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=== Sources ===
=== Sources ===


<ref>
<references>


<ref name="LatnetBG">{{Cite news
<ref name="LatnetBG">{{Cite news |url=http://vip.latnet.lv/lpra/vesterm_bikern.htm |title=Par memoriālu nacisma terora upuriem Biķernieku mežā Rīgā |trans_title=About the Riga Bikernieki forest memorial to the Nazism terror victims |language=Latvian |first=Marģers |last=Vestermanis |date=December 4, 2001 |newspaper=Latvijas Vēstnesis |location=Riga, Latvia |accessdate=May 7, 2011}}</ref>
|url=http://vip.latnet.lv/lpra/vesterm_bikern.htm
|title=Par memoriālu nacisma terora upuriem Biķernieku mežā Rīgā
|trans_title=About the Riga Bikernieki forest memorial to the Nazism terror victims
|language=Latvian
|first=Marģers
|last=Vestermanis
|date=December 4, 2001
|newspaper=Latvijas Vēstnesis
|location=Riga, Latvia
|accessdate=May 7, 2011
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726062754/http://vip.latnet.lv/lpra/vesterm_bikern.htm
|archivedate=July 26, 2011
|df=
}}</ref>


<ref name="VVFSpeech">{{Cite web |url=http://www.president.lv/pk/content/?cat_id=605&art_id=10708 |author=Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga |authorlink=Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga |title=Valsts prezidentes runa Biķernieku memoriāla atklāšanā 2001. gada 30. novembrī |trans_title=The speech of president of Latvia at the opening of Bikernieki Memorial on 30 November 2001 |language=Latvian |date=November 30, 2011 |accessdate=May 6, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="VVFSpeech">{{Cite web |url=http://www.president.lv/pk/content/?cat_id=605&art_id=10708 |author=Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga |authorlink=Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga |title=Valsts prezidentes runa Biķernieku memoriāla atklāšanā 2001. gada 30. novembrī |trans_title=The speech of president of Latvia at the opening of Bikernieki Memorial on 30 November 2001 |language=Latvian |date=November 30, 2011 |accessdate=May 6, 2011}}</ref>
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<ref name="lootedart">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lootedart.com/MFEU4F52278_print;Y |title=Books and Publications: Wolfgang Scheffler and Diana Schulle, 'Book of Remembrance: The German, Austrian and Czechoslovakian Jews deported to the Baltic States', 2003 |publisher=The Central Registry of Information on Looted Cultural Property 1935–1945}}</ref>
<ref name="lootedart">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lootedart.com/MFEU4F52278_print;Y |title=Books and Publications: Wolfgang Scheffler and Diana Schulle, 'Book of Remembrance: The German, Austrian and Czechoslovakian Jews deported to the Baltic States', 2003 |publisher=The Central Registry of Information on Looted Cultural Property 1935–1945}}</ref>


<ref name="LatnetPray">{{Cite web |url=http://vip.latnet.lv/lpra/lugs_bikern.htm |first=Ieva |last=Rupenheite |title=Lūgšanas Biķerniekos |trans_title=Praying in Bikernieki |language=Latvian |date=November 29, 2001 |accessdate=May 19, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="LatnetPray">{{Cite web|url=http://vip.latnet.lv/lpra/lugs_bikern.htm |first=Ieva |last=Rupenheite |title=Lūgšanas Biķerniekos |trans_title=Praying in Bikernieki |language=Latvian |date=November 29, 2001 |accessdate=May 19, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726062801/http://vip.latnet.lv/lpra/lugs_bikern.htm |archivedate=July 26, 2011 |df= }}</ref>


<ref name="LatnetAlert">{{Cite web |url=http://vip.latnet.lv/lpra/sagl_modribu.htm |first=Dita |last=Arāja |title=Saglabāt modrību |trans_title=Remaining vigilant |language=Latvian |date=December 1, 2001 |accessdate=May 20, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="LatnetAlert">{{Cite web|url=http://vip.latnet.lv/lpra/sagl_modribu.htm |first=Dita |last=Arāja |title=Saglabāt modrību |trans_title=Remaining vigilant |language=Latvian |date=December 1, 2001 |accessdate=May 20, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726062812/http://vip.latnet.lv/lpra/sagl_modribu.htm |archivedate=July 26, 2011 |df= }}</ref>


<ref name="SympKnowl">{{Cite book |url=http://www.president.lv/images/modules/items/PDF/item_1641_Vesturnieku_komisijas_raksti_18_sejums.pdf |title=Symposium of the Commission of the Historians of Latvia |volume=18 |pages=43–44 |chapter=Knowledge of the Holocaust in 1941 |first=Andrievs |last=Ezergailis |publisher=Latvijas vēstures institūta apgāds |year=2006 |location=Riga, Latvia |isbn=9984-601-59-5}}</ref>
<ref name="SympKnowl">{{Cite book |url=http://www.president.lv/images/modules/items/PDF/item_1641_Vesturnieku_komisijas_raksti_18_sejums.pdf |title=Symposium of the Commission of the Historians of Latvia |volume=18 |pages=43–44 |chapter=Knowledge of the Holocaust in 1941 |first=Andrievs |last=Ezergailis |publisher=Latvijas vēstures institūta apgāds |year=2006 |location=Riga, Latvia |isbn=9984-601-59-5}}</ref>
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<ref name="GWGCBook">{{Cite web |url=http://www.volksbund.de/nc/meldungen/meldungen-detail/artikel/erinnerung-an-den-massenmord-in-riga-bikernieki/17/1296287185.html |title=Erinnerung an den Massenmord in Riga-Bikernieki |trans_title=Memory of the massacre in Riga, Bikernieki |language=German |year=2010 |publisher=[[German War Graves Commission]] |accessdate=June 26, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="GWGCBook">{{Cite web |url=http://www.volksbund.de/nc/meldungen/meldungen-detail/artikel/erinnerung-an-den-massenmord-in-riga-bikernieki/17/1296287185.html |title=Erinnerung an den Massenmord in Riga-Bikernieki |trans_title=Memory of the massacre in Riga, Bikernieki |language=German |year=2010 |publisher=[[German War Graves Commission]] |accessdate=June 26, 2011}}</ref>


<ref name="FJCVand">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=312578 |title=Holocaust Memorial Desecrated in Latvia |date=September 12, 2005 |publisher=[[Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS]] |accessdate=August 5, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="FJCVand">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=312578 |title=Holocaust Memorial Desecrated in Latvia |date=September 12, 2005 |publisher=[[Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS]] |accessdate=August 5, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320110513/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=312578 |archivedate=March 20, 2012 |df= }}</ref>


<ref name="BNSOpen">{{Cite news |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_action=doc&p_docid=0F97A6DCA43316E8 |title=Jewish deportations commemorated in Latvia with new memorial opening |date=November 30, 2001 |location=Tallinn, Estonia |agency=[[Baltic News Service]]}} {{Subscription required}}</ref>
<ref name="BNSOpen">{{Cite news |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_action=doc&p_docid=0F97A6DCA43316E8 |title=Jewish deportations commemorated in Latvia with new memorial opening |date=November 30, 2001 |location=Tallinn, Estonia |agency=[[Baltic News Service]]}} {{Subscription required}}</ref>

Revision as of 05:34, 2 November 2016

Bikernieki Memorial
German War Graves Commission
caption=A view of the memorial on December 2, 2001, a couple days after its unveiling
For The Holocaust victims
UnveiledNovember 30, 2001
Location56°57′46.7″N 24°12′37.2″E / 56.962972°N 24.210333°E / 56.962972; 24.210333
Designed bySergeys Rizhs
Total burials≈20,000
Earth, don't cover my blood.
Let my cry have no place to rest.

Bikernieki Memorial (Template:Lang-lv) is a war memorial to The Holocaust victims of World War II in Bikernieki forest (Template:Lang-lv), near Riga, Latvia. Bikernieki forest is the biggest mass murder site during The Holocaust in Latvia with two memorial territories spanning over 80,000 square metres (860,000 sq ft) with 55 marked burial sites with around 20,000 victims still buried in total.

The memorial was initially planned and construction started in 1986, but was delayed after Latvia declared independence in 1991. The construction was revived in 2000 by German War Graves Commission with the help of local Latvian organisations and several German cities. It was financed mostly by German government and organisations, Austrian State Fund, and involved city donations. It was designed by Sergey Rizh and opened on November 30, 2001.

Description

The architect of the memorial is Sergey Rizh (Template:Lang-ru), who worked for 15 years on the design of the memorial, saying it was "his human obligation" to devote his career to this.[1][2][3] The memorial is located in the Bikernieki forest, next to the Bikernieku Street (Template:Lang-lv) passing through the forest. There are two memorial territories – 6,550 and 79,630 square metres (70,500 and 857,100 sq ft) wide on both sides from the road. In addition to smaller forest pathways, there are two roads leading to the memorial's central square – a historic road used to bring the victims and the main central road paved with concrete slabs and marked with a concrete arc exiting to Bikernieku Street.[4]

The centre of assembly houses a black granite cube – a symbolic altar with engraving from Book of Job 16:18 "Earth, don't cover my blood. Let my cry have no place to rest." in Latvian, Russian, German, and Hebrew languages.[1][2][3][5] The immediate area is surrounded by 4,000 granite stones arranged in a grid of forty-five 4-by-4-metre (13 ft × 13 ft) squares, and resembles a traditional Jewish cemetery.[3][4][6] The unique rough-hewn 0.2-to-1.5-metre (0.66 to 4.92 ft) high granite stones of black, gray, and reddish colors come from Zhytomyr region in Ukraine.[6] The stones are carved with European city names representing the home towns of the victims.[3] The entrances to the memorial and other grave sites in the forest are marked with concrete pillars with symbols representing various groups of the fallen – Star of David representing Jews, Crown of Thorns representing war prisoners, and Christian cross representing civilians.[1][3] Historians from the New Synagogue Berlin – Centrum Judaicum, educational establishment House of the Wannsee Conference, and historians from the member cities have documented the names of over 31,000 victims,[7][8] published in Book of Remembrance: The German, Austrian and Czechoslovakian Jews deported to the Baltic States (2003).[9]

Despite the nature of memorial, the surrounding hills are a popular summer hiking and winter sledding and skiing location.[10][11] Although Germany supplies annual funding for memorial maintenance, it is insufficient to fund regular police patrols and surveillance.[10] The memorial and gravestones have been vandalised several times,[12] each time attracting media attention.[13][14][15][16]

History

Main article: The Holocaust in Latvia

Bikernieki forest is Latvia's biggest mass murder site during The Holocaust of World War II during years 1941–44.[3][4][17] There are 55 marked mass burial sites in the forest.[3] About 46,500 people were reported to have been killed there, including Latvian and Western European Jews, Soviet prisoners of war, and Nazis' political adversaries.[1][2][3][17] The exact number of victims is unknown. Although Soviet Nazi War Crime Research Committee declared over 46,000 murders, later excavations did not confirm this number.[17] The number of victims is speculated to be closer to 30,000.[17][18]

The first victims were a few thousand men arrested in July 1941 and brought from Riga Central Prison.[3] In 1942 another 12,000 Jews were brought from Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia.[3] In 1943 Riga Ghetto prisoners were brought here who were unable to work at Kaiserwald concentration camp, followed by those from the camp itself unable to work in 1944.[3] In 1943 and onwards Nazis dug up graves and burned the bodies to hide the evidence.[4][17] It is estimated that there are now around 20,000 victims buried in the forest.[3][17]

Planning and construction

In the 1960s, only a simple commemorative plaque was placed in the forest and the grave sites were marked with concrete borders.[2][4][11] The plaque stated that 46,500 Soviet citizens had died and omitted mentioning nationalities.[11][19] The location had been neglected and slowly degrading since.[2][11][19] The first plans for the Bikernieki forest grave site cleanup were formed in 1986 by a team from the Komunālprojekts Institute.[1][4][5] The team included Gaļina Lobaševa, Vija Jansone, Gaļina Alsina, Ineta Vītola, Māris Galarovskis, and Sergey Rizh in the lead.[2][4] The project received Riga City Council's approval and state funding and the works continued until 1991 when the current government was dissolved after Latvia declared independence.[4][5] The work halted at around a fifth of the completion with only the surrounding terrain cleared and central and entrance memorial signs erected.[4]

The project was revived in 1993–4 by the initiative of Eric Herzl, an expert from Austrian Society of Memorials, who obtained the permission from Riga City Council to continue the construction work. Austria brought the project to the attention of the German War Graves Commission and more than a dozen German cities in 1999.[1][4] On May 23, 2000, 13 German city representatives and the president of German War Graves Commission met in Berlin to form German Riga Committee.[a][7][20] The chapter was formed to plan and build a war memorial in Bikernieki forest to commemorate the Jews deported and killed at the start of the 1940s.[7][20] The project was funded by German War Graves Commission,[3][7] the National Fund of the Republic of Austria,[3] the German government[3] including Central Council of Jews in Germany,[7] and donations from several German town municipalities.[3][7] The work was carried out by The German Commission, Latvian Fraternal Cemeteries Commission, and the Riga City Council.[7] The projected cost was DEM 900,000 and the actual project cost DEM 1M (or LVL 285,000).[1][20]

The memorial was opened on November 30, 2001,[3][21][22] 60 years after the start of the deportations.[7][23] The event was opened by the former president of Latvia Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga who in her speech noted the importance of raising people's awareness about the events that took place there.[21][23][24] The event was well attended, including former Latvian Prime Minister Andris Bērziņš, Latvian chief rabbi Natans Barkans, officials and ambassadors from various countries, former ghetto and concentration camp inmates, and relatives of the victims from Lithuania, Estonia, Germany, Israel, Austria, and Russia.[5][6][22] Several research, education, and remembrance events were held after the opening ceremony.[23] The opening and the following events received local and foreign media coverage.[6][23] The opening ceremony ended with a Jewish prayer Kaddish by Riga Jewish community cantor Vlad Shulman.[6]

Reception

The architect Sergey Rizh says he attempted to show the idea of the memorial with a "concise language of architectural forms".[4] His goal was to encompass the surrounding terrain in line with contemporary art.[1] Art historian Solvita Krese called the project successful and lauded the design for avoiding exaggeration of themes at hand. She also noted that the memorial fit well with the terrain. Architect Ausma Skujiņa also said the project was successful among many other less successful ones. She stressed its positive nature and how the memorial "reconciles with the pain, and evens it out."[1] Winfried Nachtwei describes it as the "first of its kind in Eastern Europe".[6]

References

Notes

  • ^ "The involved cities were Berlin, Bielefeld, Dortmund, Duesseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Kassel, Cologne, Leipzig, Muenster, Nuremberg, Osnabrueck, and Stuttgart; followed by Bocholt, Kiel, Luebeck, Vienna, Bremen, and Paderborn in 2001.[7]

Sources

Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

[21]

[3]

[20]

[2]

[7]

[9]

[1]

[24]

[18]

[4]

[23]

[10]

[13]

[14]

[16]

[5]

[11]

[12]

[6]

[19]

[8]

[15]

[22]

</references>

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rupenheite, Ieva (November 29, 2001). "Lūgšanas Biķerniekos" (in Latvian). Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Nagle, Gunita (November 30, 2001). "Cilvēcisks pienākums". Diena (in Latvian). Riga, Latvia. Retrieved May 26, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Memoriāls Biķernieku mežā". Council of the Jewish Communities of Latvia. Retrieved May 6, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ватолин, Игорь (August 14, 2000). Мемориал жертвам нацистского террора в Бикерниеки строят немцы (in Russian). Riga, Latvia: Час [Chas]. ISSN 1407-6640. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved May 21, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e Элкин, Абик; Мейден, Игорь (December 1, 2001). Помнить их имена. Вести Сегодня [Vesti Sevodnya] (in Russian). No. 283 (721). Riga, Latvia. Retrieved June 20, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Nachtwei, Winfried (December 2001). "60 Jahre danach: Einweihung der Gedenkstätte Riga-Bikernieki – Erinnerung an Ermordete bekommt Ort und Gesicht" (in German). Retrieved June 23, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "German Riga Committee". German War Graves Commission. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
  8. ^ a b "Erinnerung an den Massenmord in Riga-Bikernieki" (in German). German War Graves Commission. 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b "Books and Publications: Wolfgang Scheffler and Diana Schulle, 'Book of Remembrance: The German, Austrian and Czechoslovakian Jews deported to the Baltic States', 2003". The Central Registry of Information on Looted Cultural Property 1935–1945.
  10. ^ a b c Rācenis, Uldis (January 12, 2006). "Ar ragavām un slēpēm Biķernieku Holokausta memoriālā". TVNET (in Latvian). {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b c d e Press, Bernhard (February 25, 2000). The murder of the Jews in Latvia: 1941-1945 (Jewish Lives). Northwestern University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8101-1729-7.
  12. ^ a b Rimington, Stella (September 30, 2004). Fraisl, Bettina; Stromberger, Monika (eds.). Stadt und Trauma: Annäherungen, Konzepte, Analysen. Königshausen & Neumann. p. 155. ISBN 978-3-8260-2756-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ a b "Biķerniekos apgānīti ebreju kapi". TVNET (in Latvian). September 13, 2003. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ a b "Bojāts Biķernieku memoriāls nacisma upuriem". LETA (in Latvian). TVNET. September 12, 2005. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ a b "Holocaust Memorial Desecrated in Latvia". Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS. September 12, 2005. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ a b "Sāk kriminālprocesu par Biķernieku memoriāla bojāšanu". BNS (in Latvian). TVNET. December 22, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference LatnetBG was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ a b Ezergailis, Andrievs (2006). "Knowledge of the Holocaust in 1941". Symposium of the Commission of the Historians of Latvia (PDF). Vol. 18. Riga, Latvia: Latvijas vēstures institūta apgāds. pp. 43–44. ISBN 9984-601-59-5.
  19. ^ a b c "Gedenkrede bei der Gedenkstunde im Wald von Bikernieki" (in German). German War Graves Commission. Retrieved June 26, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ a b c d J. Rozītis, Ojārs (May 23, 2000). "Biķerniekos būs memoriāls ebrejiem". Diena (in Latvian). Riga, Latvia. Retrieved May 11, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ a b c Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga (November 30, 2011). "Valsts prezidentes runa Biķernieku memoriāla atklāšanā 2001. gada 30. novembrī" (in Latvian). Retrieved May 6, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ a b c "Jewish deportations commemorated in Latvia with new memorial opening". Tallinn, Estonia. Baltic News Service. November 30, 2001. (subscription required)
  23. ^ a b c d e "Latvia's History: Education, Remembrance, Research" (18). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia. December 2001. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  24. ^ a b Arāja, Dita (December 1, 2001). "Saglabāt modrību" (in Latvian). Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 20, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
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