Vertebrate: Difference between revisions
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==Evolutionary history== |
[[Media:<math>Example.ogg</math><nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki>]]==Evolutionary history== |
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Vertebrates started to evolve about 530 million years ago during the [[Cambrian explosion]], which is part of the [[Cambrian]] period (first known vertebrate is [[Myllokunmingia]]).{{Fact|date=August 2007}} According to recent molecular analysis [[Hagfish|Myxini]] (hagfish) also belong to Vertebrates. Others consider them a sister group of Vertebrates in the common taxon of [[Craniata]].{{Fact|date=August 2007}} |
Vertebrates started to evolve about 530 million years ago during the [[Cambrian explosion]], which is part of the [[Cambrian]] period (first known vertebrate is [[Myllokunmingia]]).{{Fact|date=August 2007}} According to recent molecular analysis [[Hagfish|Myxini]] (hagfish) also belong to Vertebrates. Others consider them a sister group of Vertebrates in the common taxon of [[Craniata]].{{Fact|date=August 2007}} |
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== Taxonomy and classification== |
== Taxonomy and classification== |
Revision as of 05:16, 9 December 2007
Vertebrates Temporal range: mid Early Cambrian to Recent
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Blotched Blue-Tongued Skink, Tiliqua nigrolutea | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | |
Phylum: | |
(unranked) | Craniata |
Subphylum: | Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812
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Classes and Clades | |
See below |
Vertebrates are members of the subphylum Vertebrata (within the phylum Chordata), specifically, those chordates with backbones or spinal columns. About 57,739 species of vertebrates have been described[citation needed]. Vertebrata is the largest subphylum of chordates, and contains many familiar groups of large land animals. Fish (including lampreys, but traditionally not hagfish, though this is now disputed), amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (including humans) are vertebrates.
Anatomy and morphology
Characteristics of the subphylum are a muscular system that mostly consists of paired masses, as well as a central nervous system which is partly located inside the backbone (if one is present). The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is considered the backbone or spinal cord, a brain case, and an internal skeleton, but the latter do not hold true for lampreys, and the former is arguably present in some other chordates. Rather, all vertebrates are most easily distinguished from all other chordates by having an unequivocal head, that is, sensory organs - especially eyes are concentrated at the fore end of the body and there is pronounced cephalization. Compare the lancelets which have a mouth but no true head, and "see" with their entire back.[citation needed]
Physiology
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Ecology and life history
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[[Media:Insert non-formatted text here]]==Evolutionary history== Vertebrates started to evolve about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which is part of the Cambrian period (first known vertebrate is Myllokunmingia).[citation needed] According to recent molecular analysis Myxini (hagfish) also belong to Vertebrates. Others consider them a sister group of Vertebrates in the common taxon of Craniata.[citation needed]
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Taxonomy and classification
Classification after Janvier (1981, 1997), Shu et al. (2003), and Benton (2004).[1]
- Subphylum Vertebrata
- (Unranked group) Hyperoartia (lampreys)
- Class †Conodonta
- Subclass †Pteraspidomorphi
- Class †Thelodonti
- Class †Anaspida
- Class †Galeaspida
- Class †Pituriaspida
- Class †Osteostraci
- Infraphylum Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates)
- Class †Placodermi (Paleozoic armoured forms)
- Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
- Class †Acanthodii (Paleozoic "spiny sharks")
- Superclass Osteichthyes (bony fish)
- Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
- Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
- Subclass Coelacanthimorpha (coelacanths)
- Subclass Dipnoi (lungfish)
- Subclass Tetrapodomorpha (ancestral to tetrapods)
- Superclass Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
Etymology
Their name derives from the bones of the spinal column (or vertebral column), the vertebrae.[citation needed]
References
- ^ Benton, Michael J. (2004-11-01). Vertebrate Palaeontology (Third Edition ed.). Blackwell Publishing. pp. 455 pp. ISBN 0632056371/978-0632056378.
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Bibliography
- Kardong, Kenneth V. (1998). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (second edition ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill. pp. 747 pp. ISBN 0-07-115356-X/0-697-28654-1.
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See also
External links
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