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'''Tobie Goedewaagen''' (15 March 1895 – 4 January 1980) was a Dutch philosopher and politician. He served as the first secretary general of the {{ill|Department of Public Information and the Arts|nl|Departement van Volksvoorlichting en Kunsten}}, an institution established by the [[Reichskommissariat Niederlande|Nazi Germay occupation government]], and led the [[Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer]] (Netherlands Chamber of Culture) that had been established by the occupation regime.
'''Tobie Goedewaagen''' (15 March 1895 – 4 January 1980) was a Dutch philosopher and politician. He served as the first secretary general of the {{ill|Department of Public Information and the Arts|nl|Departement van Volksvoorlichting en Kunsten}}, an institution established by the [[Reichskommissariat Niederlande|German occupation government]], and led the [[Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer]] (Netherlands Chamber of Culture) that had been established by the Nazi regime.


The son of a banker, Goedewaagen studied philosophy at [[Utrecht University]], receiving his doctorate in 1923. He began teaching in private lectures two years later, focusing on post-[[Kant]]ian philosophy. After he was refused a professorship in 1932, he began reading about [[Nazi eugenics]] and became a fervent [[anti-Semite]]. He began contributing to the publications of the [[National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands]] (NSB), and after the [[German invasion of the Netherlands|German invasion]] he joined that party. Goedewaagen's work with the press was recognized by Austrian Nazi ''[[reichskommissar]]'' [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]], resulting in his appointment as secretary general in November 1940.
The son of a banker, Goedewaagen studied philosophy at [[Utrecht University]], receiving his doctorate in 1923. He began teaching in private lectures two years later, focusing on post-[[Kant]]ian philosophy. After he was refused a professorship in 1932, he began reading about [[Nazi eugenics]] and became a fervent [[anti-Semite]]. He began contributing to the publications of the [[National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands]] (NSB), and after the [[German invasion of the Netherlands|German invasion]] he joined that party. Goedewaagen's work with the press was recognized by Austrian Nazi ''[[reichskommissar]]'' [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]], resulting in his appointment as secretary general in November 1940.


Goedewaagen sought to nazify the press and enable political control of the arts. However, after conflicting with NSB chairman [[Anton Mussert]] over the role of propaganda, he was dismissed from the party and resigned from his station. Appointed professor of philosophy at Utrecht by the regime, Goedewaagen fled the Netherlands in 1944 for Germany. He was arrested in 1946 and sentenced in 1948 to twelve years' imprisonment. After receiving amnesty in 1952, Goedewaagen worked as a private tutor and published several works pseudonymously.
Goedewaagen sought to nazify the press and enable political control of the arts. However, after conflicting with NSB chairman [[Anton Mussert]] over the role of propaganda, he was dismissed from the party and resigned from his station. Appointed professor of philosophy at Utrecht University by the regime, Goedewaagen fled the Netherlands in 1944 for Germany. He was arrested in 1946 and sentenced in 1948 to twelve years' imprisonment. After receiving amnesty in 1952, Goedewaagen worked as a private tutor and published several works pseudonymously.


==Early life==
==Early life==
Line 38: Line 38:
Ultimately, however, Goedewaagen was dissatisfied with the subject. He thus transferred to [[Utrecht University]], where he studied philosophy under Bernard Jan Hendrik Ovink. He also began studying the [[classical language]]s. In 1923, Goedewaagen defended his doctoral thesis, {{lang|nl|De logische rechtvaardiging der zedelijkheid bij Fichte, Schelling en Hegel}} (''The Logical Justification of Morality by Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel''), and graduated with honours.{{sfn|Groeneveld|2013}}
Ultimately, however, Goedewaagen was dissatisfied with the subject. He thus transferred to [[Utrecht University]], where he studied philosophy under Bernard Jan Hendrik Ovink. He also began studying the [[classical language]]s. In 1923, Goedewaagen defended his doctoral thesis, {{lang|nl|De logische rechtvaardiging der zedelijkheid bij Fichte, Schelling en Hegel}} (''The Logical Justification of Morality by Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel''), and graduated with honours.{{sfn|Groeneveld|2013}}


Within two years, Goedewaagen was delivering private lectures on post-[[Kant]]ian philosophy at Utrecht;{{sfn|PDC, Dr. T. (Tobie) Goedewaagen}} he delivered a public lecture on philosophy and worldviews on 8 October 1928. During this period, he established the Society for Critical Philosophy and, in 1931, became the editor of the ''Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte'' (later ''ANTW''). He contested the philosophy professorship when Ovink stepped down in 1932, but was unsuccessful.{{sfn|Groeneveld|2013}}
Within two years, Goedewaagen was delivering private lectures on post-[[Kant]]ian philosophy at Utrecht University;{{sfn|PDC, Dr. T. (Tobie) Goedewaagen}} he delivered a public lecture on philosophy and worldviews on 8 October 1928. During this period, he established the Society for Critical Philosophy and, in 1931, became the editor of the ''Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte'' (later ''ANTW''). He contested Utrecht University's philosophy professorship when Ovink stepped down in 1932, but was unsuccessful.{{sfn|Groeneveld|2013}}


Goedewaagen began developing an interest in politics. Believing that the Netherlands was in a decline, he joined the Association for National Recovery in 1933. Through his readings, he became familiar with the [[Nazi eugenics|eugenics practised in Nazi Germany]], and becase a fervent [[anti-Semite]]. He met with [[Anton Mussert]], the leader of the [[National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands]] (NSB), in 1936, and in 1938 he travelled through [[Nazi Germany]] with [[Robert van Genechten]] to learn from the Nazi institutions.{{sfn|Groeneveld|2013}}
Goedewaagen began developing an interest in politics. Believing that the Netherlands was in a decline, he joined the Association for National Recovery in 1933. Through his readings, he became familiar with the [[Nazi eugenics|eugenics practised in Nazi Germany]], and becase a fervent [[anti-Semite]]. He met with [[Anton Mussert]], the leader of the [[National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands]] (NSB), in 1936, and in 1938 he travelled through [[Nazi Germany]] with [[Robert van Genechten]] to learn from the Nazi institutions.{{sfn|Groeneveld|2013}}
Line 50: Line 50:
As secretary general, Goedewaagen became the first president of the [[Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer]] (Netherlands Chamber of Culture) when that institution was established by the Nazi regime on 25 November 1941. In this capacity, he attempted to entice artists to register by creating new prizes and increasing the salaries afforded to performers. He sponsored several exhibitions,{{sfn|Groeneveld|2013}} seeking to promote Dutch culture "in the light of its responsibility towards the national community".{{efn|Original: "{{lang|nl|...  de Nederlandsche kultuur in het licht van haar verantwoordelijkheid tegenover de volksgemeenschap te bevorderen}}."}}{{sfn|Het Nationale Dagblad 1941, Instelling Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer}} At the same time, however, he enforced the belief that "blood determines everything".{{efn|Original: "{{lang|nl|Het bloed bepaalt alles}}."}}{{sfn|PDC, Dr. T. (Tobie) Goedewaagen}} The chamber required candidates to submit an [[Aryan certificate]] to prove their [[racial purity]].{{sfn|Historiek 2022, Kultuurkamer}} Between the politicization of art and the chamber's racial policies, Goedewaagen thus faced heavy resistance from artists, even with compulsory registration.{{sfn|Lewin|1983|pp=71–72}}
As secretary general, Goedewaagen became the first president of the [[Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer]] (Netherlands Chamber of Culture) when that institution was established by the Nazi regime on 25 November 1941. In this capacity, he attempted to entice artists to register by creating new prizes and increasing the salaries afforded to performers. He sponsored several exhibitions,{{sfn|Groeneveld|2013}} seeking to promote Dutch culture "in the light of its responsibility towards the national community".{{efn|Original: "{{lang|nl|...  de Nederlandsche kultuur in het licht van haar verantwoordelijkheid tegenover de volksgemeenschap te bevorderen}}."}}{{sfn|Het Nationale Dagblad 1941, Instelling Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer}} At the same time, however, he enforced the belief that "blood determines everything".{{efn|Original: "{{lang|nl|Het bloed bepaalt alles}}."}}{{sfn|PDC, Dr. T. (Tobie) Goedewaagen}} The chamber required candidates to submit an [[Aryan certificate]] to prove their [[racial purity]].{{sfn|Historiek 2022, Kultuurkamer}} Between the politicization of art and the chamber's racial policies, Goedewaagen thus faced heavy resistance from artists, even with compulsory registration.{{sfn|Lewin|1983|pp=71–72}}


Goedewaagen was dismissed from the NSB on 28 January 1943, at which time he resigned from his station. In his memoires, Goedewaagen attributed this dismissal to conflict with Mussert over the department's approach to propaganda. Feeling that the secretary-general failed to follow the example set by Nazi Germany's chief propagandist [[Joseph Goebbels]], Mussert had arranged for {{ill|Ernst Voorhoeve|nl}} to lead the propaganda division of the Department of Public Information and the Arts. Goedewaagen attempted to get Voorhoeve to swear he would follow the secretary-general's direction, but this did not happen.{{sfn|Lewin|1983|p=62}} Ultimately, Goedewaagen was ordered to report to a disciplinary board, and he refused.{{sfn|PDC, Dr. T. (Tobie) Goedewaagen}}
Goedewaagen was dismissed from the NSB on 28 January 1943, at which time he resigned from his station. In his memoirs, Goedewaagen attributed this dismissal to conflict with Mussert over the department's approach to propaganda. Feeling that the secretary-general failed to follow the example set by Nazi Germany's chief propagandist [[Joseph Goebbels]], Mussert had arranged for {{ill|Ernst Voorhoeve|nl}} to lead the propaganda division of the Department of Public Information and the Arts. Goedewaagen attempted to get Voorhoeve to swear he would follow the secretary-general's direction, but this did not happen.{{sfn|Lewin|1983|p=62}} Ultimately, Goedewaagen was ordered to report to a disciplinary board, and he refused.{{sfn|PDC, Dr. T. (Tobie) Goedewaagen}}


Amid rumours that his children were non-[[Aryan]], spread by the NSB, Goedewaagen was appointed to [[Utrecht University]] as professor of philosophy. There, he was received coolly by the faculty and ignored by his colleagues.{{sfn|Lewin|1983|p=63}} He delivered lectures on theoretical philosophy and the history of philosophy and psychology,{{sfn|PDC, Dr. T. (Tobie) Goedewaagen}} with subjects including [[Heraclitus]], the [[Eleatics]], and [[Kantian ethics]].{{sfn|Lewin|1983|p=63}} Students were scarce, with many potential candidates refusing to complete the declaration of loyalty required for enrolment.{{sfn|Lewin|1983|p=63}} Goedewaagen published extensively during this period.{{sfn|Groeneveld|2013}}
Amid rumours that his children were non-[[Aryan]], spread by the NSB, Goedewaagen was appointed to [[Utrecht University]] as professor of philosophy. There, he was received coolly by the faculty and ignored by his colleagues.{{sfn|Lewin|1983|p=63}} He delivered lectures on theoretical philosophy and the history of philosophy and psychology,{{sfn|PDC, Dr. T. (Tobie) Goedewaagen}} with subjects including [[Heraclitus]], the [[Eleatics]], and [[Kantian ethics]].{{sfn|Lewin|1983|p=63}} Students were scarce, with many potential candidates refusing to complete the declaration of loyalty required for enrolment.{{sfn|Lewin|1983|p=63}} Goedewaagen published extensively during this period.{{sfn|Groeneveld|2013}}


==Later life==
==Later life==
[[File:05-09-1947 01674 Bene en Goedewaagen (34284404392) - cropped.jpg|thumb|Goedewaagen (center) being escorted through the streets of Amsterdam, 1947]]
[[File:Professor Goedewaagen voor het Gerecht, Bestanddeelnr 903-1202.jpg|thumb|Goedewaagen (center) on trial, 1948]]
On 5 September 1944, popularly known as [[Mad Tuesday]], after broadcasts alleged that [[Breda]] in the occupied Netherlands had been liberated by [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]], Goedewaagen was spotted at [[Utrecht Centraal railway station|Utrecht station]] with his family, his possessions wrapped in a bedspread hung on his back.{{sfn|PDC, Dr. T. (Tobie) Goedewaagen}}{{sfn|Verzetsmuseum, Dolle Dinsdag}} They fled for Germany, settling in [[Westphalia]], and Goedewaagen earned a research degree from [[Berlin University]]. With the end of the Second World War, however, he was unable to escape the repercussions of his actions, and he was arrested by the British on 29 May 1946.{{sfn|Lewin|1983|p=63}} He had been dismissed from his position in Utrecht the previous year.{{sfn|Trouw 1980, Personalia}}
On 5 September 1944, after [[Dolle Dinsdag|broadcasts alleged]] that [[Breda]] had been liberated by [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]], Goedewaagen was spotted at [[Utrecht Centraal railway station|Utrecht station]] with his family, his possessions wrapped in a bedspread hung on his back.{{sfn|PDC, Dr. T. (Tobie) Goedewaagen}}{{sfn|Verzetsmuseum, Dolle Dinsdag}} They fled for Germany, settling in [[Westphalia]], and Goedewaagen earned a research degree from [[Berlin University]]. With the end of the Second World War, however, he was unable to escape the repercussions of his actions, and he was arrested by the British on 29 May 1946.{{sfn|Lewin|1983|p=63}} He had been dismissed from his position in Utrecht the previous year.{{sfn|Trouw 1980, Personalia}}


Goedewaagen was held for four days, then repatriated to the Netherlands. Awaiting trial, he wrote about [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] and his [[Goethe's Faust|''Faust'']]; he also began working on his memoires.{{sfn|Lewin|1983|p=63}} On 15 December 1948, Goedewaagen was sentenced to twelve years' imprisonment by the Hague Special Court. He served less than four, being released on 17 April 1952 as part of an amnesty deal.{{sfn|PDC, Dr. T. (Tobie) Goedewaagen}}{{sfn|Groeneveld|2013}}
Goedewaagen was held for four days, then repatriated to the Netherlands. Awaiting trial, he wrote about [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] and his [[Goethe's Faust|''Faust'']]; he also began working on his memoires.{{sfn|Lewin|1983|p=63}} His trial by the Hague Special Court began on 1 December, with Prosecutor Baron van Voorst tot Voorst demanding fifteen years' imprisonment for Goedewaagen, whom he denounced as a "first-class know-it-all who would never have advanced in normal times".{{efn|Original "{{lang|nl|... een betweter eersteklas, ie in normale tijden geen voet aan de grond zou hebben gekregen}}".}}{{Sfn|Het Parool 1948, Vijftien jaar geëist tegen Goedewaagen}} In his defence against charges that he had mandated the viewing of propaganda films, pressured media companies to publish images, and dissolved broadcasting associations, Goedewaagen argued that he had taken his wartime actions to prevent a greater calamity. He did not, however, renounce his involvement in the NSB.{{sfn|Het Binnenhof 1948, Goedewaagen wilde}}


Banned from journalistic activities and stripped of the right to hold office, Goedewaagen became a private tutor at the Vermazen Institute in the Hague. He published several works pseudonymously.{{sfn|Groeneveld|2013}} He died in the Hague on 4 January 1980.{{sfn|PDC, Dr. T. (Tobie) Goedewaagen}}
On 15 December 1948, Goedewaagen was sentenced to twelve years' imprisonment. He served less than four, being released on 17 April 1952 as part of an amnesty deal.{{sfn|PDC, Dr. T. (Tobie) Goedewaagen}}{{sfn|Groeneveld|2013}} Banned from journalistic activities and stripped of the right to hold office, Goedewaagen became a private tutor at the Vermazen Institute in the Hague. He published several works pseudonymously.{{sfn|Groeneveld|2013}} He died in the Hague on 4 January 1980.{{sfn|PDC, Dr. T. (Tobie) Goedewaagen}}


==Family==
==Family==
Goedewaagen was married twice. On 10 June 1919, he married Anna Bertha de Roos, with whom he had a son and a daughter. The couple divorced on 20 December 1928. On 19 June 1930, Goedewaagen married Geertruida Hendrika Johanna Vruink.{{sfn|Groeneveld|2013}} His son Tobie became a poet, with several works published in ''[[Maatstaf]]'' in 1956. In a 1970 letter, the younger Goedewaagen wrote that his father disapproved of his works, claiming that they were too negative or failed to adhere to classical standards.{{sfn|Het Vrije Volk 1970, Fikkie}}
Goedewaagen was married twice. On 10 June 1919, he married Anna Bertha de Roos, with whom he had a son and a daughter. The couple divorced on 20 December 1928. On 19 June 1930, Goedewaagen married Geertruida Hendrika Johanna Vruink.{{sfn|Groeneveld|2013}} His son Tobie became a poet, with several works published in ''[[Maatstaf]]'' in 1956. In a 1970 letter, the younger Goedewaagen wrote that his father disapproved of his poems, claiming that they were too negative or failed to adhere to classical standards.{{sfn|Het Vrije Volk 1970, Fikkie}}


==Explanatory notes==
==Explanatory notes==
Line 116: Line 116:
|date=9 January 1980
|date=9 January 1980
|ref={{SfnRef|Algemeen Dagblad 1980, Goedewaagen overleden}}
|ref={{SfnRef|Algemeen Dagblad 1980, Goedewaagen overleden}}
}}
* {{cite news
|work=Het Binnenhof
|pages=1–2
|location=The Hague
|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000374129:mpeg21:p00001
|title=Goedewaagen wilde zich plaatsen tussen bezetter en volk
|trans-title=Goedewaagen Wanted to Place Himself Between the Occupier and People
|language=Dutch
|date=1 December 1948
|ref={{SfnRef|Het Binnenhof 1948, Goedewaagen wilde}}
}}
}}
* {{cite web
* {{cite web
|publisher=[[Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands]]
|publisher=[[Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands]]
|url=https://resources-huygens-knaw-nl.translate.goog/bwn1880-2000/lemmata/bwn3/goedewaagen?_x_tr_sl=nl&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp
|url=https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn1880-2000/lemmata/bwn3/goedewaagen
|date=2013
|date=2013
|access-date = 12 June 2024
|access-date = 12 June 2024
Line 180: Line 191:
|date=28 November 1940
|date=28 November 1940
|ref={{SfnRef|Arnhemsche Courant 1940, Volksvoorlichting}}
|ref={{SfnRef|Arnhemsche Courant 1940, Volksvoorlichting}}
}}
* {{cite news
|work=Het Parool
|page=3
|location=Amsterdam
|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010828780:mpeg21:a0113
|title=Vijftien jaar geëist tegen Goedewaagen
|trans-title=Fifteen Years Demanded for Goedewaagen
|language=Dutch
|date=2 December 1948
|ref={{SfnRef|Het Parool 1948, Vijftien jaar geëist tegen Goedewaagen}}
}}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}

Revision as of 23:09, 12 June 2024

Tobie Goedewaagen
Born(1895-03-15)15 March 1895
Amsterdam
Died4 January 1980(1980-01-04) (aged 84)
NationalityDutch
Occupation(s)Academic, politician
1st Secretary General of the Department of Public Information and the Arts
In office
28 November 1940 – 28 January 1943
Preceded byOffice created
Succeeded byHermannus Reydon
Personal details
Political partyNational Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
Academic background
Alma materUtrecht University
ThesisDe logische rechtvaardiging der zedelijkheid bij Fichte, Schelling en Hegel (1923)

Tobie Goedewaagen (15 March 1895 – 4 January 1980) was a Dutch philosopher and politician. He served as the first secretary general of the Department of Public Information and the Arts [nl], an institution established by the German occupation government, and led the Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer (Netherlands Chamber of Culture) that had been established by the Nazi regime.

The son of a banker, Goedewaagen studied philosophy at Utrecht University, receiving his doctorate in 1923. He began teaching in private lectures two years later, focusing on post-Kantian philosophy. After he was refused a professorship in 1932, he began reading about Nazi eugenics and became a fervent anti-Semite. He began contributing to the publications of the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB), and after the German invasion he joined that party. Goedewaagen's work with the press was recognized by Austrian Nazi reichskommissar Arthur Seyss-Inquart, resulting in his appointment as secretary general in November 1940.

Goedewaagen sought to nazify the press and enable political control of the arts. However, after conflicting with NSB chairman Anton Mussert over the role of propaganda, he was dismissed from the party and resigned from his station. Appointed professor of philosophy at Utrecht University by the regime, Goedewaagen fled the Netherlands in 1944 for Germany. He was arrested in 1946 and sentenced in 1948 to twelve years' imprisonment. After receiving amnesty in 1952, Goedewaagen worked as a private tutor and published several works pseudonymously.

Early life

Goedewaagen was born in Amsterdam on 15 March 1895.[1] He was the eldest of two sons born to the banker Cornelis Tobie Goedewaagen, the founder of the Incasso Bank [nl], and Anna Bakker. Tobie had a comfortable upbringing,[2] completing his primary studies in Utrecht and Hilversum.[3] After finishing secondary school, he attempted to study literature in Amsterdam.[2]

Ultimately, however, Goedewaagen was dissatisfied with the subject. He thus transferred to Utrecht University, where he studied philosophy under Bernard Jan Hendrik Ovink. He also began studying the classical languages. In 1923, Goedewaagen defended his doctoral thesis, De logische rechtvaardiging der zedelijkheid bij Fichte, Schelling en Hegel (The Logical Justification of Morality by Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel), and graduated with honours.[2]

Within two years, Goedewaagen was delivering private lectures on post-Kantian philosophy at Utrecht University;[1] he delivered a public lecture on philosophy and worldviews on 8 October 1928. During this period, he established the Society for Critical Philosophy and, in 1931, became the editor of the Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte (later ANTW). He contested Utrecht University's philosophy professorship when Ovink stepped down in 1932, but was unsuccessful.[2]

Goedewaagen began developing an interest in politics. Believing that the Netherlands was in a decline, he joined the Association for National Recovery in 1933. Through his readings, he became familiar with the eugenics practised in Nazi Germany, and becase a fervent anti-Semite. He met with Anton Mussert, the leader of the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB), in 1936, and in 1938 he travelled through Nazi Germany with Robert van Genechten to learn from the Nazi institutions.[2]

In line with these beliefs, in 1937 Goedewaagen stepped down from the editorial board of the ANTW and resigned from the Society for Critical Philosophy. Instead, he began contributing to the Nieuw-Nederland, an NSB publication. By 1938, he had become an editor of the weekly magazine De Waag. He was made editor-in-chief in early May 1940. Two days after Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May, Goedewaagen was arrested.[2]

Nazi occupation

Goedewaagen (far left) speaking at a 1941 meeting of the Association of Dutch Journalists

Released from prison after the Dutch government capitulated to the Germans,[2] Goedewaagen joined the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB) in June 1940.[4] In September, he was entrusted with the party's press affairs; by this point, he had already served the occupation government by organizing the Information Council for the Dutch Press and the Association of Dutch Journalists.[2] Although Goedewaagen was dismissed by more senior members of the NSB, his efforts to nazify the press were recognized by Arthur Seyss-Inquart, the Austrian Nazi reichskommissar for the occupied Netherlands.[2] Consequently, on 28 November of that year, he was made the first secretary general of the new Department of Public Information and the Arts [nl] that had been established by Nazi Germany.[1]

As secretary general, Goedewaagen became the first president of the Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer (Netherlands Chamber of Culture) when that institution was established by the Nazi regime on 25 November 1941. In this capacity, he attempted to entice artists to register by creating new prizes and increasing the salaries afforded to performers. He sponsored several exhibitions,[2] seeking to promote Dutch culture "in the light of its responsibility towards the national community".[a][5] At the same time, however, he enforced the belief that "blood determines everything".[b][1] The chamber required candidates to submit an Aryan certificate to prove their racial purity.[6] Between the politicization of art and the chamber's racial policies, Goedewaagen thus faced heavy resistance from artists, even with compulsory registration.[7]

Goedewaagen was dismissed from the NSB on 28 January 1943, at which time he resigned from his station. In his memoirs, Goedewaagen attributed this dismissal to conflict with Mussert over the department's approach to propaganda. Feeling that the secretary-general failed to follow the example set by Nazi Germany's chief propagandist Joseph Goebbels, Mussert had arranged for Ernst Voorhoeve [nl] to lead the propaganda division of the Department of Public Information and the Arts. Goedewaagen attempted to get Voorhoeve to swear he would follow the secretary-general's direction, but this did not happen.[8] Ultimately, Goedewaagen was ordered to report to a disciplinary board, and he refused.[1]

Amid rumours that his children were non-Aryan, spread by the NSB, Goedewaagen was appointed to Utrecht University as professor of philosophy. There, he was received coolly by the faculty and ignored by his colleagues.[9] He delivered lectures on theoretical philosophy and the history of philosophy and psychology,[1] with subjects including Heraclitus, the Eleatics, and Kantian ethics.[9] Students were scarce, with many potential candidates refusing to complete the declaration of loyalty required for enrolment.[9] Goedewaagen published extensively during this period.[2]

Later life

Goedewaagen (center) on trial, 1948

On 5 September 1944, after broadcasts alleged that Breda had been liberated by Allied forces, Goedewaagen was spotted at Utrecht station with his family, his possessions wrapped in a bedspread hung on his back.[1][10] They fled for Germany, settling in Westphalia, and Goedewaagen earned a research degree from Berlin University. With the end of the Second World War, however, he was unable to escape the repercussions of his actions, and he was arrested by the British on 29 May 1946.[9] He had been dismissed from his position in Utrecht the previous year.[11]

Goedewaagen was held for four days, then repatriated to the Netherlands. Awaiting trial, he wrote about Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and his Faust; he also began working on his memoires.[9] His trial by the Hague Special Court began on 1 December, with Prosecutor Baron van Voorst tot Voorst demanding fifteen years' imprisonment for Goedewaagen, whom he denounced as a "first-class know-it-all who would never have advanced in normal times".[c][12] In his defence against charges that he had mandated the viewing of propaganda films, pressured media companies to publish images, and dissolved broadcasting associations, Goedewaagen argued that he had taken his wartime actions to prevent a greater calamity. He did not, however, renounce his involvement in the NSB.[13]

On 15 December 1948, Goedewaagen was sentenced to twelve years' imprisonment. He served less than four, being released on 17 April 1952 as part of an amnesty deal.[1][2] Banned from journalistic activities and stripped of the right to hold office, Goedewaagen became a private tutor at the Vermazen Institute in the Hague. He published several works pseudonymously.[2] He died in the Hague on 4 January 1980.[1]

Family

Goedewaagen was married twice. On 10 June 1919, he married Anna Bertha de Roos, with whom he had a son and a daughter. The couple divorced on 20 December 1928. On 19 June 1930, Goedewaagen married Geertruida Hendrika Johanna Vruink.[2] His son Tobie became a poet, with several works published in Maatstaf in 1956. In a 1970 letter, the younger Goedewaagen wrote that his father disapproved of his poems, claiming that they were too negative or failed to adhere to classical standards.[14]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Original: "...  de Nederlandsche kultuur in het licht van haar verantwoordelijkheid tegenover de volksgemeenschap te bevorderen."
  2. ^ Original: "Het bloed bepaalt alles."
  3. ^ Original "... een betweter eersteklas, ie in normale tijden geen voet aan de grond zou hebben gekregen".

References

Works cited

  • "Dolle Dinsdag" [Mad Tuesday] (in Dutch). Verzetsmuseum. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  • "Dr. T. (Tobie) Goedewaagen" (in Dutch). Parlementair Documentatie Centrum. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  • "Fikkie". Het Vrije Volk (in Dutch). Rotterdam. 24 August 1970. p. 2.
  • "Goedewaagen overleden" [Goedewaagen dies]. Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). Rotterdam. 9 January 1980. p. 17.
  • "Goedewaagen wilde zich plaatsen tussen bezetter en volk" [Goedewaagen Wanted to Place Himself Between the Occupier and People]. Het Binnenhof (in Dutch). The Hague. 1 December 1948. pp. 1–2.
  • Groeneveld, EG (2013). "Goedewaagen, Tobie (1895–1980)" (in Dutch). Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  • "Instelling Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer" [Establishment of the Netherlands Chamber of Culture]. Het Nationale Dagblad (in Dutch). Leiden. 26 November 1941. p. 2.
  • "Kultuurkamer – Kunst en Cultuur in de Tweede Wereldoorlog" [The Kultuurkamer – Art and Culture in the Second World War]. Historiek (in Dutch). 6 October 2022.
  • Lewin, Lisette (1983). Het Clandestiene Boek 1940–1945 [The Clandestine Books, 1940–1945]. Van Gennep. ISBN 9789060125502.
  • "Personalia" [Personal]. Trouw (in Dutch). Meppel. 11 January 1980. p. 17.
  • "Volksvoorlichting als Onderdeel van de Staatstaak" [Public Information as a State Task]. Arnhemsche Courant (in Dutch). Arnhem. 28 November 1940. p. 7.
  • "Vijftien jaar geëist tegen Goedewaagen" [Fifteen Years Demanded for Goedewaagen]. Het Parool (in Dutch). Amsterdam. 2 December 1948. p. 3.

Further reading

  • Berkel, Benien van (2013). Tobie Goedewaagen (1895–1980): Een Onverbeterlijke Nationaalsocialist [Tobie Goedewaagen (1895–1980): An Incorrigible National Socialist] (in Dutch). De Bezige Bij. ISBN 978-90-234-7639-9.