centuries.{{ref_harvard|Dick Pountain and David Robins, Anatomy of an Attitude, Reaktion Books Ltd., 2000.|Pountain and Robins, 2000|none}}. . The Mona Lisa is a classic example of sprezzatura. The sprezzatura of the Mona Lisa is seen in both her smile and the positioning of her hands. Both the smile and hands are intended to convey her grandeur, self-confidence and societal position. Sprezzatura involves showing disdain for the mundane work needed to create the air of appearing graceful and courteous. Sprezzatura can also be applied to the poets of the time who wanted to make their poetry seem to be the result of careful and meticulous work instead of the product of effortless and spontaneous action. |
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French aristocrats have also been described as cool.<ref>"The Marshal de Brogho was appointed to command all the troops within the isle of France, a high flying aristocrat, cool and capable of everything." http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/jefferson_f_05.html</ref> |
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The [[Black people|black]] expatriate [[jazz]] scene in [[Paris]], with its [[beatnik]] groupies, helped popularize notions of cool in the U.S. in the [[1940]]s.{{fact}} |
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===Asian warrior castes=== |
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Professor [[Thomas Sowell]], however, argues in the paper ''[[Black Rednecks and White Liberals]]'' that what is typically referred to as African-American culture is largely the cultural heritage of English "[[redneck]]s." |
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The ethic of the [[Samurai]] caste in [[Japan]], warrior castes in India and East Asia all resemble "cool".{{ref_harvard|Dick Pountain and David Robins, Anatomy of an Attitude, Reaktion Books Ltd., 2000.|Pountain and Robins, 2000|none}}. Samurai have been presented as "cool" in modern American movies such as [[Ghost Dog]].<ref>Way cool way of the samurai, Bruce Kirkland, http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Reviews/G/Ghost_Dog/2000/03/10/752999.html</ref> |
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===Cool in Asia=== |
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{{expand-section}} |
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| ⚫ | According to |
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===Black cultures=== |
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Pountain and Robins also see the ''[[machismo]]'' of [[Hispanic]] cultures and the "[[Anatolia]]n smile" of [[Turkey]] as having similarities with pop-culture cool. |
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| ⚫ | Author [[Robert Farris Thompson]] has described African American cool as having corollaries in several African cultural traditions, citing, the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] concept of "Itutu". He also has noted similarities between African and European notions of cool. Thompson found that the cultural value of cool in Africa and the [[African diaspora]] different from that held by Europeans. He cites a definition of cool from the Gola people of [[Liberia]], who define it as the ability to be mentally calm or detached, in an other-wordly fashion, from one's circumstances, to be nonchalant in situations where emotionalism or eagerness would be natural and expected.<ref>Thompson, Robert Farris. "An Aesthetic of the Cool." ''African Arts'', Vol. 7, No. 1 (Autumn, 1973).</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Thompson claims there is significant weight, meaning and spirituality attached to cool in traditional African cultures which is absent from the idea in a Western context. "Control, stability, and composure under the African rubric of the cool seem to constitute elements of an all-embracing aesthetic attitude." African cool, writes Thompson, is "more complicated and more variously expressed than Western notions of ''sang-froid'', cooling off, or even icy determination."{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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===Hispanic machismo=== |
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The "[[machismo]]" of [[Hispanic]] cultures is similar to the modern "cool".{{ref_harvard|Dick Pountain and David Robins, Anatomy of an Attitude, Reaktion Books Ltd., 2000.|Pountain and Robins, 2000|none}} |
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=== |
===In Turkey=== |
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{{section-stub}} |
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The cool "Anatolian smile" of [[Turkey]] is used to mask emotions. A similar "mask" of coolness is worn in both times of stress and pleasure in American and African communities.{{ref_harvard|Dick Pountain and David Robins, Anatomy of an Attitude, Reaktion Books Ltd., 2000.|Pountain and Robins, 2000|none}} |
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===Cool in the Americas=== |
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{{section-stub}} |
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==Uses== |
==Uses== |
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| ⚫ | ''Cool'' has been used to describe a general state of well-being, a transcendant, internal peace and serenity. (Thompson, ''African Arts''.) It also can refer to an absence of [[conflict]], a state of harmony and balance as in, "The land is cool," or as in a "cool heart." Such meanings, according to Thompson, are African in origin. |
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While slang terms are usually comprised of short-lived coinages and figures of speech, ''cool'' is an especially ubiquitous slang word, especially among young people. As well as being understood throughout the English-speaking world, the word has even entered the vocabulary of several languages other than English. |
While slang terms are usually comprised of short-lived coinages and figures of speech, ''cool'' is an especially ubiquitous slang word, especially among young people. As well as being understood throughout the English-speaking world, the word has even entered the vocabulary of several languages other than English. |
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''Cool'' is often used as a general positive epithet or interjection which has a range of related adjectival [[Meaning (linguistic)|meaning]]s. Among other things, it can ean ''calm'', ''stoic'', ''impressive'', ''intriguing'', or ''superlative''. |
''Cool'' is often used as a general positive epithet or interjection which has a range of related adjectival [[Meaning (linguistic)|meaning]]s. Among other things, it can ean ''calm'', ''stoic'', ''impressive'', ''intriguing'', or ''superlative''. |
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==Theories of cool== |
==Theories of ''cool''== |
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===''Cool'' as social distinction=== |
===''Cool'' as social distinction=== |
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According to this theory, ''cool'' can be exploited as a manufactured and empty idea impossed on the culture at large through a [[top-down]] process by the "Merchants of Cool"<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/ "Merchants of Cool"]</ref>. An artificial cycle of "cooling" and "uncooling" creates false needs in consumers, and stimulates the economy. "Cool has become the central ideology of consumer capitalism".<ref name="rebel"/> Supporters of this theory avoid the pursuit of cool. |
According to this theory, ''cool'' can be exploited as a manufactured and empty idea impossed on the culture at large through a [[top-down]] process by the "Merchants of Cool"<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/ "Merchants of Cool"]</ref>. An artificial cycle of "cooling" and "uncooling" creates false needs in consumers, and stimulates the economy. "Cool has become the central ideology of consumer capitalism".<ref name="rebel"/> Supporters of this theory avoid the pursuit of cool. |
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===''Cool'' as an opinion=== |
===''Cool'' as an opinion=== |
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{{originalresearch}} |
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Quite often ''cool'' is in the eye of the beholder. One person, usually a member of a certain social demographic could consider something to be ''cool'' whereas a member of a separate social demographic could consider completely the opposite to be worthy of the label. Trends are usually considered ''cool'' when only a small minority are involved in them. More people becoming interested in this trend pushes it towards the mainstream, therefore classifying it as ''uncool''. Something else will then emerge as a new trend, and the cycle will repeat indefinitely. |
Quite often ''cool'' is in the eye of the beholder. One person, usually a member of a certain social demographic could consider something to be ''cool'' whereas a member of a separate social demographic could consider completely the opposite to be worthy of the label. Trends are usually considered ''cool'' when only a small minority are involved in them. More people becoming interested in this trend pushes it towards the mainstream, therefore classifying it as ''uncool''. Something else will then emerge as a new trend, and the cycle will repeat indefinitely. |
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===''Cool'' as a family resemblance concept=== |
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{{originalresearch}} |
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If cool cannot be defined by a set of necessary and sufficient conditions, then it is better understood as a [[family resemblance]] concept. |
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Start with a set of paradigmatically cool individuals (for example, perhaps {[[Lenny Kravitz]], [[Lily Allen]], [[Fonzie]]}), |
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and understand coolness as the union of overlapping penumbra centered on these cool individuals. |
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The paradigms of cool change with each generation and within each subculture. |
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==''Cool'' definitions== |
==''Cool'' definitions== |
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*"Cool is a knowledge, a way of life."<ref>[[Lewis Macadams]], author of "Birth of The Cool" [http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?sid=33&pid=406072&agid=8].</ref> |
*"Cool is a knowledge, a way of life."<ref>[[Lewis Macadams]], author of "Birth of The Cool" [http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?sid=33&pid=406072&agid=8].</ref> |
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*"Coolness is the proper way you represent yourself to a human being."<ref> |
*"Coolness is the proper way you represent yourself to a human being."<ref>Robert Farris Thompson , Flash of the Spirit, New York: Vintage Books, 1983, p. 13.</ref> |
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*"Cool is an age-specific phenomenon, defined as the central behavioural trait of teenagerhood."<ref>Marcel Dansei, Cool: The Signs and Meanings of Adolescence, p. 1.</ref> |
*"Cool is an age-specific phenomenon, defined as the central behavioural trait of teenagerhood."<ref>Marcel Dansei, Cool: The Signs and Meanings of Adolescence, p. 1.</ref> |
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*[[Cool jazz]] |
*[[Cool jazz]] |
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*[[Itutu]] |
*[[Itutu]] |
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==Compare== |
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*[[Lame (slang)]] |
*[[Lame (slang)]] |
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*[[Square (slang)]] |
*[[Square (slang)]] |
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Revision as of 05:23, 27 February 2007
- For other uses of cool, see Cool (disambiguation).
Cool, in popular culture, is an aesthetic of attitude, behavior, comportment, appearance and style. Because of the varied and changing connotations of cool, as well its subjective nature, the word has no one meaning. It has associations of composure and self-control (cf. the OED definition) and is often used as an expression of admiration or approval.
Historical similarities
According to Dick Pountain and David Robins, attitudes similar to the modern vernacular, or slang, use of cool have existed for centuries in several cultures.[1]
Aristocratic and artistic cool in Europe
"Aristocratic cool", known as sprezzatura, has existed in Europe for centuries.Template:Ref harvard. . The Mona Lisa is a classic example of sprezzatura. The sprezzatura of the Mona Lisa is seen in both her smile and the positioning of her hands. Both the smile and hands are intended to convey her grandeur, self-confidence and societal position. Sprezzatura involves showing disdain for the mundane work needed to create the air of appearing graceful and courteous. Sprezzatura can also be applied to the poets of the time who wanted to make their poetry seem to be the result of careful and meticulous work instead of the product of effortless and spontaneous action.
French aristocrats have also been described as cool.[2]
Asian warrior castes
The ethic of the Samurai caste in Japan, warrior castes in India and East Asia all resemble "cool".Template:Ref harvard. Samurai have been presented as "cool" in modern American movies such as Ghost Dog.[3]
Black cultures
Author Robert Farris Thompson has described African American cool as having corollaries in several African cultural traditions, citing, the Yoruba concept of "Itutu". He also has noted similarities between African and European notions of cool. Thompson found that the cultural value of cool in Africa and the African diaspora different from that held by Europeans. He cites a definition of cool from the Gola people of Liberia, who define it as the ability to be mentally calm or detached, in an other-wordly fashion, from one's circumstances, to be nonchalant in situations where emotionalism or eagerness would be natural and expected.[4]
Thompson claims there is significant weight, meaning and spirituality attached to cool in traditional African cultures which is absent from the idea in a Western context. "Control, stability, and composure under the African rubric of the cool seem to constitute elements of an all-embracing aesthetic attitude." African cool, writes Thompson, is "more complicated and more variously expressed than Western notions of sang-froid, cooling off, or even icy determination."[citation needed]
Hispanic machismo
The "machismo" of Hispanic cultures is similar to the modern "cool".Template:Ref harvard
In Turkey
The cool "Anatolian smile" of Turkey is used to mask emotions. A similar "mask" of coolness is worn in both times of stress and pleasure in American and African communities.Template:Ref harvard
Uses
Cool has been used to describe a general state of well-being, a transcendant, internal peace and serenity. (Thompson, African Arts.) It also can refer to an absence of conflict, a state of harmony and balance as in, "The land is cool," or as in a "cool heart." Such meanings, according to Thompson, are African in origin.
While slang terms are usually comprised of short-lived coinages and figures of speech, cool is an especially ubiquitous slang word, especially among young people. As well as being understood throughout the English-speaking world, the word has even entered the vocabulary of several languages other than English.
Cool can be used to describe composure and absence of excitement in a person, especially in times of stress, and can refer to something that is aesthetically appealing. It is also used to express agreement or assent.
Cool is often used as a general positive epithet or interjection which has a range of related adjectival meanings. Among other things, it can ean calm, stoic, impressive, intriguing, or superlative.
Theories of cool
Cool as social distinction
According to this theory, cool is a zero sum game, in which cool exists only in comparison with things considered less cool. Illustrated in the book The Rebel Sell, cool is created out of a need for status and distinction. This creates a situation analogous to an arms race, in which cool is perpetuated by a collective action problem in society.[5]
Cool as an elusive essence
According to this theory, cool is a real, but unknowable property. Cool, like "good", is a property that exists, but can only be sought after. [2] In the New Yorker article, "The coolhunt"[3], cool is given 3 characteristics:
- "The act of discovering what's cool is what causes cool to move on"
- "Cool cannot be manufactured, only observed"
- "[Cool] can only be observed by those who are themselves cool".
Cool as a fictional concept
[Cool is] a heavily manipulative corporate ethos.
According to this theory, cool can be exploited as a manufactured and empty idea impossed on the culture at large through a top-down process by the "Merchants of Cool"[6]. An artificial cycle of "cooling" and "uncooling" creates false needs in consumers, and stimulates the economy. "Cool has become the central ideology of consumer capitalism".[5] Supporters of this theory avoid the pursuit of cool.
Cool as an opinion
Quite often cool is in the eye of the beholder. One person, usually a member of a certain social demographic could consider something to be cool whereas a member of a separate social demographic could consider completely the opposite to be worthy of the label. Trends are usually considered cool when only a small minority are involved in them. More people becoming interested in this trend pushes it towards the mainstream, therefore classifying it as uncool. Something else will then emerge as a new trend, and the cycle will repeat indefinitely.
Cool definitions
- "Cool is a knowledge, a way of life."[7]
- "Coolness is the proper way you represent yourself to a human being."[8]
- "Cool is an age-specific phenomenon, defined as the central behavioural trait of teenagerhood."[9]
See also
References
- ^ Dick Pountain and David Robins, Anatomy of an Attitude, Reaktion Books Ltd., 2000.
- ^ "The Marshal de Brogho was appointed to command all the troops within the isle of France, a high flying aristocrat, cool and capable of everything." http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/jefferson_f_05.html
- ^ Way cool way of the samurai, Bruce Kirkland, http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Reviews/G/Ghost_Dog/2000/03/10/752999.html
- ^ Thompson, Robert Farris. "An Aesthetic of the Cool." African Arts, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Autumn, 1973).
- ^ a b Heath, Joseph and Potter, Andrew. The Rebel Sell. Harper Perennial, 2004.
- ^ "Merchants of Cool"
- ^ Lewis Macadams, author of "Birth of The Cool" [1].
- ^ Robert Farris Thompson , Flash of the Spirit, New York: Vintage Books, 1983, p. 13.
- ^ Marcel Dansei, Cool: The Signs and Meanings of Adolescence, p. 1.