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Mola tecta

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Mola tecta
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Tetraodontiformes
Family: Molidae
Genus: Mola
Species:
M. tecta
Binomial name
Mola tecta
Nyegaard et al., 2017
Mola tecta compared to Mola alexandrini

Mola tecta, the hoodwinker sunfish,[1] belongs to the family Molidae and genus Mola. It is closely related to the more widely known ocean sunfish (Mola mola). The Latin word "tecta" means hidden. The word "hidden" was adopted for the name because the fish has blended in among other species of sunfish for a long time and has only been discovered recently.[2] Discovered on a beach near Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2015, it was the first new species of sunfish to be identified in 130 years. Mola tecta are mostly discovered in the temperate region of the Southern Hemisphere in the water near Australia, New Zealand, Southern Chile and Southern Africa.[3] It was first described by Marianne Nyegaard, a marine scientist who studied ocean sunfish for her PhD.[4]

Description

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The hoodwinker sunfish is a congener of (in the same genus as) the more widely known ocean sunfish, Mola mola. Mola tecta, like other Mola species, has a flat, almost symmetrical oval shape. It has a smooth body shape, no bump and has a maximum length of 242 cm (about 7.9 feet).[5] It does not have spines in its fins nor real caudal fin (tail fin).[5] Its scales have evolved into small spines. Like cartilaginous fish, Mola tecta has counter shading, which means that it has a darker color on the dorsal side than on the ventral side.[5] Compared to other Mola species, Mola tecta is slimmer, has a sleeker adult body shape, and lacks a protruding snout and lumps along the tail fin. It reaches up to three metres in length and can weigh up to two tonnes (2.0 long tons; 2.2 short tons).[6] Parasites are found in all the dissected Mola tecta.

History

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There are three extant species under the genus Mola: Mola mola, Mola alexandrini, and Mola tecta.[7]

Mola tecta, Bali

Mola mola is the most common known ocean sunfish and was found in 1758 and Mola alexandrini (also called Mola ramsayi) was found 81 years afterward, in 1839.[7][1] In comparison to its two relatives, Mola tecta was found recently in 2014.[8] In 2004, ten years before Mola tecta was officially named in 2014, Japanese researchers found out that there was a new Mola species based on the genetic information they obtained from the Australian water. However, they were not able to obtain more information about this new Mola species and they did not know exactly what this Mola species looked like.[9] According to Nyegaard, the first person who described Mola tecta, the Mola tecta are hard to study because they are hard to find and their huge size makes them difficult to store.[10]

Distribution

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Discovered on a beach near Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2014, the hoodwinker sunfish was the first new species of sunfish to be identified in 130 years.[6] It is thought to live primarily in the Southern Hemisphere and has been found in waters off New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and Chile.[6][11][12] There are, however, multiple[13][14][15] recorded cases of it being found in the Northern Hemisphere, such as one (previously thought to be a Mola mola) in Ameland in the Netherlands in 1889[16] and a 7-foot (2.1 m) specimen that washed up near Santa Barbara, California, in 2019.[17][18][19] Mola alexandrini, another Mola species has been found in the Southern Pacific. Mola mola, in comparison, is the most widespread species and has been found in all the major oceans except for the polar area.[1]

Diet

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Their diet is known to consist of salps and nektonic siphonophores because these two organisms are found in the digestive tract of Mola tecta.[5]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (April 2024). "Mola tecta". FishBase.
  2. ^ "new giant sunfish species discovered". museum of new zealand te papa. 20 July 2017. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  3. ^ Zdanowicz, Christina (March 4, 2019). "a huge, strange-looking fish washed up on a California beach. Scientist say it is a first". Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  4. ^ Leachman, Shelly (February 27, 2019). "Hoodwinked". Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d Nyegaard, Marianne. "Hiding in broad daylight: molecular and morphological data reveal a new ocean sunfish species (Tetraodontiformes: Molidae) that has eluded recognition". oxford academic. The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  6. ^ a b c Williams, Janice (24 July 2017). "New and biggest species of sunfish found in New Zealand after 130 years of searching". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  7. ^ a b Sawai, Etsuro (2018). "Redescription of the bump-head sunfish Mola alexandrini (Ranzani 1839), senior synonym of Mola ramsayi (Giglioli 1883), with designation of a neotype for Mola mola (Linnaeus 1758) (Tetraodontiformes: Molidae)". Ichthyological Research. 65: 142–160. doi:10.1007/s10228-017-0603-6. S2CID 10364811. Archived from the original on 2021-07-03. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  8. ^ Williams, Janice (2017-07-24). "New and biggest species of sunfish found in New Zealand after 130 years of searching". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  9. ^ "new giant sunfish species discovered". museum of new zealand te papa. 20 July 2017. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  10. ^ "new giant sunfish species discovered". museum of new zealand te papa. 20 July 2017. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  11. ^ Lang, Hannah (20 July 2017). "Massive Two-Ton Fish Species Discovered". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  12. ^ Sánchez, Rodrigo (29 August 2017). "Peces de Chile: El Mola Tecta o Pez Luna Timador". Buceando Chile (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2018-10-14. Retrieved 2018-10-14.
  13. ^ Hauck, Grace (February 22, 2020). "How a bizarre, monster fish hoodwinked researchers and reeled in a wave of citizen scientists". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
  14. ^ Prévost-Manuel, Jade (February 2, 2021). "Meet the hoodwinker, the ocean sunfish we misidentified for years". CBC News. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
  15. ^ Nyegaard, Marianne (March 1, 2021). Marianne Nyegaard | Hood-winking as an Artform: Mola tecta Surfaces in Californian Current System (Video). Exploring By The Seat Of Your Pants. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved June 8, 2024 – via YouTube.
  16. ^ "New in the autumn collection of Naturalis: Mola tecta". Leiden, NL: Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Archived from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  17. ^ "Hoodwinker sunfish: Rare fish washes up on California beach". BBC News. 2 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  18. ^ "Rare sea creature washes ashore in Southern California". Associated Press. 1 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  19. ^ Zdanowicz, Christina (1 March 2019). "A huge, strange-looking fish washed up on a California beach. Scientists say it's a first". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.

Further reading

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  • Nyegaard, M.; et al. (2017). "Hiding in broad daylight: molecular and morphological data reveal a new ocean sunfish species (Tetraodontiformes: Molidae) that has eluded recognition". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 182 (3): 631–658. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx040.
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