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Arabic Maqam (Arabic: مقام) (pl. maqamat or maqams) is the system of melodic modes used in traditional Arabic music, which is mainly melodic. The word maqam in Arabic means place, location or rank. The Arabic maqam is a melody type. Each maqam is built on a scale, and carries a tradition that defines its habitual phrases, important notes, melodic development and modulation. Both compositions and improvisations in traditional Arabic music are based on the maqam system. Maqams can be realized with either vocal or instrumental music, and do not include a rhythmic component.

Note: For Ottoman Turkish maqams, please see Makam.

Background

The designation maqam appeared for the first time in the treatises written in the fourteenth century by Al-Sheikh Al-Safadi and Abdulqadir Al-Maraghi, and has since then been used as a technical term in Arabic music. The maqam is a modal structure that characterizes the art of music of countries in North Africa, the Near East and Central Asia. In this area we can distinguish three main musical cultures which all belong to the modal family, namely the Turkish, the Greek, the Persian and the Arabic. The maqam was preceded by seven centuries, by the Dastgah of Persia, developed by Barbod. A strong similarity exists between these three families in which the same modal structure is known as Makam in Turkish music, Dastgah in Persian music, Mugam in Azerbaijan, Meqam in Kurdish music, Makam in Assyrian music, Shash Maqom in Uzbek music and Muqam in Uyghur music..

Many Arabic maqams can trace their names to the Persian language, e.g. Nikriz, Farahfaza, Suzidil, Suznak, Rast, Sikah (from Se-Gah), Jiharkah (from Chehar-Gah) and Nairuz (from Nowruz). The reverse is also true, with Persian Goosheh names taken from Arabic, e.g. Hejaz (from Hijaz), Hoseynî (from Husseini), Oshshagh (from 'Ushshaq) and Hodi.

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 Many Arabic ''maqams'' can trace their names to the [[Persian language]], e.g. Nikriz, Farahfaza, Suzidil, Suznak, Rast, Sikah (from Se-Gah), Jiharkah (from Chehar-Gah) and Nairuz (from Nowruz). The reverse is also true, with Persian [[Goosheh]] names taken from Arabic, e.g. Hejaz (from Hijaz), Hoseynî (from Husseini), Oshshagh (from 'Ushshaq) and Hodi.
-==Tuning System==
-Arabic ''maqams'' are based on a [[scale (music)|musical scale]] of 7 [[note (music)|notes]] that repeats at the [[octave]]. Some ''maqams'' have 2 or more alternative scales (e.g. Rast, Nahawand and Hijaz). ''Maqam'' scales in traditional Arabic music are [[microtonal music|microtonal]], not based on a twelve-tone [[equal temperament|equal-tempered]] [[tuning (music)|musical tuning]] system, as is the case in modern [[Western Music]]. Most ''maqam'' scales include a [[perfect fifth]] or a [[perfect fourth]] (or both), and all [[octaves]] are perfect. The remaining notes in a ''maqam'' scale may or may not exactly fall on [[semitone]]s. For this reason ''maqam'' scales are mostly taught orally, and by extensive listening to the traditional [[Arabic music]] repertoire.
-==Notation==
-Since [[microtonal music|microtonal]] intervals are impractical to accurately notate, a simplified [[musical notation]] system was adopted in Arabic music at the turn of the 20th century. Starting with a [[chromatic scale]], the Arabic scale is divided into 24 equal [[quarter tone]]s, where a quarter tone equals half a [[semitone]] in a [[equal temperament|12 tone equal-tempered]] scale. In this notation system all notes in a ''maqam'' scale are rounded to the nearest quarter tone.
-This system of notation is not exact since it eliminates microtonal details, but is very practical because it allows ''maqam'' scales to be notated using [[Musical notation#Western Standard notation described|Western standard notation]]. Quarter tones can be notated using the half-flat sign [[Image:arabic music notation half flat.svg|9px]] or the half-sharp sign [[Image:Arabic music notation half sharp.svg‎]]. When transcribed with this notation system some ''maqam'' scales happen to include quarter tones, while others don't.
-In practice, ''maqams'' are not performed in all [[chromatic scale|chromatic]] keys, and are more rigid to [[Transposition (music)|transpose]] than scales in Western music, primarily because of the technical limitations of Arabic instruments. For this reason, half-sharps rarely occur in ''maqam'' scales, and the most used half-flats are E[[Image:arabic music notation half flat.svg|9px]], B[[Image:arabic music notation half flat.svg|9px]] and less frequently A[[Image:arabic music notation half flat.svg|9px]].
-==Intonation==
-The 24-tone system is entirely a notational convention and does not affect the actual precise intonation of the notes performed. Practicing Arab musicians, while using the nomenclature of the 24-tone system (''half-flats'' and ''half-sharps''), still perform the finer microtonal details which have been passed down through oral tradition.
-''Maqam'' scales that do not include quarter tones (e.g. Nahawand, Ajam) can be performed on [[Equal temperament|equal-tempered]] instruments such as the [[piano]], however such instruments cannot faithfully reproduce the microtonal details of the ''maqam'' scale. ''Maqam'' scales can be faithfully performed either on fretless instruments (e.g. the [[oud]] or the [[violin]]), or on instruments that allow a sufficient degree of tunability and microtonal control (e.g. the [[ney|nay]] or the [[Kanun (Instrument)|qanun]]). On fretted instruments with steel strings, microtonal control can be achieved by string bending, as when playing [[blues]].
-The exact intonation of every maqam scale changes with the historical period, as well as the geographical region (as is the case with [[Accent (linguistics)|linguistic accents]], for example). For this reason, and because it is impractical to precisely and accurately notate microtonal variations from a [[12-TET|twelve-tone equal tempered scale]], ''maqam'' scales are in practice learned orally.
-==Ajnas==
-Maqam scales are made up of smaller sets of consecutive notes that have a very recognizable melody and convey a distinctive mood. Such a set is called '''jins''' (pl. ajnas), ({{lang-ar|'''جنس'''}}) meaning gender or kind. In most cases a ''jins'' is made up of 4 consecutive notes (a [[tetrachord]]), although ''ajnas'' of 3 consecutive notes (a [[trichord]]) or a 5 consecutive notes (a [[pentachord]]) also exist.
-Ajnas are the building blocks of a ''maqam'' scale. A ''maqam'' scale has a lower (or first) ''jins'' and an upper (or second) ''jins''. In most cases maqams are classified into families or branches based on their lower ''jins''. The upper ''jins'' may start on the ending note of the lower ''jins'' or on the note following that. In some cases the upper and lower ''ajnas'' may overlap. The starting note of the upper ''jins'' is called the [[dominant (music)|dominant]], and is the second most important note in that scale after the [[tonic]]. ''Maqam'' scales often includes secondary ''ajnas'' that start on notes other than the tonic or the dominant. Secondary ''ajnas'' are highlighted in the course of [[maqam#Modulation|modulation]].
-References on Arabic music theory often differ on the classification of ''ajnas''. There is no consensus on a definitive list of all ''ajnas'', their names or their sizes. However the majority of references agree on the basic 9 ''ajnas'', which also make up the main 9 ''maqam'' families. The following is the list of the basic 9 ''ajnas'' notated with [[Musical notation#Western Standard notation described|Western standard notation]] (all notes are rounded to the nearest quarter tone):
-{| class="wikitable"
-|-
-| Ajam (عجم) trichord, starting on B♭<br/>[[Image:Arabic maqam jins ajam.jpg]]
-| Bayati (بياتي) tetrachord, starting on D<br/>[[Image:Arabic maqam jins bayati.jpg]]
-| Hijaz (حجاز) tetrachord, starting on D<br/>[[Image:Arabic maqam jins hijaz.jpg]]
-|-
-| Kurd (كرد) tetrachord, starting on D<br/>[[Image:Arabic maqam jins kurd.jpg]]
-| Nahawand (نهاوند) tetrachord, starting on C<br/>[[Image:Arabic maqam jins nahawand.jpg]]
-| Nikriz (نكريز) pentachord, starting on C<br/>[[Image:Arabic maqam jins nikriz.jpg]]
-|-
-| Rast (راست) tetrachord, starting on C<br/>[[Image:Arabic maqam jins rast.jpg]]
-| Seba (صبا) tetrachord, starting on D<br/>[[Image:Arabic maqam jins saba.jpg]]
-| Sikah (سيكاه) trichord, starting on E[[Image:Arabic music notation half flat.svg|9px]]<br/>[[Image:Arabic maqam jins sikah.jpg]]
-|}
-(for more detail see [http://www.maqamworld.com/ajnas.html Arabic Maqam Ajnas])
-==Maqam Families==
-*[[Ajam (maqam)|Ajam]]: Ajam, Jiharkah, Shawq Afza
-*Sikah: Bastanikar, Huzam, Iraq, Mustaar, Rahat El Arwah, Sikah, Sikah Baladi
-*Bayati: Bayatayn, Bayati, Bayati Shuri, Husseini, Nahfat, Nawa
-*Nihawand: Farahfaza, Nahawand, Nahawand Murassah, Ushaq Masri
-*[[Rast (maqam)|Rast]]: Mahur, Nairuz, Rast, Suznak, Yakah
-*Hijaz: Hijaz, Hijaz Kar, Shadd Araban, Shahnaz, Suzidil, Zanjaran
-*Saba: Saba, Saba Zamzam
-*Kurd: Kurd, Hijaz Kar Kurd
-*Nawa Athar: Athar Kurd, Nawa Athar, Nikriz
-==Emotional content==
-Generally speaking, each ''maqam'' evokes a different emotion in the listener. At a more basic level, each ''jins'' conveys a different mood or color. For this reason ''maqams'' of the same family share a common mood since they start with the same ''jins''. There is no consensus on exactly what the mood of each ''maqam'' or ''jins'' is. Some references describe ''maqam'' moods using very vague and subjective terminology (e.g. ''maqams'' evoking 'love', 'femininity', 'pride' or 'distant desert'). However there has not been any serious research using scientific methodology on a diverse sample of listeners (whether Arab or non-Arab) proving that they feel the same emotion when hearing the same ''maqam''.
-Attempting the same exercise in [[Western music]] would mean relating a mood to the [[major and minor]] [[mode (music)|modes]]. In that case there is a wider consensus that the [[minor scale]] is sadder and the [[major scale]] is happier.
-==Modulation==
-Modulation is a technique used during the [[melody|melodic development]] of a ''maqam''. In simple terms it means changing from one ''maqam'' to another (compatible or closely related) ''maqam''. This involves using a new [[scale (music)|musical scale]]. A long musical piece can modulate over many ''maqams'' but usually ends with the starting ''maqam'' (in rare cases the purpose of the modulation is to actually end with a new ''maqam''). A more subtle form of modulation within the same ''maqam'' is to shift the emphasis from one ''jins'' to another so as to imply a new ''maqam''.
-Modulation adds a lot of interest to the music, and is present in almost every ''maqam''-based melody. Modulations that are pleasing to the ear are created by adhering to compatible combinations of ''ajnas'' and ''maqams'' long established in traditional [[Arabic music]]. Although such combinations are often documented in musical references, most experienced musicians learn them by extensive listening.
-==Further reading==
-*Marcus, Scott Lloyd, Ph.D.(1989). ''Arab music theory in the modern period'', Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. Published by U.M.I. 300 N. Zeeb Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106.
-*Touma, Habib Hassan (1996). ''The Music of the Arabs'', trans. Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. ISBN 0-931340-88-8.
-*Racy, Ali Jihad (2003). ''Making music in the Arab world : the culture and artistry of ṭarab''. Publisher: Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30414-8.
-*el-Mahdi, Salah (1972). ''La musique arabe : structures, historique, organologie''. Paris, France: Alphonse Leduc, Editions Musicales. ISBN 2-85689-029-6.
-*Lagrange, Frédéric (1996). ''Musiques d'Égypte''. Cité de la musique / Actes Sud. ISBN 2-7427-0711-5.
-*Maalouf, Shireen (2002). ''History of Arabic music theory'', Faculty of Music, Université Saint-Esprit de Kaslik, Lebanon.
-==See also==
-*[[Ali Merdan]]
-*[[Makam]]
-*[[Maqam al-iraqi|The Iraqi Maqam]]
-*[[Pizmonim]]
-*[[The Weekly Maqam]]
-==External links==
-*[http://www.maqamworld.com/ Maqam World]
-**[http://www.maqamworld.com/maqamat.html Maqam World: What is a Maqam?]
-*[http://www.oud.eclipse.co.uk/maqamat.html Arab Maqamat]
-*[http://maqamat.net Maqamat]
-*[http://www.cacac.org/arabic_music.htm Center for Arabic Culture: Arabic Music]
-**[http://www.cacac.org/Arabic_Music_Theory.htm Center for Arabic Culture: Arabic Musical Theory]
-*[http://www.muzaic.com/  Muzaic]
-*[http://www.maqamlessons.com/ Maqam Lessons]
-*[http://www.pizmonim.org Maqam Sampling (Jewish Sephardic)]
-*[http://www.shashmakom.com  Bukharian Maqam Singers]
-*[http://www.saramusik.org/encyc/index.php/تصنيف:المقامات_والطبوع_والأنغام  Historical audio examples from different maqams], Arabic.
-*{{fr}} [http://www.wikimusique.net/index.php/Maqam Maqam in Wiki Musique, author Mario Scolas - GNU]
 [[Category:Musical terminology]]