Xinxiu bencao: Difference between revisions
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The '''''Xinxiu bencao''''' ({{zh|c=新修本草|p=Xīnxiū běncǎo}}),{{Efn|Translated into English as the ''Newly Revised'' Materia Medica{{Sfn|Goldschmidt|2022|p=137}} or the ''New Revised Pharmacopoeia''.{{Sfn|Ming|2018|p=309}}}} also known as the '''''Tang bencao''''' ({{zh|c=唐本草|p=Táng běncǎo}}),{{Sfn|Goldschmidt|2022|p=137}}{{Sfn|Teoh|2019|p=89}} is a Chinese [[pharmacopoeia]] written in the [[Tang dynasty]] by a team of officials and physicians headed by editor-in-chief {{ill|Su Jing|zh|蘇敬}}. It borrowed heavily from—and expanded |
The '''''Xinxiu bencao''''' ({{zh|c=新修本草|p=Xīnxiū běncǎo}}),{{Efn|Translated into English as the ''Newly Revised'' Materia Medica{{Sfn|Goldschmidt|2022|p=137}} or the ''New Revised Pharmacopoeia''.{{Sfn|Ming|2018|p=309}}}} also known as the '''''Tang bencao''''' ({{zh|c=唐本草|p=Táng běncǎo}}),{{Sfn|Goldschmidt|2022|p=137}}{{Sfn|Teoh|2019|p=89}} is a Chinese [[pharmacopoeia]] written in the [[Tang dynasty]] by a team of officials and physicians headed by editor-in-chief {{ill|Su Jing|zh|蘇敬}}. It borrowed heavily from—and expanded upon—the earlier {{ill|Bencao jing jizhu|zh|本草经集注|lt=''Bencao jing jizhu''}} by [[Tao Hongjing]]. The text was first published in 659; although it is now considered [[Lost literary work|lost]] in China, at least one copy exists in Japan, where the text had been transmitted to in 721. |
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==Contents== |
==Contents== |
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==Publication history== |
==Publication history== |
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The idea of a ''bencao'' ([[pharmacopoeia]]) that would copy and expand on [[Tao Hongjing]]'s {{ill|Bencao jing jizhu|zh|本草经集注|lt=''Bencao jing jizhu''}} was first mooted in 657 by court counsellor {{ill|Su Jing|zh|蘇敬}} ({{lang|zh-hant|蘇敬}}) |
The idea of a ''bencao'' ([[pharmacopoeia]]) that would copy and expand on [[Tao Hongjing]]'s {{ill|Bencao jing jizhu|zh|本草经集注|lt=''Bencao jing jizhu''}} was first mooted in 657 by court counsellor {{ill|Su Jing|zh|蘇敬}} ({{lang|zh-hant|蘇敬}}).<ref>{{harvnb|''Tang huiyao''}}, vol. 82: "顯慶二年,右監門府長史蘇敬上言。陶宏景所撰本草,事多舛謬,請加刪補"</ref>{{Sfn|Ming|2018|p=309}} The project was eventually approved by [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang|Emperor Gaozong]], following which a team of some twenty-two officials and physicians,{{Sfn|Marcon|2015|p=30}} including [[Xu Jingzong]], [[Lü Cai]], [[Li Chunfeng]], {{ill|Kong Zhiyue|zh|孔志約}}, and {{ill|Xu Xiaochong|zh|許孝崇}}.<ref>{{harvnb|''Tang huiyao''}}, vol. 26: "詔令檢校中書令許敬宗、太常寺丞呂才、太史令李淳風、禮部郎中孔志約、尚藥奉御許孝崇、并諸名醫等二十人。"</ref> [[Li Shiji]] oversaw the final draft.<ref>{{harvnb|''Tang huiyao''}}, vol. 26: "仍令司空李勣總監定之。"</ref> |
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According to the ''[[Tang |
According to the ''[[Tang huiyao]]'', the ''Xinxiu bencao'' was completed on the 17th day of the first lunar month of |
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the fourth year |
the fourth year of the Xianqing era (656–661).<ref>{{harvnb|''Tang huiyao''}}, vol. 82: "至四年正月十七日撰成。"</ref>{{Sfn|Ming|2018|p=310}} The text was first published in 659, making it the first state-sponsored pharmacopoeia in China,{{Sfn|Goldschmidt|2022|p=137}}{{Sfn|Lo|Cullen|2004|p=295}}{{Sfn|Benn|2015|p=24}} as well as one of the earliest known illustrated pharmaceutical texts.{{Sfn|Ming|2018|p=309}} |
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The ''Xinxiu bencao'' was one of the most comprehensive works of its time.{{Sfn|Buell|2022|p=329}} It was designated by the Tang government as the "official standard with regard to drug usage", although it is unclear how widespread its readership was, given the lack of a printing press then.{{Sfn|Goldschmidt|2022|p=137}} By the [[Song dynasty]],{{Sfn|Lo|Cullen|2004|p=295}} the text had become [[Lost literary work|lost]] in China, although at least one copy still exists in Japan, where it had been transmitted to in 721,{{Sfn|Teoh|2019|p=89}} and fully translated into Japanese as ''Honzō wamyō'' in 1918 by palace doctor [[Fukane no Sukehito]].{{Sfn|Marcon|2015|p=30}} In the modern era, fragments of the ''Xinxiu bencao'' have also been discovered from a book depository in a cave in [[Dunhuang]], [[Gansu]].{{Sfn|Lo|Cullen|2004|p=295}}{{Sfn|Rong|2022|p=555}} |
The ''Xinxiu bencao'' was one of the most comprehensive works of its time.{{Sfn|Buell|2022|p=329}} It was designated by the Tang government as the "official standard with regard to drug usage", although it is unclear how widespread its readership was, given the lack of a printing press then.{{Sfn|Goldschmidt|2022|p=137}} By the [[Song dynasty]],{{Sfn|Lo|Cullen|2004|p=295}} the text had become [[Lost literary work|lost]] in China, although at least one copy still exists in Japan, where it had been transmitted to in 721,{{Sfn|Teoh|2019|p=89}} and fully translated into Japanese as ''Honzō wamyō'' in 1918 by palace doctor [[Fukane no Sukehito]].{{Sfn|Marcon|2015|p=30}} In the modern era, fragments of the ''Xinxiu bencao'' have also been discovered from a book depository in a cave in [[Dunhuang]], [[Gansu]].{{Sfn|Lo|Cullen|2004|p=295}}{{Sfn|Rong|2022|p=555}} |
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===Bibliography=== |
===Bibliography=== |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite book |author=Compiled by [[Wang Pu (Song dynasty)|Wang Pu]] |script-title=zh:唐會要 |title=[[s:zh:唐會要|''Tang huiyao'']] |trans-title=[[Tang Huiyao|Institutional History of the Tang]] |language=zh |ref={{sfnRef|''Tang huiyao''}} }} |
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* {{cite book|last=Benn|first=James A.|title=Tea in China: A Religious and Cultural History|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=2015|isbn=9780824853983|doi=10.21313/hawaii/9780824839635.001.0001}} |
* {{cite book|last=Benn|first=James A.|title=Tea in China: A Religious and Cultural History|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=2015|isbn=9780824853983|doi=10.21313/hawaii/9780824839635.001.0001}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Buell|first=Paul D.|chapter=Food and dietary medicine in Chinese herbal literature and beyond|pages=328–336|title=Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine|year=2022|isbn=9780415830645|doi=10.4324/9780203740262-25|editor-first1=Vivienne |editor-last1=Lo|editor-first2= Dolly|editor-last2= Yang|editor-first3= Michael|editor-last3= Stanley-Baker}} |
* {{cite book|last=Buell|first=Paul D.|chapter=Food and dietary medicine in Chinese herbal literature and beyond|pages=328–336|title=Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine|year=2022|isbn=9780415830645|doi=10.4324/9780203740262-25|editor-first1=Vivienne |editor-last1=Lo|editor-first2= Dolly|editor-last2= Yang|editor-first3= Michael|editor-last3= Stanley-Baker}} |
Latest revision as of 03:09, 23 June 2024
The Xinxiu bencao (Chinese: 新修本草; pinyin: Xīnxiū běncǎo),[a] also known as the Tang bencao (Chinese: 唐本草; pinyin: Táng běncǎo),[1][3] is a Chinese pharmacopoeia written in the Tang dynasty by a team of officials and physicians headed by editor-in-chief Su Jing . It borrowed heavily from—and expanded upon—the earlier Bencao jing jizhu by Tao Hongjing. The text was first published in 659; although it is now considered lost in China, at least one copy exists in Japan, where the text had been transmitted to in 721.
Contents
[edit]Comprising fifty-three or fifty-four juan (卷) or "chapters",[4][5] the text ostensibly contained both tujing (圖經) or "illustrated descriptions" and yaotu (藥圖) or "drug pictures",[6] although these illustrations are no longer extant.[7] In total, some 850 drugs are listed in the text,[1] including thirty foreign ingredients that were imported into China via the Silk Road, such as benzoin, oak galls, and peppercorn.[8]
Publication history
[edit]The idea of a bencao (pharmacopoeia) that would copy and expand on Tao Hongjing's Bencao jing jizhu was first mooted in 657 by court counsellor Su Jing (蘇敬).[9][2] The project was eventually approved by Emperor Gaozong, following which a team of some twenty-two officials and physicians,[10] including Xu Jingzong, Lü Cai, Li Chunfeng, Kong Zhiyue , and Xu Xiaochong .[11] Li Shiji oversaw the final draft.[12]
According to the Tang huiyao, the Xinxiu bencao was completed on the 17th day of the first lunar month of the fourth year of the Xianqing era (656–661).[13][6] The text was first published in 659, making it the first state-sponsored pharmacopoeia in China,[1][14][15] as well as one of the earliest known illustrated pharmaceutical texts.[2]
The Xinxiu bencao was one of the most comprehensive works of its time.[5] It was designated by the Tang government as the "official standard with regard to drug usage", although it is unclear how widespread its readership was, given the lack of a printing press then.[1] By the Song dynasty,[14] the text had become lost in China, although at least one copy still exists in Japan, where it had been transmitted to in 721,[3] and fully translated into Japanese as Honzō wamyō in 1918 by palace doctor Fukane no Sukehito.[10] In the modern era, fragments of the Xinxiu bencao have also been discovered from a book depository in a cave in Dunhuang, Gansu.[14][16]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Goldschmidt 2022, p. 137.
- ^ a b c Ming 2018, p. 309.
- ^ a b Teoh 2019, p. 89.
- ^ Despeaux 2019, p. 766.
- ^ a b Buell 2022, p. 329.
- ^ a b Ming 2018, p. 310.
- ^ Sterckx 2018, p. 140.
- ^ Nappi 2010, p. 29.
- ^ Tang huiyao, vol. 82: "顯慶二年,右監門府長史蘇敬上言。陶宏景所撰本草,事多舛謬,請加刪補"
- ^ a b Marcon 2015, p. 30.
- ^ Tang huiyao, vol. 26: "詔令檢校中書令許敬宗、太常寺丞呂才、太史令李淳風、禮部郎中孔志約、尚藥奉御許孝崇、并諸名醫等二十人。"
- ^ Tang huiyao, vol. 26: "仍令司空李勣總監定之。"
- ^ Tang huiyao, vol. 82: "至四年正月十七日撰成。"
- ^ a b c Lo & Cullen 2004, p. 295.
- ^ Benn 2015, p. 24.
- ^ Rong 2022, p. 555.
Bibliography
[edit]- Compiled by Wang Pu. Tang huiyao 唐會要 [Institutional History of the Tang] (in Chinese).
- Benn, James A. (2015). Tea in China: A Religious and Cultural History. University of Hawaii Press. doi:10.21313/hawaii/9780824839635.001.0001. ISBN 9780824853983.
- Buell, Paul D. (2022). "Food and dietary medicine in Chinese herbal literature and beyond". In Lo, Vivienne; Yang, Dolly; Stanley-Baker, Michael (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine. pp. 328–336. doi:10.4324/9780203740262-25. ISBN 9780415830645.
- Despeaux, Catherine (2019). "Tujing yanyi bencao 圖經衍義本草". In Schipper, Kristofer; Verellen, Franciscus (eds.). The Taoist Canon: A Historical Companion to the Daozang. Vol. 2. University of Chicago Press. pp. 765–769. ISBN 9780226721064.
- Goldschmidt, Asaf (2022). "Pre-standardised pharmacology: Han through Song". In Lo, Vivienne; Yang, Dolly; Stanley-Baker, Michael (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine. pp. 133–145. doi:10.4324/9780203740262-10. ISBN 9780415830645.
- Lo, Vivienne; Cullen, Christopher (2004). Medieval Chinese Medicine: The Dunhuang Medical Manuscripts. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134291311.
- Marcon, Federico (2015). The Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan. University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226252063.001.0001. ISBN 9780226251905.
- Ming, Chen (2018). "Fanciful Images from Abroad: Picturing the Other in Bencao Pinhui Jingyao 本草品彙精要". In Lo, Vivienne; Barrett, Penelope (eds.). Imagining Chinese Medicine. Vol. 18. Brill. pp. 305–314. doi:10.1163/9789004366183. ISBN 9789004362161. JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctvbqs6ph.27.
- Nappi, Carla Suzan (2010). The Monkey and the Inkpot: Natural History and Its Transformations in Early Modern China. Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/9780674054356. ISBN 9780674054356.
- Rong, Xinjiang (2022). The Silk Road and Cultural Exchanges Between East and West. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004512597. ISBN 9789004512597. S2CID 245832841.
- Sterckx, Roel (2018). "The Limits of Illustration: Animalia and Pharmacopeia from Guo Pu to Bencao Gangmu 本草綱目". In Lo, Vivienne; Barrett, Penelope (eds.). Imagining Chinese Medicine. Brill. pp. 133–150. doi:10.1163/9789004366183_009. ISBN 9789004366183.
- Teoh, Eng Soon (2019). Orchids as Aphrodisiac, Medicine or Food. Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18255-7. ISBN 9783030182557. S2CID 198190783.
- Unschuld, Paul U. (1986). Medicine in China: A History of Pharmaceutics. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520050259.