Traf-O-Data: Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Microsoft]] |
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{{short description|Early predecessor company to Microsoft}} |
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{{Infobox company |
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| name = Traf-O-Data |
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| logo = Logo of Traf-O-Data.svg |
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| type = |
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| industry = [[Transportation engineering]] |
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| fate = Renamed to [[Microsoft]] |
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| successor = [[Microsoft|Microsoft Corporation]] |
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| founded = {{Start date and age|1972}}<br />[[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], U.S. |
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| founders = [[Bill Gates]]<br />[[Paul Allen]]<br />Paul Gilbert |
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| defunct = {{End date and age|1975}} |
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| hq_location_city = Seattle, Washington |
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| hq_location_country = U.S. |
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| key_people = |
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| products = |
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| num_employees = |
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| num_employees_year = |
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| revenue = |
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| homepage = |
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}} |
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{{Bill Gates series}} |
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'''Traf-O-Data''' was a business partnership between [[Bill Gates]], [[Paul Allen]] and Paul Gilbert that existed in the 1970s. The objective was to read the raw data from roadway [[Traffic count#Traffic counter device|traffic counters]] and create reports for traffic engineers. The company had only modest success but the experience was instrumental in the creation of [[Microsoft|Microsoft Corporation]] a few years later.<ref>{{cite web|title=Traf-O-Data |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science |url=http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/story.php?ii=45 |access-date=2011-05-08 |url-status=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/story.php?ii=45 |archivedate=March 23, 2012 }}</ref> |
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{{R from former name}} |
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==Traffic counting== |
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[[File:Traf-O-Data_Business_Card.jpg|thumb|250px|Business card showing the names of Gates, Allen, and Gilbert from the [[New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science]] ]] |
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State and local governments frequently perform traffic surveys with a pneumatic road tube traffic counter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bruun |first=Maja Hojer |title=The Palgrave Handbook of the Anthropology of Technology |last2=Wahlberg |first2=Ayo |last3=Douglas-Jones |first3=Rachel |last4=Hasse |first4=Cathrine |last5=Hoeyer |first5=Klaus |last6=Kristensen |first6=Dorthe Brogård |last7=Winthereik |first7=Brit |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2022 |isbn=978-981-16-7083-1 |location=Singapore |pages=281 |language=en}}</ref> Rubber hoses are stretched across a road and wheels of passing vehicles create air pulses that are recorded by a roadside counter.<ref name=":0" /> In the 1970s the counts were mechanically recorded on a roll of [[Punched tape|paper tape]]. The time and number of axles were punched as a 16-bit pattern into the paper tape. (The common [[Teletype Corporation|Teletype]] paper tape uses only 7 bits.) Cities would hire private companies to translate the data into reports that traffic engineers could use to adjust traffic lights or improve roads. |
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Bill Gates and Paul Allen were high school students at [[Lakeside School (Seattle)|Lakeside School]] in Seattle. The Lakeside Programmers Group got free computer time on various computers in exchange for writing computer programs. Gates and Allen thought they could process the traffic data cheaper and faster than the local companies by building a computer that could process all the traffic tapes using the Intel 8008 processor.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Becraft |first=Michael B. |title=Bill Gates: A Biography |date=2014-08-26 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-3013-6 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |pages=11 |language=en}}</ref> The goal was to sell such machines to states and local governments as a time and cost-saving tool. |
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Since Gates and Allen did not know how to build a computer capable of processing data on paper tapes, they recruited Paul Gilbert to help in building a prototype that can manually read the hole-patterns in the paper tape and transcribe the data onto computer cards.<ref name=":1" /> Gilbert became the third partner.<ref name=":1" /> Gates then used a computer at the University of Washington to produce the traffic flow charts. (Paul Allen's father was a librarian at UW.) This was the beginning of Traf-O-Data.<ref name="CDC">{{cite book | last=Wallace | first=James | author2=Jim Erickson | title=Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | date=1992 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/harddrivebillgat00wall_0/page/42 42–46] | isbn=0-471-56886-4 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/harddrivebillgat00wall_0/page/42 }}</ref> |
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==Traf-O-Data hardware== |
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[[Image:Traf-O-Data Computer.jpg|thumb|250px|Traf-O-Data 8008 computer with a tape reader]] |
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The next step was to build a device to read the traffic tapes directly and eliminate the tedious manual work. The [[Intel 8008]] microprocessor was announced in 1972 and they realized it could read the tapes and process the data. Allen had graduated and was enrolled at [[Washington State University]]. Since neither Gates nor Allen had any hardware design experience, they were initially stumped. |
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Gates and Allen had a friend, Paul Wennberg, who, like them, loitered at [[Control Data Corporation]] near the University of Washington, cadging open time on the mainframe computer. Wennberg, later the founder of the Triakis Corporation, was an [[electrical engineering]] student at the University of Washington. In the course of events Gates and Allen mentioned they were looking for somebody to build them a computer for free. They needed somebody good enough to build a computer from parts and the diagrams found in a computer magazine. Wennberg talked to his friend, Wes Prichard, who suggested to Wennberg that Gates and Allen head over to the UW Physics building, now known as Mary Gates Hall,<ref name= "Gates Hall">{{cite web | url = http://www.washington.edu/uaa/leading/mary-gates-hall/ | title = Mary Gates Hall | website = UW Undergraduate Academic Affairs | publisher = University of Washington | access-date = Oct 20, 2015 | quote = Formerly known as the Physics Building, Mary Gates Hall is the result of a distinguished legacy, inspired leadership, and vision for the future of the UW’s undergraduate experience. The Board of Regents decision to re-name the building coincided with a 1995 $10 million gift from the Gates family that established the Mary Gates Endowment for Students.}}</ref> to talk to Paul Gilbert, another electrical engineering student, who worked in the high-energy tracking laboratory. It was there that Paul Gilbert was approached by the duo to become a partner in Traf-O-Data. |
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That year Gilbert, piece by piece, [[wire-wrap]]ped,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130511142147/http://www.thegatesnotes.com/Personal/Early-Days-as-a-Computer-Programmer "Early Days as a Computer Programmer"], October 27, 2011, thegatesnotes.com</ref> soldered, and assembled from electrical components the working microcomputer. Miles Gilbert, Paul Gilbert's brother, a graphic designer and draftsman, helped the fledgling company by designing the company's logo.<ref>{{cite book | last=Manes | first=Stephen | author2=Paul Andrews | date=1994 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gates/cynR_pehxHgC | title=Gates: How Microsoft's Mogul Reinvented an Industry—and Made Himself the Richest Man in America | publisher=Touchstone | page=51 | isbn=9780671880743 | via=Google Books}}</ref> Gates and Allen started writing the software. To test the software while the computer was being designed, Paul Allen wrote a computer program on WSU's [[IBM System/360]] that would emulate the 8008 microprocessor. |
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Although the plan had been to manufacture and sell the machines: |
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{{Quote| style=font-size:100% | text="... when the guy from the County that Seattle's in came to see it, it didn't work. We ended up being okay successful, not seriously successful ... just by processing the tapes. At first, that was a very manual process. Then we used this prototype machine that we built to do that. So, we made a little bit of money and had some fun with it." |author=Bill Gates|source=''Smithsonian''<ref>[http://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/gates.htm#tc5 "Using an 8008 Processor"], Bill Gates interview, ''Smithsonian''</ref>}} |
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Later, the State of Washington offered free traffic processing services to cities, ending the need for private contractors, and all three principals moved on to other projects. The real contribution of Traf-O-Data was the experience that Gates and Allen gained, skills they used to write [[Altair BASIC]] for the [[Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems|MITS]] [[Altair 8800]] computer: |
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{{Quote| style=font-size:100% | text="Even though Traf-O-Data wasn't a roaring success, it was seminal in preparing us to make Microsoft's first product a couple of years later. We taught ourselves to simulate how microprocessors work, using [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] computers, so we could develop software even before our machine was built."|author=Paul Allen|source=''Fortune''<ref>[http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/10/02/206528/index.htm "Interview with Bill Gates and Paul Allen"], October 1995, ''Fortune''</ref>}} |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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[[Category:1972 establishments in Washington (state)]] |
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[[Category:1975 disestablishments in Washington (state)]] |
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[[Category:Bill Gates]] |
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[[Category:Companies based in Seattle]] |
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[[Category:Computer companies established in 1972]] |
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[[Category:Computer companies disestablished in 1975]] |
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[[Category:Defunct computer companies of the United States]] |
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[[Category:Defunct computer hardware companies]] |
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[[Category:Transport companies established in 1972]] |
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[[Category:Transport companies disestablished in 1975]] |
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[[Category:Transportation engineering]] |
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Revision as of 06:07, 19 March 2023
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