Kiev pogroms (1919): Difference between revisions
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The '''Kiev pogrom of 1919''' refers to a series of [[Jewish]] [[pogroms]] in various districts of [[Kiev]] |
The '''Kiev pogrom of 1919''' refers to a series of [[Jewish]] [[pogroms]] in various districts of [[Kiev]] carried out by [[Cossacks]], the [[White Armies]] as well as detachments of the [[Red Army]] soldiers.<ref> Benjamin Frankel, A Restless Mind: Essays in Honor of Amos Perlmutter. Published by Routledge, pg. 272 [http://books.google.com/books?id=qkK_j0qz9EgC&pg=PA272&ots=dX3HHql4tv&dq=Kiev+pogrom+1919&sig=2YX_FNhIrjQM7GtoHqbA9rgKeyA#PPA272,M1]</ref> |
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[[Image:Pogrom-victims-Kiev(1919).jpg|thumb|right|Pogrom victims in Alexandrov Hospital, Kiev, 1919. Credit: Elias Tcherikower.]] |
[[Image:Pogrom-victims-Kiev(1919).jpg|thumb|right|Pogrom victims in Alexandrov Hospital, Kiev, 1919. Credit: Elias Tcherikower.]] |
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*[[Skvira]], June 23, 1919, a pogrom in which 45 Jews were massacred, many were severely wounded, and 35 Jewish women were raped by army insurgents.<ref>Michael L. Brown, Our Hands Are Stained with Blood. "More Tears". Published by Destiny Image, Inc. Pg. 105. [http://books.google.com/books?id=I3_XlAUeEqsC&pg=PA105&dq=Kiev+pogrom+1919&sig=xc6YiwSXqsX579iLG5d4s-N68_4]</ref> |
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*[[Justingrad]], In August, 1919, a pogrom makes its way through the [[shtetl]] named in honor of Justina, wife of a Russian nobleman. An unspecified number of Jewish men were murdered and Jewish women raped. |
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*Ivankov district of Kiev, Between 18 and 20 October 1919, in the pogrom carried out by Cossack and [[Volunteer Army]] troops, 14 Jews were massacred, 9 wounded, and 15 Jewish women and girls were raped by units under the command of Struk, ally of [[Symon Petliura]] in three days of carnage.<ref>Harry James Cargas, Reflections of a Post-Auschwitz Christian. On meeting Kurt Waldheim. Pg. 136 [http://books.google.com/books?id=70fK_lGLBCkC&pg=PA136&dq=Kiev+pogrom+1919&sig=orQJ3PiIa74nPkcozRMoSusYkHc#PPA136,M1]</ref> |
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In the aftermath of the [[Bolsheviks]]’ rise to power and the Kiev pogrom of 1919, it is estimated that a total of 1,326, or up to 2000 pogroms took place in the Ukraine alone, in which between 30,000 and 70,000 Jews were massacred. The pogroms were marked by utmost cruelty and face-to-face brutality. Thousands of women were raped. Hundreds of [[shtetl]]ekh were pillaged, and Jewish neighborhoods were left in ruins. Overall, in the pogroms of 1918-1921, half a million Jews were left homeless;<ref>Fannie Fern Andrews, The Holy Land Under Mandate. Published 1931, Houghton Mifflin, pg. 295 [http://books.google.com/books?id=2n8cAAAAMAAJ&q=Kiev+pogrom+1919&dq=Kiev+pogrom+1919&pgis=1]</ref> <ref>Sharman Kadish, Bolsheviks and British Jews: The Anglo-Jewish Community, Britain, and the Russian Revolution. Published by Routledge, pg. 87 [http://books.google.com/books?id=rhkA1VpX5KQC&pg=RA5-PA286&lpg=RA5-PA286&dq=%22kiev+pogrom%22+1919&source=web&ots=pwGTfU3trh&sig=p4aquVvTJNK3-VGA2vBbTiuTRgk#PRA1-PA87,M1]</ref> and together with those who died of wounds or as a result of illnesses contracted during the pogroms, a total of about 150,000 Jews perished.<ref>Zvi Y. Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present. Pg. 70. |
In the aftermath of the [[Bolsheviks]]’ rise to power and the Kiev pogrom of 1919, it is estimated that a total of 1,326, or up to 2000 pogroms took place in the Ukraine alone, in which between 30,000 and 70,000 Jews were massacred. The pogroms were marked by utmost cruelty and face-to-face brutality. Thousands of women were raped. Hundreds of [[shtetl]]ekh were pillaged, and Jewish neighborhoods were left in ruins. Overall, in the pogroms of 1918-1921, half a million Jews were left homeless;<ref>Fannie Fern Andrews, The Holy Land Under Mandate. Published 1931, Houghton Mifflin, pg. 295 [http://books.google.com/books?id=2n8cAAAAMAAJ&q=Kiev+pogrom+1919&dq=Kiev+pogrom+1919&pgis=1]</ref> <ref>Sharman Kadish, Bolsheviks and British Jews: The Anglo-Jewish Community, Britain, and the Russian Revolution. Published by Routledge, pg. 87 [http://books.google.com/books?id=rhkA1VpX5KQC&pg=RA5-PA286&lpg=RA5-PA286&dq=%22kiev+pogrom%22+1919&source=web&ots=pwGTfU3trh&sig=p4aquVvTJNK3-VGA2vBbTiuTRgk#PRA1-PA87,M1]</ref> and together with those who died of wounds or as a result of illnesses contracted during the pogroms, a total of about 150,000 Jews perished.<ref>Zvi Y. Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present. Pg. 70. |
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In 1921, a large number of Russian Jews emigrated to Poland, as they were entitled by a peace treaty in [[Riga]] to choose the country they preferred. Several hundred thousand joined the already numerous Jewish population of the [[Polish Second Republic]].<ref>[[History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia#Under_Lenin_.281917-1924.29|History of the Jews in Russia]]</ref> |
In 1921, a large number of Russian Jews emigrated to Poland, as they were entitled by a peace treaty in [[Riga]] to choose the country they preferred. Several hundred thousand joined the already numerous Jewish population of the [[Polish Second Republic]].<ref>[[History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia#Under_Lenin_.281917-1924.29|History of the Jews in Russia]]</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 22:11, 4 June 2007
The Kiev pogrom of 1919 refers to a series of Jewish pogroms in various districts of Kiev carried out by Cossacks, the White Armies as well as detachments of the Red Army soldiers.[1]
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- Skvira, June 23, 1919, a pogrom in which 45 Jews were massacred, many were severely wounded, and 35 Jewish women were raped by army insurgents.[2]
- Justingrad, In August, 1919, a pogrom makes its way through the shtetl named in honor of Justina, wife of a Russian nobleman. An unspecified number of Jewish men were murdered and Jewish women raped.
- Ivankov district of Kiev, Between 18 and 20 October 1919, in the pogrom carried out by Cossack and Volunteer Army troops, 14 Jews were massacred, 9 wounded, and 15 Jewish women and girls were raped by units under the command of Struk, ally of Symon Petliura in three days of carnage.[3]
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Benjamin Frankel, A Restless Mind: Essays in Honor of Amos Perlmutter. Published by Routledge, pg. 272 [1]
- ^ Michael L. Brown, Our Hands Are Stained with Blood. "More Tears". Published by Destiny Image, Inc. Pg. 105. [2]
- ^ Harry James Cargas, Reflections of a Post-Auschwitz Christian. On meeting Kurt Waldheim. Pg. 136 [3]
References
- Sokolievka/Justingrad: A Century of Struggle and Suffering in a Ukrainian Shtetl, pg. 78 [4]
- Harold Henry Fisher: The Famine in Soviet Russia, 1919-1923: The Operations of the American Relief Administration [5]
- R. Weaver, etc., The Tamarack Review. Published 1982, [6]
- Meyer Wolfe Weisgal, Zionist Organization of America: Theodor Herzl, a Memorial, Published 1929, New Palestine, pg. 289 [7]
- William Henry Chamberlin, The Russian Revolution, 1917-1921. Published 1935 by Macmillan company pg. 230 [8]
- David J. Mitchell, 1919: Red Mirage. Published 1970, Cape, 249 [9]
- Zvi Y. Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present. Pg. 67. [10]