Baedeker Blitz: Difference between revisions
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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It was claimed that Lübeck was being used to supply the [[Russian Front]]. There is some doubt this was the sole reason and the historic centre of Lübeck seems to have been targeted simply because it was a very densely built-up area with a lot of buildings of wooden construction, and hence would be easily damaged. Damage to the historic city was very severe with the [[Lübeck Cathedral|cathedral]] and the main churches [[St. Mary's Church, Lübeck|St. Mary's]] and St. Peters as well as about 20 % of the buildings in the center being destroyed. |
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[[Bombing of Lübeck in World War II| Lübeck was bombed]] on the night of on the night of [[28 March|28]]/[[29 March]] [[1942]]. [[Arthur "Bomber" Harris]], [[Air Officer Commanding]] [[RAF Bomber Command]], wrote of the raid that "[Lübeck] went up in flames" because "it was a city of moderate size of some importance as a port, and with some submarine building yards of moderate size not far from it. It was not a vital target, but it seemed to me better to destroy a industrial town of moderate importance than to fail to destroy a large industrial city". He goes on to describe that the loss of 5.5% of the attacking force was no more than to be expected on a clear moon lit night, but if that loss rate was to continue for any length of time RAF Bomber Command would not be able to "operate at the fullest intensity of which it were capable".<ref>Harris, Arthur (1947); ''Bomber Offensive'', Pen & Swords, (Paperback 2005), ISBN 1-84415-210-3; page 105</ref> |
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A. C. Grayling in his book ''Among the dead cities'' makes the point that as the [[Area bombing directive]] issued to the RAF on [[14 February]] 1942, focused on the "morale of the enemy civil population", [[Lübeck]], with its many timbered medieval buildings, was chosen because the RAF "Air Staff were eager to experiment with a bombing technique using a high proportion of incendiaries" to help them carry out the directive — The RAF were well aware that the technique was effective because cities such as [[Coventry]] had been [[Coventry Blitz|subject to such attacks]] by the [[Luftwaffe]] during [[the Blitz]]. In retaliation for the Lübeck raid the Germans bombed [[Exeter]] on [[23 April]] 1942, the first of the 'Baedeker' raids. The Lübeck raid along with the the raid on [[Rostock]] caused "outrage in the German leadership ... and inspired the retaliatory 'Baedeker' raids"<ref name="Grayling50-52">A.C. Grayling (2006); ''Among the dead cities''; Bloomsbury (2006); ISBN 0-7475-7671-8 . Pages 50-52</ref> |
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==The raids== |
==The raids== |
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The Baedeker raids were conducted by the German [[Luftwaffe]] Luftflotte 3 in two periods between April and June 1942. They targeted relatively unimportant strategically but picturesque cities in England. The cities were reputedly selected from the German [[Baedeker]] Tourist Guide to Britain, meeting the criterion of having been awarded three stars, hence the English name for the raids. Baron [[Gustav Braun von Sturm]], a German [[propaganda|propagandist]] is reported to have said on [[24 April]] [[1942]] following the first attack, "We shall go out and bomb every building in Britain marked with three stars in the Baedeker Guide." |
The Baedeker raids were conducted by the German [[Luftwaffe]] Luftflotte 3 in two periods between April and June 1942. They targeted relatively unimportant strategically but picturesque cities in England. The cities were reputedly selected from the German [[Baedeker]] Tourist Guide to Britain, meeting the criterion of having been awarded three stars, hence the English name for the raids. Baron [[Gustav Braun von Sturm]], a German [[propaganda|propagandist]] is reported to have said on [[24 April]] [[1942]] following the first attack, "We shall go out and bomb every building in Britain marked with three stars in the Baedeker Guide."<ref name="Grayling50-52"/> |
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The cities attacked were: |
The cities attacked were: |
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**[[Canterbury]] (May 31; June 2 and June 6) |
**[[Canterbury]] (May 31; June 2 and June 6) |
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Across all the raids on these five cities a total of 1,637 civilians were killed and 1,760 injured, and over 50,000 houses were destroyed. Some noted buildings were destroyed but on the whole most escaped — the [[cathedral]]s of Norwich and Canterbury included. The German bombers suffered heavy losses for minimal damage inflicted, and the Axis' need for reinforcements in [[North Africa]] and [[Russian Front]] meant further operations were restricted to hit-and-run raids on coastal towns by a few [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190]] fighter-bombers. |
Across all the raids on these five cities a total of 1,637 civilians were killed and 1,760 injured, and over 50,000 houses were destroyed.<ref name="Grayling50-52"/> Some noted buildings were destroyed including York's Guildhall and [[Bath, Somerset#20th century|Bath's Assembly Rooms]], but on the whole most escaped — the [[cathedral]]s of Norwich and Canterbury included. The German bombers suffered heavy losses for minimal damage inflicted, and the Axis' need for reinforcements in [[North Africa]] and [[Russian Front]] meant further operations were restricted to hit-and-run raids on coastal towns by a few [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190]] fighter-bombers. |
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Several other raids are sometimes included under the ''Baedeker'' title, although only a few aircraft were involved in each and damage was not extensive. These raids were all on [[East Anglia]]n locations. |
Several other raids are sometimes included under the ''Baedeker'' title, although only a few aircraft were involved in each and damage was not extensive.<ref>Grayling ''Among the dead cities'', See [[#References|References]], Page 52, footnote 43 (pages 331,332)</ref> These raids were all on [[East Anglia]]n locations. |
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*[[Bury St Edmunds]] |
*[[Bury St Edmunds]] |
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{{WW2AirDefenceUK}} |
{{WW2AirDefenceUK}} |
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==Refernces== |
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* Grayling, A. C. (2006); ''Among the dead cities''; Bloomsbury (2006); ISBN 0-7475-7671-8 . Pages Pages 50-52 |
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* Harris, Arthur (1947); ''Bomber Offensive'', Pen & Swords, (Paperback 2005), ISBN 1-84415-210-3; page 105 |
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==Further reading== |
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*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1892714.stm BBC News: Blitzed by guidebook] |
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1892714.stm BBC News: Blitzed by guidebook] |
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*[http://www.bathblitz.org Bath Blitz website] |
*[http://www.bathblitz.org Bath Blitz website] |
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*[http://www.digiserve.com/peter/war/hs1.htm Canterbury at War] |
*[http://www.digiserve.com/peter/war/hs1.htm Canterbury at War] |
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==Footnotes== |
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<references/> |
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[[Category:History of Lübeck]] |
[[Category:History of Lübeck]] |
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Revision as of 14:15, 1 February 2007
The Baedeker Blitz or Baedeker raids were a series of Vergeltungsangriffe (retaliatory raids) German bombing raids on English cities in response to the bombing of the erstwhile Hanseatic League city of Lübeck during the night from 28./29 March 1942 during World War II.
Background
Lübeck was bombed on the night of on the night of 28/29 March 1942. Arthur "Bomber" Harris, Air Officer Commanding RAF Bomber Command, wrote of the raid that "[Lübeck] went up in flames" because "it was a city of moderate size of some importance as a port, and with some submarine building yards of moderate size not far from it. It was not a vital target, but it seemed to me better to destroy a industrial town of moderate importance than to fail to destroy a large industrial city". He goes on to describe that the loss of 5.5% of the attacking force was no more than to be expected on a clear moon lit night, but if that loss rate was to continue for any length of time RAF Bomber Command would not be able to "operate at the fullest intensity of which it were capable".[1]
A. C. Grayling in his book Among the dead cities makes the point that as the Area bombing directive issued to the RAF on 14 February 1942, focused on the "morale of the enemy civil population", Lübeck, with its many timbered medieval buildings, was chosen because the RAF "Air Staff were eager to experiment with a bombing technique using a high proportion of incendiaries" to help them carry out the directive — The RAF were well aware that the technique was effective because cities such as Coventry had been subject to such attacks by the Luftwaffe during the Blitz. In retaliation for the Lübeck raid the Germans bombed Exeter on 23 April 1942, the first of the 'Baedeker' raids. The Lübeck raid along with the the raid on Rostock caused "outrage in the German leadership ... and inspired the retaliatory 'Baedeker' raids"[2]
The raids
The Baedeker raids were conducted by the German Luftwaffe Luftflotte 3 in two periods between April and June 1942. They targeted relatively unimportant strategically but picturesque cities in England. The cities were reputedly selected from the German Baedeker Tourist Guide to Britain, meeting the criterion of having been awarded three stars, hence the English name for the raids. Baron Gustav Braun von Sturm, a German propagandist is reported to have said on 24 April 1942 following the first attack, "We shall go out and bomb every building in Britain marked with three stars in the Baedeker Guide."[2]
The cities attacked were:
- First period
- Second period, following the bombing of Cologne
- Canterbury (May 31; June 2 and June 6)
Across all the raids on these five cities a total of 1,637 civilians were killed and 1,760 injured, and over 50,000 houses were destroyed.[2] Some noted buildings were destroyed including York's Guildhall and Bath's Assembly Rooms, but on the whole most escaped — the cathedrals of Norwich and Canterbury included. The German bombers suffered heavy losses for minimal damage inflicted, and the Axis' need for reinforcements in North Africa and Russian Front meant further operations were restricted to hit-and-run raids on coastal towns by a few Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter-bombers.
Several other raids are sometimes included under the Baedeker title, although only a few aircraft were involved in each and damage was not extensive.[3] These raids were all on East Anglian locations.
See also
Refernces
- Grayling, A. C. (2006); Among the dead cities; Bloomsbury (2006); ISBN 0-7475-7671-8 . Pages Pages 50-52
- Harris, Arthur (1947); Bomber Offensive, Pen & Swords, (Paperback 2005), ISBN 1-84415-210-3; page 105