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===Simple===
===Simple===
A simple charger works by connecting a constant [[direct current|DC]] [[electric power|power]] source to the battery being charged. The simple charger does not alter its output based on time or the charge on the battery. This simplicity means that a simple charger is inexpensive, but there is a tradeoff in quality. Typically, a simple charger takes longer to charge a battery to prevent severe over-charging. Even so, a battery left in a simple charger for too long will be weakened or destroyed due to over-charging.
A simple charger works by connecting a constant [[direct current|DC]] [[electric power|power]] source to the battery being charged. The simple charger does not alter its output based on time or the charge on the battery. This simplicity means that a simple charger is inexpensive, but there is a tradeoff in quality. Typically, a simple charger takes longer to charge a battery to prevent severe over-charging. Even so, a battery left in a simple charger for too long will be weakened or destroyed due to over-charging.

===Trickle===
{{main|trickle charging}}
A trickle charger is a kind of simple charger that charges the battery slowly, at the self-discharge rate.
A trickle charger is the slowest kind of battery charger.
A battery can be left in a trickle charger indefinitely.
Leaving a battery in a trickle charger keeps the battery "topped up" but never over-charges.


===Timer-based===
===Timer-based===
Line 20: Line 27:


For Ni-Cd and [[NiMH]] batteries, the voltage across the battery increases slowly during the charging process, until the battery is fully charged. After that, the voltage ''decreases'', which indicates to an intelligent charger that the battery is fully charged. Such chargers are often labeled as a ΔV, or "delta-V," charger, indicating that they monitor the voltage change.
For Ni-Cd and [[NiMH]] batteries, the voltage across the battery increases slowly during the charging process, until the battery is fully charged. After that, the voltage ''decreases'', which indicates to an intelligent charger that the battery is fully charged. Such chargers are often labeled as a ΔV, or "delta-V," charger, indicating that they monitor the voltage change.

A typical intelligent charger fast-charges a battery up to about 85% of its maximum capacity in less than an hour, then switches to trickle charging, which takes several hours to top off the battery to its full capacity.
<ref>
[http://www.imaging-resource.com/ACCS/BATTS/BATTS.HTM "The Great Battery Shootout"]
by Dave Etchells
</ref>


===Fast===
===Fast===
Fast chargers make use of control circuitry in the batteries being charged to rapidly charge the batteries without damaging the cells' elements. Most such chargers have a [[cooling fan]] to help keep the temperature of the cells under control. Most are also capable of acting as a standard overnight charger if used with standard NiMH cells that do not have the special control circuitry. Some fast chargers, such as those made by Energizer, can fast-charge any NiMH battery even if it does not have the control circuit.
Fast chargers make use of control circuitry in the batteries being charged to rapidly charge the batteries without damaging the cells' elements. Most such chargers have a [[cooling fan]] to help keep the temperature of the cells under control. Most are also capable of acting as a standard overnight charger if used with standard NiMH cells that do not have the special control circuitry. Some fast chargers, such as those made by Energizer, can fast-charge any NiMH battery even if it does not have the control circuit.


Some chargers use ''Pulse technology'' in which a pulse is fed to the [[battery (electricity)|battery]]. This DC pulse has a strictly controlled [[rise time]], shape, pulse width, [[frequency]] and [[amplitude]]. This technology is said to work with any size, voltage, capacity or chemistry of batteries, including automotive and valve-regulated batteries.
Some chargers use ''Pulse technology'' in which a pulse is fed to the [[battery (electricity)|battery]]. This DC pulse has a strictly controlled [[rise time]], shape, pulse width, pulse repetition rate ([[frequency]]) and [[amplitude]]. This technology is said to work with any size, voltage, capacity or chemistry of batteries, including automotive and valve-regulated batteries.
[[VRLA | valve-regulated]]
<ref>
[http://www.maxim-ic.com/appnotes.cfm/appnote_number/913/ "AN913: Switch-Mode, Linear, and Pulse Charging Techniques for Li+ Battery in Mobile Phones and PDAs"]
Maxim 2001
</ref>
<ref>
[http://www.theverylastpageoftheinternet.com/otherdevices/Cour/a_new_pulse_battery_charger.htm "A New Pulse Battery Charger"]
by Jean-Michel Cour
</ref>
.

Several kinds of pulse charging are patented
<ref>
[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?wo=2003088447 "fast pulse battery charger" patent] 2003
</ref>
<ref>
"Battery charger with current pulse regulation"
patented 1981
United States Patent 4355275
</ref>
<ref>
"Pulse-charge battery charger"
patented 1997
United States Patent 5633574
</ref>
.

Some chargers use pulses to check the current battery state when the charger is first connected, then use constant current charging during fast charging, then use pulse charging as a kind of trickle charging to maintain the charge.
<ref>
[http://928uk.com/battery-conditioners.htm "Pulse Maintenance charging."]
</ref>

Some chargers use "negative pulse charging", also called "reflex charging" or "burp charging"
<ref>
[http://www.fm2way.com/batterycharger/faq.htm "The pulse power(tm) battery charging system"]
</ref>
.
Such chargers use both positive and brief negative current pulses.
Such chargers don't work any better than pulse chargers that only use positive pulses
<ref>
[http://www.rcbatteryclinic.com/burp.html "Negative Pulse Charge, or "Burp" Charging: Fact or Fiction?"]
</ref>
<ref>
[http://www.powerdesigners.com/pdf/Tech%20Brief%20Negative%20Pulse%20Charging%20Techniques%20Myths%20&%20Facts%20-%20Final.pdf Tech Brief: Negative Pulse Charging Myths and Facts]
and
[http://www.powerdesigners.com/pdf/Negative%20Pulse%20Charging%20Techniques%20Myths%20and%20Facts.pdf Negative Pulse Charging: Myths and Facts]
</ref>
.


===USB-based===
===USB-based===

Revision as of 18:19, 21 January 2008

This unit charges the batteries until they reach a specific voltage and then it trickle charges the batteries until it is disconnected.
A simple charger equivalent to a AC-DC wall adapter. It applies 300mA to the battery at all times, which will damage the battery if left connected too long.

A battery charger is a device used to put energy into a cell or (rechargeable) battery by forcing an electric current through it.

The charge current depends upon the technology and capacity of the battery being charged. For example, the current that should be applied to recharge a 12 V car battery will be very different to the current for a mobile phone battery.

Types of battery chargers

Simple

A simple charger works by connecting a constant DC power source to the battery being charged. The simple charger does not alter its output based on time or the charge on the battery. This simplicity means that a simple charger is inexpensive, but there is a tradeoff in quality. Typically, a simple charger takes longer to charge a battery to prevent severe over-charging. Even so, a battery left in a simple charger for too long will be weakened or destroyed due to over-charging.

Trickle

Main article: trickle charging

A trickle charger is a kind of simple charger that charges the battery slowly, at the self-discharge rate. A trickle charger is the slowest kind of battery charger. A battery can be left in a trickle charger indefinitely. Leaving a battery in a trickle charger keeps the battery "topped up" but never over-charges.

Timer-based

The output of a timer charger is terminated after a pre-determined time. Timer chargers were the most common type for high-capacity Ni-Cd cells in the late 1990s for example (low-capacity consumer Ni-Cd cells were typically charged with a simple charger).

Often a timer charger and set of batteries could be bought as a bundle and the charger time was set to suit those batteries. If batteries of lower capacity were charged then they would be overcharged, and if batteries of higher capacity were charged they would be only partly charged. With the trend for battery technology to increase capacity year on year, an old timer charger would only partly charge the newer batteries.

Timer based chargers also had the drawback that charging batteries that were not fully discharged, even if those batteries were of the correct capacity for the particular timed charger, would result in over-charging.

Intelligent

Output current depends upon the battery's state. An intelligent charger may monitor the battery's voltage, temperature and/or time under charge to determine the optimum charge current at that instant. Charging is terminated when a combination of the voltage, temperature and/or time indicates that the battery is fully charged.

For Ni-Cd and NiMH batteries, the voltage across the battery increases slowly during the charging process, until the battery is fully charged. After that, the voltage decreases, which indicates to an intelligent charger that the battery is fully charged. Such chargers are often labeled as a ΔV, or "delta-V," charger, indicating that they monitor the voltage change.

A typical intelligent charger fast-charges a battery up to about 85% of its maximum capacity in less than an hour, then switches to trickle charging, which takes several hours to top off the battery to its full capacity. [1]

Fast

Fast chargers make use of control circuitry in the batteries being charged to rapidly charge the batteries without damaging the cells' elements. Most such chargers have a cooling fan to help keep the temperature of the cells under control. Most are also capable of acting as a standard overnight charger if used with standard NiMH cells that do not have the special control circuitry. Some fast chargers, such as those made by Energizer, can fast-charge any NiMH battery even if it does not have the control circuit.

Some chargers use Pulse technology in which a pulse is fed to the battery. This DC pulse has a strictly controlled rise time, shape, pulse width, pulse repetition rate (frequency) and amplitude. This technology is said to work with any size, voltage, capacity or chemistry of batteries, including automotive and valve-regulated batteries. valve-regulated [2] [3] .

Several kinds of pulse charging are patented [4] [5] [6] .

Some chargers use pulses to check the current battery state when the charger is first connected, then use constant current charging during fast charging, then use pulse charging as a kind of trickle charging to maintain the charge. [7]

Some chargers use "negative pulse charging", also called "reflex charging" or "burp charging" [8] . Such chargers use both positive and brief negative current pulses. Such chargers don't work any better than pulse chargers that only use positive pulses [9] [10] .

USB-based

Since the Universal Serial Bus specification provides for a five-volt power supply, it's possible to use a USB cable as a power source for recharging batteries. Products based on this approach include chargers designed to charge standard NiMH cells[11], and custom NiMH batteries with built-in USB plugs and circuitry which eliminate the need for a separate charger.[12]


Pay-per-charge kiosk, illustrating the variety of mobile phone charger connectors.

Applications

Since a battery charger is intended to be connected to a battery, it may not have voltage regulation or filtering of the DC voltage ouput. Battery chargers equipped with both voltage regulation and filtering may be identified as battery eliminators.


Mobile phone charger

Most mobile phone chargers are not really chargers, only power sources for the charging circuitry which is almost always contained within the mobile phone.[13] Mobile phones can usually accept relatively wide range of voltages, as long as it is sufficiently above the phone battery's voltage. However, if the voltage is too high, it can damage the phone. Mostly, the voltage is 5 volts or slightly higher, but it can sometimes vary up to 12 volts when the power source is not loaded.

Battery chargers for mobile phones and other devices are notable in that they come in a wide variety of DC connector-styles and voltages, most of which are not compatible with other manufactuers' phones or even different models of phones from a single manufacturer.

Users of publicly accessible charging kiosks must be able to cross-reference connectors with device brands/models and individual charge parameters and thus ensure delivery of the correct charge for their mobile device. A database-driven system is one solution, and is being incorporated into some of the latest designs of charging kiosks.

A travel charger from Ionhub is a portable charging hub. [14] It is more of a universal charger because it can simultaneously charge many different electronic devices.

The Ionhub charger can simultaneously charge several electronic devices: iPod Nano, Razr, Nintendo DS Lite, BlackBerry, portable DVD player, and electric shaver.

There are also human-powered chargers sold on the market, which typically consists of a dynamo powered by a hand crank and extension cords. There are also solar chargers.[15]

China and other countries are making a national standard on mobile phone chargers using the USB standard.[16]

Solar cell

Battery charger for vehicles

There are two main types of charges for vehicles:

  • To recharge petroleum vehicle batteries (boost batteries), where a modular charger is used.
  • To recharge battery electric vehicle.

Battery electric vehicle

These vehicles include a battery pack, so generally use series charger.

If your battery system is 9kWh or kilowatt-hours and the charger used by you is 1 kilowatt (kW), it could take 9 hours (9hrs * 1kW = 9kWh) to fully charge the battery. [17]

The chargers used in electric vehicles can be:

  • Isolated: they make no connection between the A/C electrical mains and the batteries being charged.
  • Non-isolated: the battery negative terminal is attached to the A/C outlet's neutral wire during charging.

Power Factor Correction (PFC) chargers can more closely approach the maximum current the plug can deliver, shortening charging time.

Some battery electric vehicle charging devices includes:

Charge stations

Project Better Place is going to deploy a network of charge stations. It also subsidize vehicle battery costs through leases and credits.

Prolonging battery life

Many rumors circulate about the best practices to prolong battery life. What practices are best depend on the type of battery. The older nickel-based batteries are harmed by charging them when not full, which explains the preponderance of rumors.

Most modern cell phones and laptops use Lithium-ion batteries. Contrary to some recommendations, these batteries actually last longest if the battery is not fully discharged. Deterioration occurs faster at higher temperatures. Lithium batteries deteriorate more while fully charged than if it is only 40% charged. The conditions of high temperature combined with full charge are exactly the scenario occurring when a laptop computer is run on AC power. Deterioration is caused by resistance due to oxidation and thus affects usage that draws more current.

The "digital memory" exhibited by many rechargeable batteries does not actually affect battery life; instead, it is caused by a failure of the gauge to calibrate properly in the absence of a full discharge. Fully discharging the battery once every 30 charges can remedy this problem; a full discharge each time is neither necessary nor beneficial to the battery.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Great Battery Shootout" by Dave Etchells
  2. ^ "AN913: Switch-Mode, Linear, and Pulse Charging Techniques for Li+ Battery in Mobile Phones and PDAs" Maxim 2001
  3. ^ "A New Pulse Battery Charger" by Jean-Michel Cour
  4. ^ "fast pulse battery charger" patent 2003
  5. ^ "Battery charger with current pulse regulation" patented 1981 United States Patent 4355275
  6. ^ "Pulse-charge battery charger" patented 1997 United States Patent 5633574
  7. ^ "Pulse Maintenance charging."
  8. ^ "The pulse power(tm) battery charging system"
  9. ^ "Negative Pulse Charge, or "Burp" Charging: Fact or Fiction?"
  10. ^ Tech Brief: Negative Pulse Charging Myths and Facts and Negative Pulse Charging: Myths and Facts
  11. ^ http://www.sanyo.co.jp/koho/hypertext4-eng/0704/0418-1e.html, from Sanyo website, and http://www.stefanv.com/electronics/usb_charger.html for those that want to build their own.
  12. ^ http://www.usbcell.com/support/faqsection/5, from a Moixa Energy website
  13. ^ Mobile phone battery care
  14. ^ http://www.ionhub.com/
  15. ^ Example of solar charger
  16. ^ China to work out national standard for mobile phone chargers
  17. ^ http://www.edrivesystems.com/faq.html
  18. ^ http://www.zivan.it http://www.zivanusa.com
  19. ^ How to prolong lithium-based batteries


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