Sephardic Jews in Romania: Difference between revisions
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| population = <1,000 |
| population = <1,000 |
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| regions = [[Bucharest]] |
| regions = [[Bucharest]] |
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| languages = [[Ladino]], [[ |
| languages = [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]] |
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| religions = [[Judaism]] |
| religions = [[Judaism]] |
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| related_groups = [[Sephardic Jews]] |
| related_groups = [[Sephardic Jews]] |
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}} |
}} |
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Sephardic Jews have played an important historical role in Romania, although their numbers in the country have dwindled to a few hundred, with most living in the capital, [[Bucharest]]. |
Sephardic Jews have played an important historical role in Romania, although their numbers in the country have dwindled to a few hundred, with most living in the capital, [[Bucharest]]. Antisemitic [[Pogrom|pogroms]] and [[Eastern Bloc economies|economic strife]] lead to mass emigration out of the country in the 20th century. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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=== Origins === |
=== Origins === |
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Many Sephardic Jews began settling in [[Wallachia]] in the 16th century, although there is evidence they began settling in Romania as early as 1496 following the [[Spanish Inquisition]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toma |first=Cristina |title=Bucuresti, panorama sefarda/Bucharest a sephardic outlook |url=https://www.academia.edu/9141313/Bucuresti_panorama_sefarda_Bucharest_a_sephardic_outlook |journal=Sephardic Studies |via=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref> They arrived through the |
Many Sephardic Jews began settling in [[Wallachia]] in the 16th century, then under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rule]], although there is evidence they began settling in Romania as early as 1496 following the [[Spanish Inquisition]] and [[Alhambra Decree]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toma |first=Cristina |title=Bucuresti, panorama sefarda/Bucharest a sephardic outlook |url=https://www.academia.edu/9141313/Bucuresti_panorama_sefarda_Bucharest_a_sephardic_outlook |journal=Sephardic Studies |via=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref> They arrived through the Ottoman Empire, which was more welcoming towards Jewish immigration than other countries in Europe at the time. |
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=== Communities === |
=== Communities === |
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[[File:Grand Spanish Temple, "Cahal Grande" synagogue, located on 12 Negru Vodă Street, Bucharest.jpg|thumb|The Cahal |
[[File:Grand Spanish Temple, "Cahal Grande" synagogue, located on 12 Negru Vodă Street, Bucharest.jpg|thumb|The [[Grand Spanish Temple|Cahal Grande]] was considered one of the most beautiful synagogues in Eastern Europe, but it was destroyed during antisemitic pogroms in Romania in the early-mid 20th century.]] |
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In 1730, following advice of Jews Daniel de Fonseca and Celebi Mentz Bali, the then-ruler of Wallachia, [[Nicolae Mavrocordat]], formally allowed Sephardic Jews to organize themselves into communities. Since then, according to historian [[Iuliu Barasch]], many Sephardim from the Ottoman Empire began settling in Romania. However, it was not until 1819 that the first synagogue was built in the capital, [[Grand Spanish Temple|Cahal Grande]], with reforms by Rabbis Eliezer |
In 1730, following advice of Jews [[Daniel de Fonseca]] and Celebi Mentz Bali, the then-ruler of Wallachia, [[Nicolae Mavrocordat]], formally allowed Sephardic Jews to organize themselves into communities. Since then, according to historian [[Iuliu Barasch]], many Sephardim from the Ottoman Empire began settling in Romania. However, it was not until 1819 that the first synagogue was built in the capital, [[Grand Spanish Temple|Cahal Grande]], with reforms by Rabbis [[Eliezer Papo]] and Damascus Eliezer. |
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Since the establishment of said communities, the Sephardic community in Romania thrived, despite antisemetic measures taken by government officials [[Ion C. Brătianu]] and [[Dimitrie A. Sturdza]]. In 1934, there were large Sephardic communities in Bucharest, [[Craiova]], [[Ploiești |
Since the establishment of said communities, the Sephardic community in Romania thrived, despite antisemetic measures taken by government officials [[Ion C. Brătianu]] and [[Dimitrie A. Sturdza]]. In 1934, there were large Sephardic communities in Bucharest, [[Craiova]], [[Ploiești]], [[Turnu Severin]], [[Timișoara]], [[Corabia]], [[Calafat]], [[Brăila]], [[Galați]], [[Tulcea]], [[Constanța]] and [[Giurgiu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sephardic Jewish Community of Romania |url=http://www.sephardicstudies.org/romania.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=www.sephardicstudies.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bucureștiul sefard. O istorie de peste 500 de ani în 100 de imagini prezentată la Madrid {{!}} Modernism |url=https://www.modernism.ro/2016/11/15/bucurestiul-sefard-o-istorie-de-peste-500-de-ani-in-100-de-imagini-prezentata-la-madrid/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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[[File:Bucharest Sefard Jewish Cemetery.jpg|thumb|The |
[[File:Bucharest Sefard Jewish Cemetery.jpg|thumb|The [[Bucharest Sephardic Jewish Cemetery]] is an important monument to the community and is still in operation today.]] |
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Sephardic Jews' situation worsened in 1937, along with the rest of the Jews in Romania, suffering from antisemetic laws established by [[Octavian Goga]]'s government, as well as [[Miron Cristea]]'s, but especially by the [[National Legionary State]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-10 |title=“Miron Cristea este o ruşine pentru România. Moneda trebuie distrusă urgent” |url=http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/miron-cristea-este-o-rusine-pentru-romania-moneda-trebuie-distrusa-urgent-902803.html |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128195057/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/miron-cristea-este-o-rusine-pentru-romania-moneda-trebuie-distrusa-urgent-902803.html |archive-date=2010-11-28 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=evz.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-08 |title=Evreii cer retragerea unei monede comemorative a BNR |url=https://www.cotidianul.ro/121201-Evreii_cer_retragerea_unei_monede_comemorative_a_BNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808081318/https://www.cotidianul.ro/121201-Evreii_cer_retragerea_unei_monede_comemorative_a_BNR |archive-date=2010-08-08 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=contidianul.ro |language=ro}}</ref> During the Legionary Rebellion at the [[Bucharest pogrom]], the Cahal Grande Synagogue was burned to the ground. |
Sephardic Jews' situation worsened in 1937, along with the rest of the Jews in Romania, suffering from antisemetic laws established by [[Octavian Goga]]'s government, as well as [[Miron Cristea]]'s, but especially by the [[National Legionary State]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-10 |title=“Miron Cristea este o ruşine pentru România. Moneda trebuie distrusă urgent” |url=http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/miron-cristea-este-o-rusine-pentru-romania-moneda-trebuie-distrusa-urgent-902803.html |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128195057/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/miron-cristea-este-o-rusine-pentru-romania-moneda-trebuie-distrusa-urgent-902803.html |archive-date=2010-11-28 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=evz.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-08 |title=Evreii cer retragerea unei monede comemorative a BNR |url=https://www.cotidianul.ro/121201-Evreii_cer_retragerea_unei_monede_comemorative_a_BNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808081318/https://www.cotidianul.ro/121201-Evreii_cer_retragerea_unei_monede_comemorative_a_BNR |archive-date=2010-08-08 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=contidianul.ro |language=ro}}</ref> During the Legionary Rebellion at the [[Bucharest pogrom]], the Cahal Grande Synagogue was burned to the ground. |
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=== 20th century === |
=== 20th century === |
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The establishment of the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist regime]], Romanian Sephardic Jews [[Romanian Jews in Israel|emigrated en masse to Israel]]. Currently, there are several hundred Sephardic Jews left in Romania, the majority in Bucharest. They no longer have a synagogue exclusive to their community. There is a minute amount of Sephardic Jews who emigrated to Bucharest in modern times, mostly from Israel. |
The establishment of the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist regime]], Romanian Sephardic Jews [[Romanian Jews in Israel|emigrated en masse to Israel]]. Currently, there are several hundred Sephardic Jews left in Romania, the majority in Bucharest. They no longer have a synagogue exclusive to their community. There is a minute amount of Sephardic Jews who emigrated to Bucharest in modern times, mostly from Israel. |
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== Notable Romanian Sephardic Jews == |
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* [[Mosko Alkalai]], actor |
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* [[Mișu Benvenisti]], lawyer, Zionist militant, and leader of the Romanian Jewish community |
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* [[Aristide Blank]], financier, economist, arts patron and playwright |
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* [[Mauriciu Blank]], banker, co-founder, alongside Iacob Marmorosch, of the [[Marmorosch Blank Bank]] |
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* {{ill|Eliza Campus|ro|Eliza Campus}}, professor, historian and author of history books and historical novels |
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* [[David Emmanuel (mathematician)|David Emmanuel]], mathematician and member of the Romanian Academy, considered to be the founder of the modern mathematics school in Romania |
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* [[Moses Gaster]], ''[[Hakham]]'' of the [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Spanish and Portuguese Jewish congregation]] of London, historian, publicist, folklorist and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Romanian language|Romanian]] [[linguistics|linguist]] |
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* {{ill|Salomon Iosif Halfon|ro|Solomon I. Halfon}}, banker and philanthropist |
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* [[Clara Haskil]], classical pianist, renowned as an interpreter of the classical and early romantic repertoire |
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* {{ill|Hillel Manoah|ro|Hillel Manoah}}, banker and philanthropist and honorary consul of the Ottoman Empire, president of the Spanish rite Jewish community in Bucharest |
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* [[Jacob L. Moreno]], psychiatrist, psychosociologist, and educator, the founder of [[psychodrama]], and the foremost pioneer of [[group psychotherapy]] |
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* [[Maria Ventura]], actress and theatre director |
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==See also== |
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*[[Sephardic Jews in Hungary]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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{{Sephardi Jews topics}} |
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[[Category:Romanian Jews|Category:History of the Jews in Romania]] |
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[[Category:Romanian Sephardi Jews| ]] |
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Revision as of 05:18, 31 December 2023
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| <1,000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Bucharest | |
| Languages | |
| Ladino, Romanian | |
| Religion | |
| Judaism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Sephardic Jews |
Sephardic Jews have played an important historical role in Romania, although their numbers in the country have dwindled to a few hundred, with most living in the capital, Bucharest. Antisemitic pogroms and economic strife lead to mass emigration out of the country in the 20th century.
History
Origins
Many Sephardic Jews began settling in Wallachia in the 16th century, then under Ottoman rule, although there is evidence they began settling in Romania as early as 1496 following the Spanish Inquisition and Alhambra Decree.[1] They arrived through the Ottoman Empire, which was more welcoming towards Jewish immigration than other countries in Europe at the time.
Communities
In 1730, following advice of Jews Daniel de Fonseca and Celebi Mentz Bali, the then-ruler of Wallachia, Nicolae Mavrocordat, formally allowed Sephardic Jews to organize themselves into communities. Since then, according to historian Iuliu Barasch, many Sephardim from the Ottoman Empire began settling in Romania. However, it was not until 1819 that the first synagogue was built in the capital, Cahal Grande, with reforms by Rabbis Eliezer Papo and Damascus Eliezer.
Since the establishment of said communities, the Sephardic community in Romania thrived, despite antisemetic measures taken by government officials Ion C. Brătianu and Dimitrie A. Sturdza. In 1934, there were large Sephardic communities in Bucharest, Craiova, Ploiești, Turnu Severin, Timișoara, Corabia, Calafat, Brăila, Galați, Tulcea, Constanța and Giurgiu.[2][3]
Sephardic Jews' situation worsened in 1937, along with the rest of the Jews in Romania, suffering from antisemetic laws established by Octavian Goga's government, as well as Miron Cristea's, but especially by the National Legionary State.[4][5] During the Legionary Rebellion at the Bucharest pogrom, the Cahal Grande Synagogue was burned to the ground.
20th century
The establishment of the communist regime, Romanian Sephardic Jews emigrated en masse to Israel. Currently, there are several hundred Sephardic Jews left in Romania, the majority in Bucharest. They no longer have a synagogue exclusive to their community. There is a minute amount of Sephardic Jews who emigrated to Bucharest in modern times, mostly from Israel.
Notable Romanian Sephardic Jews
- Mosko Alkalai, actor
- Mișu Benvenisti, lawyer, Zionist militant, and leader of the Romanian Jewish community
- Aristide Blank, financier, economist, arts patron and playwright
- Mauriciu Blank, banker, co-founder, alongside Iacob Marmorosch, of the Marmorosch Blank Bank
- Eliza Campus, professor, historian and author of history books and historical novels
- David Emmanuel, mathematician and member of the Romanian Academy, considered to be the founder of the modern mathematics school in Romania
- Moses Gaster, Hakham of the Spanish and Portuguese Jewish congregation of London, historian, publicist, folklorist and Hebrew and Romanian linguist
- Salomon Iosif Halfon, banker and philanthropist
- Clara Haskil, classical pianist, renowned as an interpreter of the classical and early romantic repertoire
- Hillel Manoah, banker and philanthropist and honorary consul of the Ottoman Empire, president of the Spanish rite Jewish community in Bucharest
- Jacob L. Moreno, psychiatrist, psychosociologist, and educator, the founder of psychodrama, and the foremost pioneer of group psychotherapy
- Maria Ventura, actress and theatre director
See also
References
- ^ Toma, Cristina. "Bucuresti, panorama sefarda/Bucharest a sephardic outlook". Sephardic Studies – via Academia.edu.
- ^ "Sephardic Jewish Community of Romania". www.sephardicstudies.org. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
- ^ "Bucureștiul sefard. O istorie de peste 500 de ani în 100 de imagini prezentată la Madrid | Modernism". Retrieved 2023-12-19.
- ^ ""Miron Cristea este o ruşine pentru România. Moneda trebuie distrusă urgent"". evz.ro (in Romanian). 2010-08-10. Archived from the original on 2010-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
- ^ "Evreii cer retragerea unei monede comemorative a BNR". contidianul.ro (in Romanian). 2010-08-08. Archived from the original on 2010-08-08. Retrieved 2023-12-19.