Origin of the Turkic peoples: Difference between revisions
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{{see|Genetic history of Europe|Archaeogenetics of the Near East}} |
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[[Anatolia]] has been an important center of interaction, for many peoples and their cultures, throughout the known human history. This dynamic constitute a highly diverse culture and also a significant [[heterogeneity]] of peoples. The migrations of [[Turkic]] speaking groups in Anatolia is a dramatic shift in language barrier between [[Altaic languages]] and [[Indo-European languages]]. The nature of this [[language shift]] has been subject to considerable scholarly debate. Some [[Turkey|Turkish]] scholars, mostly with [[political]] prejudices, claimed that this transition happened through a nearly complete replacement of the [[indigenous populations]] in Anatolian with Turkic-speaking groups. Other scholars, including Turkish, based on [[genetic]] data, claimed that the transition happened through [[elite]] [[dominance]], a model suggesting [[Turkification]], i.e. [[cultural assimilation]], without significant genetic contribution. These models, however, are only tested by simplistic and general surveys of contemporary Turkish population, without historical considerations. Therefore it is dificult to understand the complex cultural and [[demographic]] dynamics of the Turkic speaking groups that have shaped the Anatolian landscape for the last Millennium.<ref>Gokcumen O and Schurr T. Genler, Göçler ve Anadolu. Atlas Magazine. 2008</ref> The region of the [[Anatolia]] represents an extremely important area with respect to ancient population migration and expansion. During [[Antiquities|antiquity]] [[Anatolia]] was a cradle for a wide variety of numerous indigenous peoples as [[Armenians]], [[Assyrians]], [[Hattians]], [[Hittites]], [[Hellenes]], [[Pelasgians]], [[Phrygians]], [[Thracians]], [[Medes]] and others. Later during the late Roman Period, prior to the Mongolian invasion, the population of Anatolia had reached an estimated level of over 12 million people .<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/3596052 Late Medieval Balkan and Asia Minor Population.Josiah C. Russell.Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Oct., 1960), pp. 265-274]</ref><ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/280733 Estimating Population at Ancient Military Sites: The Use of Historical and Contemporary Analogy. P. Nick Kardulias. American Antiquity, Vol. 57, No. 2 (Apr., 1992), pp. 276-287]</ref><ref>J.C. Russell, Late Anicent And Medieval Population, published as vol. 48 pt. 3 of the Transactions Of The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1958.</ref> |
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The [[Oghuz Turks]] were the main [[Turkic people]]<ref>[[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Oguz [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9056846/Oguz Article]</ref> that moved into Anatolia.<ref>[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Seljuq |
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[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066688/Seljuq Article]</ref> Many Turks began their migration after the victory of the [[Seljuks]] against the Byzantines at the [[Battle of Manzikert]] in 1071. In the centuries after the [[Battle of Manzikert]] local populations began to assimilate to the emerging Turkish population.<ref>[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Battle of Manzikert [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050679/Battle-of-Manzikert Article]</ref> Around 1,000,000 Turkic migrants settled in Anatolia in 12th and 13th centuries.<ref>Peter B. Golden. An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East, 1992, S. 224-225</ref> |
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The data on the [[DNA]] of Turkish people suggests that a human demographic expansion occurred sequentially in the [[Middle East]], through [[Anatolia]], and finally to the rest of Europe. The estimated time of this expansion is roughly 50,000 years ago, which corresponds to the arrival of anatomically modern humans in Europe.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Calafell | first = F | last2 = Underhill P | first2 = P |last3 = Tolun |first3 = A |last4 = Angelicheva|first4 = D |last5 = Kalaydjieva L.|first5 = L. | title = From Asia to Europe: mitochondrial DNA sequence variability in Bulgarians and Turks. | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 60 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–49 | date = 2006-01 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1996.tb01170.x}}</ref> It is concluded that [[Indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] [[Anatolian]] groups (older than 2000 BCE) may have given rise to present-day Turkish population.<ref>[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057004308.x?cookieSet=1&journalCode=tan (2001) HLA alleles and haplotypes in the Turkish population: relatedness to Kurds, Armenians and other Mediterraneans Tissue Antigens 57 (4), 308–317]</ref> [[DNA]] results suggests the lack of strong genetic relationship between the [[Mongols]] and the Turks despite the close relationship of their languages and shared historical neighborhood.<ref>[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00043.x Tissue Antigens. Volume 61 Issue 4 Page 292-299, April 2003. Genetic affinities among Mongol ethnic groups and their relationship to Turks]</ref> Anatolians do not significantly differ from other [[Mediterranean]]s, indicating that while the ancient Asian Turks carried out an invasion with [[cultural]] significance (language), it is not genetically detectable.<ref>[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1399-0039.2002.600201.x?journalCode=tan Tissue Antigens Volume 60 Issue 2 Page 111-121, August(2002) Population genetic relationships between Mediterranean populations determined by HLA allele distribution and a historic perspective. Tissue Antigens 60 (2), 111–121]</ref> Recent [[genetic]] research has suggested the local, Anatolian origins of the Turks and that genetic flow between Turks and [[Asiatic]] peoples might have been marginal.<ref>[http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Rosser2000.pdf Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language.]</ref> |
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According to a 1998 study the historical and cultural consequences of the Turkic invasion of Anatolia were profound, the genetic contribution of he Turkic people to the modern Turkish population seems less significant. <ref>{{citation |last=Comas |first=David |last2=Francesc Calafell, Eva Mateu, Anna Pérez-Lezaun, Elena Bosch, Rosa Martínez-Arias, Jordi Clarimon, Fiorenzo Facchini, Giovanni Fiori, Donata Luiselli, Davide Pettener |last3=Jaume Bertranpetit |year=1998 |title=Trading Genes along the Silk Road: mtDNA Sequences and the Origin of Central Asian Populations |periodical=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=1824–1838 |doi=10.1086/302133 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics}}.</ref> Various estimates exist of the proportion of gene flow associated with the arrival of Central Asian [[Turkic]] speaking people to Anatolia. One study based on an analysis of [[Y-chromosomes]] from Turkey suggested that Central Asians have only made a 10% genetic contribution (Rolf et al. 1999). Another study suggests roughly 30% based upon [[mtDNA]] control region sequences and one STR Y-chromosome (Di Benedetto et al.<ref>American Journal Of Physical Anthropology 115:144–156 (2001) - "''DNA Diversity and Population Admixture in Anatolia''". [http://web.unife.it/progetti/genetica/Giorgio/PDFfiles/ajpa2001.pdf pdf document]</ref> 2001). However the comprehensive high resolution [[single nucleotide polymorphism]] analysis of 513 individuals provides slight paternal gene flow (<9%) from [[Central Asia]]. The results demonstrate Anatolia’s role as a buffer between culturally and genetically distinct populations, being both an important source and recipient of gene flow.([http://bp2.blogger.com/_Ish7688voT0/R4aBpZcxH4I/AAAAAAAAAEw/rCvdWN1dOhU/s1600-h/russians.jpg see the plot:<!-- For each ethnic group, the large disk indicates the entire group, while the smaller figures, geographical subpopulations. -->]). According to [[Spencer Wells]] the Turkish and Azeri populations are atypical among Altaic speakers. Rather, these two Turkic-speaking groups seem to be closer to populations from the Middle East and Caucasus. This finding is consistent with a model in which the Turkic languages, originating in the Altai-Sayan region of Central Asia and northwestern Mongolia, were imposed on the Caucasian and Anatolian peoples with relatively little genetic admixture, another possible example of elite dominance-[[language shift]].<ref>[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/98/18/10244 The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity]</ref> A 2007 study suggests that, genetically [[Anatolians]] are more closely related with the [[Balkan]] populations than to the [[Central Asian]] populations. Central Asian contribution to Anatolia with respect to the Balkans was quantified with an admixture analysis. Furthermore, the association between the Central Asian contribution and the language replacement episode was examined by comparative analysis of the Central Asian contribution to Anatolia, [[Azerbaijan]] (another Turkic speaking country) and their neighbors. In this study, the Central Asian contribution to Anatolia was estimated as 13%. This was the lowest value among the populations analyzed. This observation may be explained by Anatolia having the lowest migrant/resident ratio at the time of migrations.<ref>[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117873906/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 Alu insertion polymorphisms and an assessment of the genetic contribution of Central Asia to Anatolia with respect to the Balkans.]</ref> |
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The question to what extent a gene flow from [[Central Asia]] to [[Anatolia]] has contributed to the current gene pool of the Turkish people, and what the role is in this of the 11th century invasion by [[Oghuz Turks]], has been the subject of several studies. A factor that makes it difficult to give reliable estimates, is the problem of distinguishing between the effects of different migratory episodes. Recent genetics research dated 2003<ref>Keyser-Tracqui C., Crubezy E., Ludes B. ''Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis of a 2,000-year-old necropolis in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia'' [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12858290 American Journal of Human Genetics 2003 August; 73(2): 247–260.]</ref> confirms the studies <ref>The Gök Türk Empire [http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=The_Gok_Turk_Empire All Empires]</ref> indicating that the [[Turkic peoples]]<ref>Nancy Touchette [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/07_03/ancient.shtml Ancient DNA Tells Tales from the Grave] "Skeletons from the most recent graves also contained DNA sequences similar to those in people from present-day Turkey. This supports other studies indicating that [[Turkic]] tribes originated at least in part in Mongolia at the end of the Xiongnu period."</ref> originated from Central Asia and therefore are possibly related with [[Xiongnu]]. A majority (89%) of the Xiongnu sequences can be classified as belonging to an [[Asian]] [[haplogroups]] and nearly 11% belong to [[European]] [[haplogroups]]. This finding indicates that the contacts between European and Asian populations were anterior to the Xiongnu culture, and it confirms results reported for two samples from an early 3rd century B.C. [[Scytho]]-[[Siberian]] population (Clisson et al. 2002). According to the study, Turkish Anatolian tribes may have some ancestors who originated in an area north of Mongolia at the end of the Xiongnu period (3rd century BCE to the 2nd century CE), since modern Anatolian Turks appear to have some common genetic markers with the remains found at the Xiongnu period graves in Mongolia. The researchers found that interbreeding between Europeans and Asians occurred much earlier than previously thought. They also found DNA sequences similar to those in present-day Turks.(Henke et al. 2001) Moreover, the mtDNA (female linkeage) sequence shared by four of these paternal relatives were also found in a Turkish individuals (Comas et al. 1996), suggesting a possible Turkish origin of these ancient specimens. Two other individuals buried in the B sector were characterized by mtDNA sequences found in Turkish people (Calafell 1996; Richards et al. 2000).<ref>Christine Keyser-Tracqui, Eric Crubézy, and Bertrand Ludes. ''[http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v73n2/35013/35013.web.pdf Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of a 2,000-Year-Old Necropolis in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia]'' American Journal of Human Genetics 73:247–260, 2003.</ref><ref>Nancy Touchette. [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/07_03/ancient.shtml Ancient DNA Tells Tales from the Grave], ''Genome News Network.''</ref> |
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== See also == |
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*[[Genetic genealogy]] |
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*[[History of the Turkish people]] |
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*[[History of the Turkic peoples]] |
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*[[History of Anatolia]] |
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*[[Demographics of Turkey]] |
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*[[Turkification]] |
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*[[Turkish diaspora]] |
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== References and notes == |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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[[Category:Turkish people| ]] |
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[[Category:Turkic peoples]] |
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