Jump to content

Rechargeable battery: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎Battery types: the lithium sulphur patent claims 400 Wh/Kg. There is no evidence provided for the 3360 figure, which is an order of magnitude higher than anything that's come before.
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
<nowiki>--~~~~Insert non-formatted text here--~~~~--~~~~</nowiki>| 250-1000
[[Image:Nokia Battery Hologram.jpg|thumb|A rechargeable lithium polymer [[Nokia]] [[mobile phone]] battery.]]
| 66%<small><sub>Small Text</sub><br />#REDIRECT [[
A '''rechargeable battery''', also known as a '''storage battery''', is a group of two or more ''[[electrochemical cell|secondary cells]]''. These [[battery (electricity)|batteries]] can be restored to full charge by the application of [[electrical energy]]. In other words, they are [[electrochemical cell]]s in which the [[electrochemistry|electrochemical]] [[chemical reaction|reaction]] that releases energy is readily reversible. Rechargeable electrochemical cells are therefore a type of [[accumulator]]. They come in many different designs using different chemicals. Commonly used secondary cell chemistries are [[Lead-acid battery| lead and sulfuric acid]], [[Nickel-cadmium battery|nickel cadmium]] (NiCd), [[nickel metal hydride]] (NiMH), [[lithium ion battery|lithium ion]] (Li-ion), and [[lithium ion polymer battery|lithium ion polymer]] (Li-ion polymer).
----

Insert text
Rechargeable batteries can offer an economic benefit when used instead of one-time-use disposable batteries. Most rechargeable battery technology has been adapted into the standard “AA,” “AAA,” “C,” “sub-C,” “D,” and “9-volt” configurations that consumers are familiar with. While the rechargeable versions of these types of cells have a higher up-front cost than disposable batteries, rechargeable batteries can be discharged and recharged many times. Some manufacturers of NiMH type rechargeable batteries claim a lifespan up to 3000 charge cycles for their batteries.
----

--[[Special:Contributions/96.229.233.44|96.229.233.44]] ([[User talk:96.229.233.44|talk]]) 05:33, 7 December 2007 (UTC)<math>[[Media:Insert formula here]][[[Image:http://www.example.com link title]][[Image:''Example.jpg''bsdkjbvWJDNFOXCVKJJDHC;mwdfg
== Usage and applications ==
]]]</math>]]</small>| 1.37[http://www.harborfreight.com/cpi/ctaf/displayitem.taf?Itemnumber=90148]

Unlike nonrechargeable batteries ([[primary cell]]s), secondary cells must be charged before use. Attempting to recharge nonrechargeable batteries is not advised as it has a small chance of causing a [[Battery explosion#Battery explosion|battery explosion]].

Some types of rechargeable batteries are susceptible to damage due to [[Rechargeable battery#Reverse charging|reverse charging]] if they are fully discharged; other types need to be fully discharged occasionally in order to maintain the capacity for deep discharge. Fully integrated [[battery charger]]s that optimize the charging current are available.

Rechargeable batteries currently are used for lower power applications such as automobile starters, portable consumer devices, tools, and [[uninterruptible power supply|uninterruptible power supplies]]. Emerging applications in [[petroleum electric hybrid vehicle|hybrid vehicles]] and [[battery electric vehicle|electric vehicles]] are driving the technology to improve cost, reduce weight, and increase lifetime. Future applications are proposed to use rechargeable batteries for load leveling, where they would store baseline electric power for use during peak load periods, and for [[renewable energy]] uses, such as storing power generated from [[photovoltaic array]]s during the day to be used at night.

The [[National Electrical Manufacturers Association]] has estimated that U.S. demand for rechargeables is growing twice as fast as demand for nonrechargeables.<ref> http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/reduce/epr/products/batteries.htm</ref>

==Charging==
{{See|Battery charger}}

During charging, the positive active material is [[oxidized]], producing [[electron]]s, and the negative material is [[reduced]], consuming electrons. These electrons constitute the [[electric current|current]] flow in the external [[electrical network|circuit]]. The [[electrolyte]] may serve as a simple buffer for [[ionic|ion]] flow between the [[electrode]]s, as in [[lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion]] and [[nickel-cadmium battery|nickel-cadmium]] cells, or it may be an active participant in the [[electrochemical]] reaction, as in [[lead-acid battery|lead-acid]] cells.

The reactions in lead-acid cells are illustrated in the following diagrams.

[[Image:Secondary Cell Diagram.svg|right|frame|Diagram of the charging of a secondary cell battery.]]

[[Image:Lead-acid charging.svg]] [[Image:Lead-acid discharging.svg]]

The half-cell reactions and overall cell reaction for the lead-acid system are as follows:

''Positive electrode''

<math>\mbox{PbO}_2 + \mbox{SO}_4^{2-} + 4\mbox{H}^+ +2e^- \begin{smallmatrix}{\mbox{discharge}}\\{\longrightarrow}\\{\longleftarrow}\\{\mbox{charge}}\end{smallmatrix} \mbox{PbSO}_4 + 2\mbox{H}_2\mbox{O}</math>

''Negative electrode''

<math>\mbox{Pb} + \mbox{SO}_4^{2-} \begin{smallmatrix}{\mbox{discharge}}\\{\longrightarrow}\\{\longleftarrow}\\{\mbox{charge}}\end{smallmatrix} \mbox{PbSO}_4 + 2e^-</math>

''Overall reaction''

<math>\mbox{PbO}_2 + \mbox{Pb} + 2\mbox{H}_2\mbox{SO}_4 \begin{smallmatrix}{\mbox{discharge}}\\{\longrightarrow}\\{\longleftarrow}\\{\mbox{charge}}\end{smallmatrix} 2\mbox{PbSO}_4 + 2\mbox{H}_2\mbox{O}</math>

[[Image:Charger.jpg|thumb|right|Battery charger]]

The energy used to charge rechargeable batteries mostly comes from [[mains electricity]] using an adapter unit. It can be wired or [[wireless energy transfer|wireless]]{{Fact|date=October 2007}}. Charging backup batteries using [[Energy demand management|off-peak]] energy paid for by on-peak excess electric power from residential [[Photovoltaic module|solar panel]]s exactly matches the critical peak shortage and nightly electric surplus. This load-leveling function helps eliminate the need for expensive [[peaking power plant]]s and helps [[amortize]] the cost of generators over more hours of operation. Charging from the 12-volt battery of a car is also possible. Human powered generators are commercially available. One can also use portable batteries to charge or to be used directly after recharging. Most [[battery charger]]s can take several hours to charge a battery (excepting [[Nano Titanate battery|Nano Titanate batteries]]). Most batteries can be charged in far less time than the most common simple battery chargers are capable of. [[Duracell]] and [[Rayovac]] now sell chargers that can charge AA- and AAA-size NiMH batteries in just 15 minutes. [[Flow battery|Flow batteries]] don't need to be charged on place, because they can be charged by replacing the electrolyte liquid.

Battery manufacturers' technical notes often refer to VPC. This is [[Volt]]s Per [[Electrochemical cell|Cell]], and refers to the individual secondary cells that make up the battery. For example, to charge a 12 V battery (containing 6 cells of 2 V each) at 2.3 VPC requires a voltage of 15.6 V across the battery's terminals.

=== Recharging electric vehicles ===
{{Main|Rechargeable electric vehicle|V2G}}

Recharging an electric vehicle using off-peak energy paid for by on-peak excess electric power from residential solar panels exactly matches the critical peak shortage and nightly electric surplus. While electric vehicles can charge slowly at night, raising the nightly low electric use, solar panels can lower the daytime peak, flattening the daily usage curve and lowering the cost of electric power for all users.

===Reverse charging===
Reverse charging, which damages batteries, is when a rechargeable battery is recharged with its [[polarity]] reversed. Reverse charging can occur under a number of circumstances, the two most important being:

* When a battery is incorrectly inserted into a [[battery charger|charger]].
* When multiple batteries are used in [[series and parallel circuits|series]] in a device. When one battery completely discharges ahead of the rest, the other batteries in series may force the discharged battery to discharge to below zero voltage.

==Active Components==

The active components in a secondary cell are the chemicals that make up the positive and negative active materials, and the [[electrolyte]]. The positive and negative are made up of different materials, with the positive exhibiting a [[redox|reduction]] potential and the negative having an [[oxidation]] potential. The sum of these potentials is the standard cell potential or [[voltage]].

In [[primary cell]]s the positive and negative electrodes are known as the [[cathode]] and [[anode]], respectively. Although this convention is sometimes carried through to rechargeable systems—especially with [[lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion]] cells, because of their origins in primary lithium cells—this practice can lead to confusion. In rechargeable cells the positive electrode is the cathode on discharge and the anode on charge, and vice versa for the negative electrode.

'''Example: Nickel Metal Hydride'''

Nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) is the active component in the positive, while the negative is composed of hydrogen in the form of metal hydride. The electrolyte of this secondary cell is an aqueous form of [[potassium hydroxide]].

In the discharge process, the nickel oxyhydroxide is reduced to nickel hydroxide and the metal hydride is reduced to an [[alloy]].

'''Nickel-Metal Hydride'''

{| border="1" style="background-color:#FFFF88"
|style="background-color:#FFFF00" |'''Location'''
|align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF00"|'''Reactions'''
|style="background-color:#FFFF00" |'''Voltage'''
|-
|align="center" height="28" |Negative
|MH + OH<sup>-</sup> —> M + H<sub>2</sub>O + e<sup>-</sup>
|align="center" |0.83
|-
|align="center" height="28" |Positive
|valign="top" |NiOOH + H<sub>2</sub>O + e<sup>-</sup> —> Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub> + OH<sup>-</sup>
|align="center" |0.52
|-
|align="center" height="28" |Overall
|NiOOH + MH —> Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub> + M
|align="center" |1.35
|}

==Battery types==

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan="2"|Technology
!rowspan="2"|Type
!Voltage<sup>a</sup>
!colspan="3"|Energy density<sup>b</sup>
!Power<sup>c</sup>
!Effi.<sup>d</sup>
!E/$<sup>e</sup>
!Disch.<sup>f</sup>
!Cycles<sup>g</sup>
!Life<sup>h</sup>
!rowspan="2"|Advantages
!rowspan="2"|Disadvantages
!rowspan="2"|Applic.<sup>k</sup>
!rowspan="2"|Since
|-
!style="font-weight: normal"|(V)
!style="font-weight: normal"|(MJ/kg)
!style="font-weight: normal"|(Wh/kg)
!style="font-weight: normal"|(Wh/L)
!style="font-weight: normal"|(W/kg)
!style="font-weight: normal"|(%)
!style="font-weight: normal"|{{nowrap|(Wh/$)}}
!style="font-weight: normal"|(%/mo)
!style="font-weight: normal"|(#)
!style="font-weight: normal"|(years)
|-
!rowspan="2"| Lead-acid
! [[Lead-acid battery|Wet]]
| 2.1 ''or 2.2''
| 0.11-0.14
| 30-40
| 60-75
| 180
| 70%-92%
| 5-8
| 3%-4%
| 500-800
|
| price, well understood, dependable, low maintenance
| heavy<sup>l</sup>; environmentally unfriendly; storage<sup>q</sup>
| [[car battery|starter]]
| 1859
|-
![[VRLA]]<sup>i</sup>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [[car battery|starter]]
|
|-
!rowspan="4"|Nickel
![[Nickel-iron battery|Ni-iron]]
| 1.2
| 0.18
| 50
|
| 100
| 65%
| 5-7.3<ref name="batcomp">[http://www.mpoweruk.com/specifications/comparisons.pdf mpoweruk.com: Accumulator and battery comparisons (pdf)]</ref>
| 20%-40%
|
|
| robust
| heavy<sup>l</sup>; temp<sup>t</sup>; cost
| backup
| 1903
|-
![[Nickel-cadmium battery|Ni-cadmium]]
| 1.2
| 0.14-0.22
| 40-60
| 50-150
| 150
| 70%-90%
|
| 20%
| 1500
|
| long life; fast charge
| heavy<sup>l</sup>; toxic; high discharge, memory effect
| home
| 1946
|-
![[Nickel metal hydride battery|NiMH]]
| 1.2
| 0.11-0.29
| 30-80
| 140-300
| 250-1000
| 66%
| 1.37[http://www.harborfreight.com/cpi/ctaf/displayitem.taf?Itemnumber=90148]
| 20%
| 20%
| 1000
| 1000

Revision as of 05:33, 7 December 2007

--~~~~Insert non-formatted text here--~~~~--~~~~| 250-1000 | 66%Small Text
#REDIRECT [[

Insert text

--96.229.233.44 (talk) 05:33, 7 December 2007 (UTC)]]| 1.37[1] | 20% | 1000 | | lightl; high capacity | expensive; high discharge | hybrid cars | 1983 |- !Ni-zinc | | 0.22 | 60 | 170 | | | 2-3.3 | | | | lightl | short life | light e-cars | |- !rowspan="5"|Lithium !Lithium ion (cobalt oxide) | 3.6 | 0.58 | 160 | 270 | 1800 | 99.9% | 2.8-5[1] | 5%-10% | 1200 | 2-3 | lightl; low maintenance; low discharge; | volatile; tempt; cost; short life | digital eq. | 1990 |- !Li ion polymer | 3.7 | 0.47-0.72 | 130-200 | 300 | 3000+[2] | | | | | ~0.5 | thin; lightl; safe | as above; plus charge probl.x; expensive | PDA | 1996 |- !Li iron phosphate | 3.25 | | 80-120 | 170 [3] | 1400 | | 0.7-1.6 | | 2000+[4] | | lightl low maintenance; high discharge; high power; price; | new; availability | | 1997 |- !Li sulfur[5] | 2.0 | | 400[6] | | | | | | | | lightl | | | 1994 |- !Nano Titanate[7] | 2.3 | | 90 | | 4000+ | 87-95%r | | | 9000-15000 | 20+ | | | | 2007 |- !Thin film Li | ? | | | 350 | 959 | 6000 | ?p[8] | | | 40000 | | | | |- !Flow !Zinc bromide | | | | | | | | | | | rapid charge, by replacing the electrolyte liquid | | | |- !rowspan="5"|Other !NaS | | | | | | 89%-92% | | | | | lightl; cheap |rowspan="2"| temp>400°Ct | | |- !Molten salt | | | 70-110[9] | | 150-220 | | 4.54[10] | | 3000+ | 8+ | lightl; power | e-cars? | |- !Super iron | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ~2004 |- !Silver zinc | | |130 |240 | | | | | | | lightl, efficient | cost | aircraft, military, moon buggy | |- !Rechargeable alkaline | 1.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1993 |- !Non-chemical !FES | n.a. | .50 | 130 | | | 90% | | 2-3% | 105-107,[11] | 20+ | environmentally safe; long life; no memory effect; quick charge and release | heavyl; safety; less mature; cost[12] | UPS | ~1950 |}

Notes

For brevity, entries in the table had to be abbreviated. For a full description, please refer to the individual article about each type. Battery types for which there is no article yet are listed below.

  • a Nominal cell voltage in V. Most batteries contain multiple cells, for example an automotive 12 V car battery contains 6 cells * 2.0 V per cell for the total of 12 volts.
Graph of mass energy densities of several secondary cells
  • b Energy density = energy/weight or energy/size, given in three different units
  • c Specific power = power/weight in W/kg
  • d Charge/discharge efficiency in %
  • e Energy / consumer price in Wh/US$ (approximately)
  • f Self-discharge rate in %/month
  • g Cycle durability in number of cycles
  • h Time durability in years
  • i VRLA or recombinant includes gel batteries and absorbed glass mats
  • k most prominent example for an application
  • l "heavy" and "light" refer to low and high energy density, respectively. Of course, some batteries with high energy density can be quite heavy.
  • p Pilot production
  • q Can't be stored in discharged condition
  • r Depending upon charge rate
  • t temperature related problems
  • x charge problems: If the battery discharges below a certain voltage it may never be able to hold a charge again, also if overcharged the battery becomes extremely unstable and may explode.

Less common types

Lithium sulfur battery
A new battery chemistry developed by Sion Power[13] since 1994. Claims superior energy to weight than current lithium technologies on the market. Also lower material cost may help this product reach the mass market.[14] Not to be confused with lithium sulfur dioxide (Li-SO2) batteries which explode when recharged.
Thin film lithium battery
An emerging refinement of the lithium ion technology by Excellatron.[15] The developers claim a very large increase in recharge cycles, around 40,000 cycles. Higher charge and discharge rates. At least 5C charge rate. Sustained 60C discharge, and 1000C peak discharge rate. And also a significant increase in specific energy, and energy density.[16]
Smart battery
A smart battery has the voltage monitoring circuit built inside. See also Smart battery system.

Alternatives

  • Optionally, for uses like radios and flashlights, rechargeable batteries may be replaced by clockwork mechanisms or dynamos.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rechargeable batteries.

References

  1. ^ http://www.werbos.com/E/WhoKilledElecPJW.htm (which links to http://www.thunder-sky.com/home_en.asp)
  2. ^ http://www.a123systems.com/html/tech/power.html
  3. ^ http://www.falconev.com
  4. ^ http://zeva.com.au/tech/LiFePO4.php
  5. ^ http://www.polyplus.com/technology/lsulfur.htm
  6. ^ http://www.polyplus.com/inproperty/patents/pat6358643.PDF
  7. ^ http://www.altairnano.com/documents/NanoSafeBackgrounder060920.pdf
  8. ^ http://www.excellatron.com/pilotline.htm
  9. ^ http://www.betard.co.uk/new_zebra.pdf
  10. ^ http://www.evworld.com/article.cfm?storyid=465
  11. ^ http://www.itpower.co.uk/investire/pdfs/flywheelrep.pdf
  12. ^ http://www.upei.ca/~physics/p261/projects/flywheel1/flywheel1.htm
  13. ^ http://www.sionpower.com
  14. ^ http://www.sionpower.com/technology.html
  15. ^ http://www.excellatron.com
  16. ^ http://www.excellatron.com/advantage.htm
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rechargeable_battery&oldid=176313292"