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This is a listing of '''computer and video games by genre''' with brief descriptions and examples from each [[genre]]. This list is by no means complete or comprehensive. As with nearly all varieties of genre classification, the matter of any individual [[Computer and video games|computer or video game's]] specific genre is open to personal interpretation.
The '''36th G8 summit''' is to be held in [[Canada]] in [[2010]]. The meeting will take place in [[Huntsville%2C_Ontario|Huntsville, Ontario]],<ref name="globe1">Andreatta, David. [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080711.whuntsville12/BNStory/Front/home "Brace yourself, Huntsville. The G8 is coming,"] ''Globe and Mail'' (Toronto). July 12, 2008.</ref> at the [[Deerhurst Resort]]. It will be the fifth G8 Summit hosted by Canada since 1976.<ref name="announce1">[http://www.canada-g8-summit.com/ "Prime Minister announces Canada to host 2010 G8 Summit in Huntsville,"] June 19, 2008.</ref> The locations of previous G8 summits to have been hosted by Canada include: [[7th G7 summit|Montebello, Quebec]] (1981); [[14th G8 summit|Toronto, Ontario]] (1988); [[21st G8 summit|Halifax, Nova Scotia]] (1995); and [[28th G8 summit|Kananaskis, Alberta]] (2002).


The [[G8]] is an unofficial forum which brings together the heads of the leading industrialized democracies: Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the United States, Canada (since 1976), Russia (since 1998),<ref name="saunders1">Saunders, Doug. [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080704.wG8-analysis05/BNStory/International/columnists "Weight of the world too heavy for G8 shoulders,"] ''Globe and Mail'' (Toronto). July 5, 2008.</ref> and the EU Commission (since 1981).<ref>Reuters: [http://uk.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUKB26280520080703?sp=true "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?"], July 3, 2008.</ref>
Within game studies there is a lack of consensus in reaching accepted formal definitions for game genres, some being more popular than others. For example, some schemas are largely [[semiotics|semiotic]], while others rely more strongly on configurative patterns of interface and mechanics.


The G8 summits during the [[XXI century|twenty-first century]] have also involved widespread parallel debates, protests and demonstrations by citizens.<ref name="g8actionnetwork">{{cite web| last =| first =| authorlink =| coauthors =| title =G8 Action Network| work =| publisher =G8 Action Network| date =| url =http://www.jca.apc.org/alt-g8/en |format =| doi =| accessdate = 2008-06-29}}</ref> Among the arguably valid reasons cited for demonstrations and protests was that the G8 summit represents more than "an arbitrary meeting" of governments which are responsible for accelerating inequality and [[poverty]], for the reduction of [[social welfare]], for the the exclusion of socially disadvantaged people and for the violations of [[human rights|fundamental rights]].<ref name="nog8_">{{cite news | first= | last= | pages= | language =| title=Let's Join in G8 Action Network Action Against Social Exclusion and Call for Fair Labor - Join Us in the Movement Against G8 | date=2008-06-20 | publisher=No G8 Action Japan | url=http://linux7.sanpal.co.jp/no-g8/?q=en/node/182 |accessdate=2008-06-29}}</ref>
Many of these categories overlap due to the subjective nature of many genres. For example, the ''[[Legend of Zelda series|Legend of Zelda]]'' series has elements of action, [[adventure game|adventure]] and [[computer role-playing game|role-playing]]. This overlapping is further pronounced as more games are being produced and styled as ''hybrids'', blending elements characteristic to one or more popular genres (for example, action-RPGs like ''[[Diablo (computer game)|Diablo]]'', ''[[Vagrant Story]]'', and ''[[Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance]]'').


==Leaders at the summit==
==Major genres==
The composition of the G8 summit is not expected to become an agenda item, but it is a perennial subject of speculation. <ref>[http://www.agi.it/world/news/200807070918-cro-ren0004-art.html "G8: U. S. Against Broadening to Emerging Economies,"] AGI (Agenzia Giornolistica Italiana). July 7, 2008.</ref>
===Fighting===
[[Image:Street_Fighter_2.png|thumb|''[[Street Fighter|Street Fighter II]]'', a fighting game.]]

[[fighting game|Fighting]] or beat 'em up games emphasize one-on-one [[combat]] between two players, one whom may be computer controlled. These games usually focus on [[martial art]]s, which are usually dramatic and physically impossible, and other forms of unarmed combat. Some of these games may also employ [[melee weapon|handheld weapons]] such as [[sword]]s, or ranged attacks such as ''[[Qi|chi]]''-based energy blasts.

This genre arose in the mid-[[1980]]s and became a phenomenon with the release of ''[[Street Fighter II]]''; the genre is still popular today.

Notable series of games include ''[[King of Fighters]]'', ''[[Mortal Kombat]]'', ''[[Street Fighter]]'', ''[[Soul Edge]]'' and ''[[Soul Calibur]]'', ''[[Tekken]]'', and ''[[Virtua Fighter]]''.
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===First-person shooter===
[[Image:halflife_ingame.jpg|thumb|''[[Half-Life]]'', an FPS.]]

[[First-person shooter]]s (FPS) emphasize shooting and combat from a specific perspective. Most FPSs place the player behind a [[gun]] or other weapon with the player's "hand" holding the weapon. This perspective is meant to give the player the feeling of "being there." Most FPSs are very fast-paced and require quick reflexes.

To be an effective game, an FPS must be both fast and three-dimensional, which put them out of the reach of most consumer hardware until the early 1990s. ''[[Doom]]'' was the "breakout" game of the genre; it used a number of clever techniques to make the game fast enough to run on average machines.

Some of today's most popular FPS series are ''[[Half-Life]]'', ''[[Doom]]'', ''[[Unreal]]'', ''[[Quake series|Quake]]'', and ''[[Halo (video game series)|Halo]]''.
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===MMOGs, MMORPGs and MMOFPSs===
[[Image:CM250a.jpg|thumb|''[[Control Monger]]'', MMOFPS where Bots go to war!]]

[[MMOG|Massively-multiplayer online games]], [[MMORPG|massively-multiplayer online role-playing games]] and [[Massively multiplayer online first-person shooter]]s are [[virtual world]]s in which potentially thousands of players may interact together over the [[Internet]]. Most of these games are are subscription-based, but with the new age of MMO games they can be one time buy games with no monthly fees. MMORPGs emerged in the mid to late [[1990s]] as a commercial, graphical variant of text-based [[MUD]]s, which had existed since around [[1979]]. The massively multiplayer concept was quickly combined with other genres.

* Fantasy MMORPGs are the most popular type of MMOG. ''[[Ultima Online]]'', ''[[EverQuest]]'', ''[[Final Fantasy XI]]'', ''[[Lineage (computer game)|Lineage]]'', ''[[World of Warcraft]]'' and ''[[Runescape]]'' are some of the more popular MMORPGs. This Style of MMO is slowly giving way to newer MMO styles.

* Sci-fi MMORPGs hold a smaller part of the MMO Market. One of the first examples of this type of MMOG is''[[Anarchy Online]]''. Many other Sci-fi MMORPGs have launched with the popular space sci-fi game ''[[EVE Online]]'' being the most notable.

* MMOFPS is a category of [[computer game]]s that combines [[first-person shooter]] gameplay with a large number of simultaneous players over the [[Internet]]. It is a category of [[massively multiplayer online game]]s. ''[[PlanetSide]]'', ''[[Control Monger]]'' and ''[[Gunz]]'' are a few notable games of this genre.
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===Racing===
[[Image:PSX_Gran_Turismo_2.png|thumb|''[[Gran Turismo|Gran Turismo 2]]'', a racing game on the [[PlayStation]]]]

[[Racing game]]s are one of the most traditional of genres. They typically place the player in the driver's seat of a high performance vehicle and require the player to race against other drivers or sometimes just time. Emerging in the early 1980s, this genre is still very popular today and continues to push the envelope in terms of graphics and performance.
===Permanent G8+1 participants===
A popular subgenre of the racing game is the [[kart]] racing game, which simplifies the vehicle handling and introduces various obstacles and other quirks to the racetrack.
The composition of the G8 summit is a perennial topic. The G8 summits have considered the the President of the European Commission as a permanently welcome participant in all G8 meetings and decision-making since 1981.<ref>Reuters: [http://uk.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUKB26280520080703?sp=true "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?"], July 3, 2008.</ref>

*{{flagicon|Canada}} '''[[Canada]]'''
Notable racing games include ''[[OutRun]]'', ''[[Gran Turismo (game)|Gran Turismo]]'', and ''[[Mario Kart]]''.
*{{flagicon|France}} '''[[France]]'''
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*{{flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Germany]]'''

*{{flagicon|Italy}} '''[[Italy]]'''
===Role-playing===
*{{flagicon|Japan}} '''[[Japan]]'''
[[Image:DiabloScreenshot.jpg|thumb|''[[Diablo (computer game)|Diablo]]'', an RPG.]]
*{{flagicon|Russia}} '''[[Russia]]'''

*{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[United Kingdom]]'''
[[Computer role-playing game]]s (CRPGs or simply RPGs) often place the player in a [[fantasy]] or [[science fiction]] setting and drive the gameplay via a prominent storyline. Most of these games have the player acting in the role of a specific type of "adventurer" who specializes in a certain set of skills (such as combat, or casting [[magic (paranormal)|magic]] spells). These various types of adventurer are called "[[character class|classes]]" and players can normally control one or more of these characters.
*{{flagicon|USA}} '''[[United States]]'''

Most of these games are similar to traditional [[role-playing game]]s played with [[pencil]] and [[paper]] (notably ''[[Dungeons and Dragons|D&D]]'') except, in this case, the computer takes care of all the record keeping and nondeterministic elements such as [[dice|die]] rolling. Since the emergence of affordable [[home computer]]s coincided with the popularity of pencil and paper role-playing games, this genre was one of the first in video games and continues to be popular today.

Though nearly all of the early entries in the genre were [[turn-based game]]s, modern CRPGs have introduced a real-time aspect, thanks largely to the success of ''[[Diablo (computer game)|Diablo]]'' and similarly designed games. Thus, the CRPG genre has followed the [[strategy game]]'s trend of moving from turn-based to real-time combat.

Notable entries in the role-playing genre include ''[[Final Fantasy]]'', ''[[Ultima]]'', ''[[Diablo (computer game)|Diablo]]'', ''[[Baldur's Gate (computer game)|Baldur's Gate]]'', and ''[[Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic]]''.

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===Simulators===
[[Image:Falcon4 2.jpg|thumb|''Falcon 4.0'' is a prime example of a combat flight simulator.]]

[[Simulation]]s aim to simulate the experience of controlling a vehicle (such as flying an [[airplane]]) as realistically as practically possible, taking into account [[physics]] and other real-world limitations. Some require a great deal of reading before the game can even be attempted, while others include a simple tutorial. ''[[Microsoft Flight Simulator]]'' is perhaps the most well known flight simulator.

[[Combat flight simulator]]s are a subgenre of simulation. ''[[Falcon 4.0]]'' and ''[[IL-2 Sturmovik (game)|IL-2 Sturmovik]]'' are examples of the genre.

[[Space simulation|Space Combat Sims]] are a subgenre that usually leans into strategy or action. Examples include ''[[Freespace]]'', ''[[I-War (Independence War)|Independence War]]'' and ''[[Wing Commander]]''.

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===Sports===
[[Image:NBA Jam.png|thumb|''[[NBA Jam]]'', a sports game.]]
[[Sports game]]s emulate the playing of traditional physical [[sports]] such as [[cricket]], [[baseball]], [[Association football|soccer]], [[American football]], [[boxing]], [[golf]], [[basketball]], [[ice hockey]], [[tennis]], [[bowling]], [[rugby football|rugby]], etc. Some emphasize actually playing the sport, while others emphasize the strategy behind the sport (such as ''[[Championship Manager]]''). Others satirize the sport for comic effect (such as ''[[Arch Rivals]]''). One of the best selling series in this genre is the [[Madden NFL]] series.

This genre emerged early in the history of video games and remains popular today.
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===Strategy===
[[Image:StarcraftScreenshot.png|thumb|Screenshot of combat in ''[[StarCraft]]'', a real-time strategy game.]]
[[Strategy game]]s focus on careful planning and skillful resource management in order to achieve victory, and are therefore classified as "thinking games". These games may be turn-based or realtime, but there are some that mix the two types of play (such as ''[[X-Com]]''). This genre has had a consistent following since the mid-1980s.

A popular subgenre of strtegy is [[god game]]s, examples of which include the very popular ''[[The Sims]]'' (which generally simulates home-life and social interactions), ''[[SimCity]]'', ''[[SimAnt]]'', and ''[[SimEarth]]''. Unlike other genres of games, god games do not have a set goal that allows a player to win the game.

The two other main subgenres are [[turn-based game|turn-based]] and [[real-time strategy|real-time]] games. Turn-based games were originally the common form of strategy game, the computers of the time being too slow for real-time interaction, and go back to ''[[Star Trek]]'' games played on teletypes. Early home computers were soon adopted for [[wargame]]s, and the genre expanded from there.

The vast majority of strategy games could be called "war strategy games" as they have heavy focus on [[military]] combat. For [[real-time strategy|real-time]] games the focus is generally on military battle [[tactics]](e.g. [[reconnaissance]], flanking, etc.), while [[turn-based game|turn-based]] games are more focused on [[strategy]] (i.e. looking at war from a [[General]]'s perspective).

Examples of games in the [[real-time strategy|real-time]] genre include ''[[Warcraft]]'', ''[[StarCraft]]'', ''[[Command and Conquer]]'', and ''[[Total Annihilation]]''.
Additional noteworthy examples are ''[[Ground Control]]'', ''[[Sudden Strike]]'' and ''[[Mech Commander]]'', which focus on a set amounts of units, and do away with the resource gathering and unit production aspects of most RTS games.

Examples of [[turn-based game|turn-based]] games include ''[[Sid Meier's Civilization]]'', the ''[[Heroes of Might and Magic]]'' series, and the ''[[Fire Emblem]]'' series.

Web based strategy games are a less popular variant where the player doesn't need any additional software installed at their computer because the games have web site interfaces. Such games often last for several months, before the round ends and the game restarts. Some of these games are extremely popular and have hundreds of thousands of players. Examples of web based strategy games are ''[[Planetarion]]'', ''[[Dawn of Myth]]'' and ''[[Terra Incognita]]''.

Massively Multiplayer Online RTS (MMORTS) is a extremely small subdivision, but has proven to have great potential. Games of this sub-genre include ''[[Shattered Galaxy]]'', ''[[Mankind]]'' and the recently scraped in development ''[[Sovereign]]''.

===Third-person shooters===
[[Image:PSX_Tomb_Raider.png|thumb|''[[Tomb Raider]]'', a third person shooter.]]

[[Third-person shooter]]s (TPS) employ a [[third person]] perspective for the player. This is normally just behind the game character, but it is sometimes an [[isometric projection|isometric perspective]]. Some shooters default to either a first- or third-person perspective but allow the player to choose between the two; others switch between the two at predetermined points in the game.

The ''[[Grand Theft Auto (game)|Grand Theft Auto]]'' series falls into this genre, as do such games as ''[[Heretic II]]'', ''[[Jet Force Gemini]]'', ''[[Max Payne]]'', ''[[Mafia (video game)|Mafia]]'', ''[[Magic Carpet (video game)|Magic Carpet]]'' and ''[[Oni_(computer_game)|Oni]]''.
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===City-building games===
[[Image:Sample_city_built_by_characters_in_city_building_game.jpg|thumb|right|Sample city from ''[[Children of the Nile]]'']]

In [[City-building game|city building games]] the player acts as overall planner or leader to meet the needs and wants of game characters by initiating structures for food, shelter, health, spiritual care, economic growth, etc. Success is achieved when the city budget makes a growing profit and citizens experience an upgraded lifestyle in housing, health, and goods. While military development is often included, the emphasis is on economic strength.

''[[SimCity]]'' and ''[[Populous]]'' were both popular and influential city-building games.
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==Notable genres==

===Adult===
[[ Adult video games]], like [[adult movie]]s or other media, are intended for an adult audience. There exists a wide variety of adult games, though many lack mainstream appeal and represent a niche category. The object of an adult game may differ from a mainstream video game or computer game, in that the reward can be a visual representation of nudity, partial nudity, or sexual activity rather than points, etc. Some games may focus on humor or drama rather than arousal, or simply have normal gameplay accompanied by nudity.

===Arcade===
[[Arcade game]]s are traditionally the coin-operated video games found in [[video arcade|arcades]] during the [[1970s]] and [[1980s]]. These games were characterised as quick play action games that had an addictive quality. Arcade games are easy to learn, yet difficult to master. Since the decline of coin-operated games, "arcade" has become a genre in its own right. Arcade games can now be found in many sites that contain [[Internet game|browser-based games]].

===Educational===
[[Educational game]]s, as the name implies, attempt to teach the user using the game as a vehicle. Most of these types of games target young user from the ages of about three years to mid-[[teen]]s; past the mid-teens, subjects become so complex (e.g. [[Calculus]]) that teaching via a game is impractical. Numerous subgenres exist, each for a different field (math games, typing games and so on).

Notable games in the genre include the ''[[Carmen Sandiego]]'' series, ''[[Mavis Beacon|Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing]]'', and the ''[[The Oregon Trail (computer game)|Oregon Trail]]'' series. [[Programming game]]s like ''[[Robocode]]'' and ''[[Core War]]'' may also be put in the educational category. A somewhat less serious approach to the genre is typified by the typing tutor ''[[The Typing of the Dead]]''.
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===Maze===
[[Image:Maketrax.png|thumb|The [[arcade game|arcade]] version of ''[[Crush Roller]]'', a maze game]]

[[Maze|Maze game]]s need logical thinking to foresee where the enemies come. One must be able to foresee hostile attacks about the flanks to escape from them. The most famous Game of this genre is ''[[Pac-Man]]''. This genre frequently crosses over with Puzzle, but it often gets by completely without jigsaw puzzle elements and demands only reaction and planning.
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===Music===
[[Image:DDR%28bag%29.jpg|thumb|The main gameplay screen of ''[[Dance Dance Revolution]]'', a music game.]]

[[Music video game|Music games]] are typically [[arcade game]]s that challenge the player to follow sequences of movement or develop specific rhythms. Some games require the player to tap out rhythms using a [[game controller]] or [[Computer keyboard|keyboard]] while others require the player to actually dance in sync to music. This genre arose in the late 1990s with the increasing popularity of [[rap music]] and the success of ''[[Dance Dance Revolution]]''.

Notable music games include ''[[Amplitude (game)|Amplitude]]'', ''[[beatmania IIDX]]'', and ''Dance Dance Revolution''.

''See also'': [[audio game]].
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===Party===
Party games are video games developed specifically for multiplayer games between many players. Normally, party games have a variety of different types of [[mini-game]]s that range between collecting more of a certain item than other players or having the fastest time at something. Versus multiplayer games are not generally considered to be party games. Popular party games include the ''[[Mario Party]]'' series and ''[[Fusion Frenzy]]''.
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===Platform===
[[Image:mario2.jpg|thumb|Title screen of ''[[Super Mario World]]'', a platform game.]]
[[Platform game]]s, also called ''platformers'', are games in which downward gravity restricts the player to travelling on horizontal surfaces, which are referred to as ''platforms''.

This is one of the earliest genres of computer games, and was once very popular and well-supported, but has declined with the increasing popularity of 3D graphics. Traditionally, platform games were [[2D computer graphics|2D]], viewing the environment from a side-on, 'cutaway' perspective. This could be done easily with [[sprite (computer graphics)|sprites]] and was simple for early computers to handle. [[3D computer graphics]] have removed the necessity for this restricted view, and can create platform worlds in full 3D. However, this loses the simplicity of control and gameplay of the 2D games. Nonetheless, 3D platformers are not uncommon.

Traditional elements of platform games include running, jumping, and climbing ladders and ledges. Fighting and shooting are also frequent elements.

Notable platform games and series include ''[[Donkey Kong (arcade game)|Donkey Kong]]'', ''[[Super Mario Bros.]]'', ''[[Metroid series|Metroid]]'', ''[[Lode Runner]]'', ''[[Commander Keen]]'', ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog]]'', ''[[Spyro the Dragon]]'' and ''[[Crash Bandicoot]]''.
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===Puzzle===
[[Image:Lynx_Lemmings.png|thumb|''[[Lemmings]]'', a puzzle game, on the [[Atari Lynx]]]]

[[Computer puzzle game|Puzzle game]]s require the player to solve logic puzzles or even navigate complex locations such as [[maze]]s. This genre frequently crosses over with adventure and educational games. Some arcade games, in particular [[Tetris]]-variants, are often labeled puzzle games, despite the fact that gameplay depends on hand/eye coordination and quick reflexes, rather than thought and logic.

Famous puzzle games include ''[[Lemmings]]'', ''[[Minesweeper (game)|Minesweeper]]'', and ''[[Boulder Dash]]''; see [[list of computer puzzle games]] for more.
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===Stealth===
[[Image:GarrettHidinginDarkness-Thief-DeadlyShadows.jpg|thumb|A character hides in the shadows in the stealth game ''[[Thief (computer game)|Thief: Deadly Shadows]]''.]]

A somewhat more recent genre, sometimes referred to as a "sneaker" to make contrast with the action-oriented "shooter" subgenre. These games have much in common with the first- or third-person shooter types, but tend to emphasize subterfuge and precision strikes over the more overt mayhem of shooters. Examples of the stealth genre include the ''[[Thief (computer game)|Thief]]'' series, the ''[[Metal Gear]]'' series, ''[[Splinter Cell]]'' series, and ''[[Beyond Good & Evil (video game)|Beyond Good & Evil]]''.
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===Survival horror===
[[Image:Sh3.jpg|thumb|''[[Silent Hill|Silent Hill 3]]'', a survival/horror game.]]

[[Survival horror]] games focus on fear and attempt to scare the player via traditional [[horror fiction]] elements such as [[atmospherics]], [[death]], the [[undead]], [[blood]] and gore. Many of these games include first-person shooter elements.

The genre is thought to having originated with ''[[Alone in the Dark (computer game)|Alone in the Dark]]'' and to a lesser extent ''[[System Shock]]'', and was popularized by the ''[[Resident Evil]]'' series. Other notable games in the genre include ''[[Silent Hill]]'' and ''[[Fatal Frame|Fatal Frame (Project Zero)]]''.
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===Traditional===
Most popular [[board game]]s, [[card game]]s, and the like have been computerized to some degree or another. Computer game programs can be worthy opponents and can help improve one's skill at traditional games.

* [[Chess]], [[Checkers]], [[Othello]] (a.k.a. [[Reversi]]), and [[Backgammon]] have world class computer programs.
* [[Mah-jongg]] and related games are immensely popular in [[Japan]].
* [[Go]], popular in [[Asia]]. It is infamously difficult to program a computer to play Go well: see [[Computer Go]].
* [[Magic: The Gathering]] has had computer versions for some time.

===Vehicular combat===
[[Vehicular combat]] (or ''car combat'') games focus on fast-paced action, as the player operates a [[car]] or other vehicle and attempts to disable or destroy [[CPU]] or human opponents. Vehicular combat games often allow a player to choose from a variety of potential vehicles, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. Vehicular combat was born out of racing/shooter combinations like ''[[Spy Hunter]]'', ''[[RoadBlasters]]'' and ''[[Rock 'N' Roll Racing]]'', but differs in that the players can, if desired, take their vehicles off predefined routes and do battle wherever they please.

Famous vehicular combat games include the ''[[Carmageddon]]'' series, ''[[Interstate '76]]'', and the ''[[Twisted Metal]]'' series.

==Superseded genres==
===Adventure===
[[Image:Zork_screenshot.png|thumb|''[[Zork]]'', an early text adventure.]]
[[Image:Kings_Quest.png|thumb|''[[King's Quest|King's Quest I]]'', a graphical adventure game.]]

[[Adventure game]]s were some of the earliest games on the market. They cast the player as the protagonist of a story, normally requiring the player to solve various puzzles using various artifacts. The earliest adventure games were textual ([[text adventures]] or [[interactive fiction]]). In these early adventure games, the player uses a keyboard to enter commands such as "get rope" or "go west" and the computer describes what is happening.

As graphics became more common, adventure games began to supplement and later on replace textual descriptions with visuals (for example, a picture of the current location). These graphical adventure games still used textual input.

The growing use of [[computer mouse|mice]] led to the '[[point-and-click]]' genre of adventure games, where the player would no longer have to type commands. The player could, for example, click on a hand [[icon]] and then on a rope to pick up the rope.


===Invited leaders (partial participation)===
Mass-market adventure games are rare today, and most new entries into the genre are fan-created interactive fiction games.
A number of national leaders were invited to attend the summit and to participate in some, but not all, G8 summit activities.


====G8+5 leaders====
Adventure games began with ''[[Colossal Cave Adventure]]'' in the [[1970s]], later developed into the ''[[Zork]]'' series, and rose to popularity in the [[1980s]] and early to mid-[[1990s]]. Notable titles include ''[[Day of the Tentacle]]'', the ''[[King's Quest]]'' series and the ''[[Monkey Island]]'' games. The more action-oriented adventure games such as ''[[Syberia]]'' or ''[[Full Throttle]]'', incorporate other modes of gameplay.
The G8 plus the five largest [[emerging economies]] has come to be known as [[G8+5]].
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Brazil]]'''
*{{flagicon|China}} '''[[People's Republic of China|China]]'''
*{{flagicon|India}} '''[[India]]'''
*{{flagicon|Mexico}} '''[[Mexico]]'''
*{{flagicon|South Africa}} '''[[South Africa]]'''


====Other leaders====
There is still an active community of [[interactive fiction]] authors and players, although major commercial enterprises are rare.
Other world leaders have been invited to previous G8 summit meetings; and this practice is expected to continue.
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====Heads of international organizations====
===Interactive movies===
Leaders of the major international organizations have also been invited to attend in the past; and this practice is expected to continue:
[[Image:dragonslair-arcadescreenshot.jpg|thumb|''[[Dragon's Lair]]'', an interactive movie.]]
*[[Image:Flag of the African Union.svg|22px|African Union]] '''[[African Union]]'''
*{{flagicon|CIS}} '''[[Commonwealth of Independent States]]'''
*[[Image:Flag of Europe.svg|22px|Europe]] '''[[European Union]]'''
*[[Image:Flag of IAEA.svg|20px|IAEA]] '''[[International Atomic Energy Agency]]'''
*[[Image:IEA logo.gif|22px|]] '''[[International Energy Agency]]'''
*{{flagicon|UN}} '''[[United Nations]]'''
*[[Image:Flag of UNESCO.svg|22px|UNESCO]] '''[[UNESCO]]'''
*[[Image:World Bank Logo.png|22px|]] '''[[World Bank]]'''
*[[Image:Flag of WHO.svg|22px|WHO]] '''[[World Health Organization]]'''
*[[Image:Wto logo.png|22px]] '''[[World Trade Organization]]'''


==Priorities==
[[Interactive movie]]s came about with the invention of [[laserdisc]]s. These games are pre-filmed [[full motion video|full-motion]] [[cartoon]]s or live-action sequences, where the player controls some of the moves of the main character. For example, when in danger, the player decides which move or action, or combination to choose. In these games, the only activity the user has is to choose or guess the move the [[game designer|designers]] intended him to make.
Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda for negotiations, which take place primarily amongst multi-national [[civil servants]] in the weeks before the summit itself, leading to a joint declaration which all countries can agree to sign. Prime Minister Harper explained at outset,
:"As hosts, our government will have considerable say over the agenda. It will be a tremendous opportunity to promote Canada’s values and interests; to advocate for open markets and trade opportunities; to assist on global action against global warming; and to champion values like freedom, democracy and human rights and the rule of law."<ref>Learn, Rob. [http://www.huntsvilleforester.com/huntsvilleforester/article/108788 "Huntsville to serve as world stage in 2010,"] ''Huntsville Forrester'' (Huntsville, Ontario). June 25, 2008.</ref>


==Schedule and Agenda==
With the evolution of the more flexible [[3D computer graphics|3D graphics]], interactive movies are quickly disappearing.
A tentative agenda for the 36th G8 summit will include some issues which remain unresolved from previous summits.As chair of the G8 summit when many of the commitments for African aid and development are due to be fulfilled, special attention will be focused on Canada. International anti-poverty campaigners will descend on Huntsville.<ref>Clark, Campbell. [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080707.wafrica_aid0707/BNStory/International/home?cid=al_gam_mostemail "Canada a laggard on African aid,"] ''Globe and Mail'' (Toronto). July 7, 2008.</ref>


==Citizens' responses and authorities' counter-responses==
Notable games of this category include ''[[Dragon's Lair]]'' and ''[[Space Ace]]''.
===Protesters and demonstrations===
<br clear="all" />
Protest groups and other activists are expected to make a showing at the summit.<ref name="globe1">[see above]</ref> Forward planning for this specific G8 summits began in advance of the 2008 Hokkaido summit. Activist organizations anticipate that early planning can result in greater networking effectiveness for G8 summits.<ref>[http://www.bond.org.uk/News/g8summit.htm "Update: G8...Forward plan with others for future G8 summits,"] BOND (British Overseas NGOs for Development). 2008.</ref>


Not all demonstrations are expected to focused in opposition to some issue. At the 2005 Scotland summit, for the first time the tens of thousands of people protesting outside were actually supporting the summit's agenda of African aid;<ref name="saunders1">[see above]</ref> and some activists traveled to Hokkaido in 2008 for the same purpose.<ref>[http://www.thestar.co.uk/latest-entertainment-news/Were-not-G8-protesters-says.4266746.jp "We're not G8 protesters, says Nighy,"] ''Star'' (Sheffield). July 8, 2008.</ref>
===Light-gun games===
[[Image:Time crisis 3.jpg|thumb|''[[Time Crisis 3]]'', a light-gun game.]]


===Citizen journalism===
[[light gun games|Light gun]] games use a [[pointing device]] for [[computer]]s and a [[controller|control device]] for [[arcade game|arcade]] and [[video game console|video games]]. The first light guns appeared in the 1930s, following the development of light-sensing [[vacuum tube|vacuum tubes]]. It wasn't long before the technology began appearing in [[Video arcade|arcade]] shooting games, beginning with the [[Seeburg Ray-O-Lite]] in [[1936]]. These early light gun games used small targets (usually moving) onto which a light-sensing tube was mounted; the player used a gun (usually a rifle) that emitted a beam of light when the trigger was pulled. If the beam struck the target, a "hit" was scored. Modern screen-based light guns work on the opposite principle -- the sensor is built into the gun itself, and the on-screen target(s) emit light rather than the gun. The first light gun of this type was used on the [[MIT Whirlwind]] computer.
Citizens' groups are expected to organize [[citizen journalism]] centers to provide independent media coverage of the G8 summit and the expected protests. In a sense, this article will evolve as the work product of something like citizen journalism, growing through serial draft texts as part of "the first rough draft of history."<ref>Braiker, Brian. [http://www.newsweek.com/id/50317?tid=relatedcl "History's New First Draft,"] ''Newsweek'' (New York). July 8, 2008; Keyes, Ralph. [http://books.google.com/books?id=d6JZryGvfxYC&pg=PA107&dq=Newsweek+first+draft+of+history&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U1RKLjBGwm_VoOsbWwOKAilB7nQbg ''The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and when,'' p. 107.]</ref>


==Accomplishments==
Notable games of this category include the ''[[Virtua Cop]]'' and the ''[[Time Crisis]]'' series.
The G8 summit is an international event which is observed and reported by news media, but the G8's continuing relevance after more than 30 years is somewhat unclear.<ref>Lee, Don. [http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-summit6-2008jul06,0,2282497.story "On eve of summit, G-8's relevance is unclear,"] ''Los Angeles Times.'' July 6, 2008.</ref> The G8 summit brings leaders together not so they can dream up quick fixes, but to talk and think about them together.<ref name="feldman1">Feldman, Adam. [http://www.forbes.com/opinions/2008/07/05/problems-unity-progress-oped-cx_af_summit08_0707feldman.html "What's Wrong With The G-8,"] ''Forbes'' (New York). July 7, 2008.</ref>
<br clear="all" />


Prime Minister Harper anticipates that "the 2010 G8 Summit will provide short and long-term economic benefits for the region and the province, and it will be an exceptional opportunity for Canada to advance its values and interests on the world stage."<ref name="announce1">[see above]</ref> One industry speculating about a financial boon from the conference is real estate -- for example, cottage owners looking to capitalize by renting their properties to deep-pocketed dignitaries. The local Huntsville-[[Lake of Bays]] Chamber of Commerce, believes the summit will produce economic spin-off and long-term benefits; but such optimism has drawn skepticism from some residents.<ref name="globe1">[see above]</ref>
===Retro===
[[Image:A5200_PacMan.png|thumb|''[[Pac-Man]]'', a retro game, on the Atari 5200]]


==Budget==
Retro is not necessarily a genre and can refer to any game, even a new one, that adopts a style or "feel" that has since been superseded. However, the term is most commonly used to specifically refer to the early games following a simple (if not simplistic) interface that involves, at most, simple four-directional movement and one basic command. Most pre-[[Nintendo Entertainment System]] [[video game console|console]] and [[arcade game]]s could be classified as "retro". ''[[Pong]]'' and ''[[Pac-Man]]'' are probably the two most notable examples of the genre.
The Canadian government has yet to announce how much the nation expects to invest in hosting the G-8 summit in 2010.
<br clear="all" />


===Scrolling shooters===
==Canada 2010==
Canada will host other international events in 2010, including:
[[Image:Raiden (game).png|thumb|''[[Raiden (arcade game)|Raiden]]'', a shoot 'em up.]]
* 2010 [[Winter Olympic Games]].<ref>Sainsbury, Macdonald. [http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/18182 "2010 Organizing and the Tar Sands: Inspiring the SPP and helping the Olympics,"] ZNet. 2008.</ref>
* [[Security and Prosperity Partnership]] (SPP), 2010 negotiation round


==References==
[[Scrolling shooter]]s, also known as "shmups" or "[[shoot 'em up]]s", place emphasis on shooting, and usually simplify other gameplay aspects of in deference to this. Several of the earliest arcade games (such as ''[[Space Invaders]]'') could be classed as shoot 'em ups, although in practice they are usually not.
{{reflist|2}}


== See also ==
The games that typify the shoot 'em up genre are scrolling shooter]]s - shoot 'em ups that are traditionally played on a long, 2D, scrolling playing area. Scrolling shooters are generally classified by their direction of scroll: the most common are horizontal (side view) and vertical (top view) shooters. Two examples are ''[[R-Type]]'' and ''[[Raiden (arcade game)|Raiden]]'' respectively.
{{Portal|Energy}}
* [[International Panel on Climate Change]]
* [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]


==External links==
There are also [[fixed shooter]]s, which take place on a single screen; for example, ''[[Robotron: 2084]]''.
* [[University of Toronto]]: [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/ G8 Information Centre]


{{s-start}}
The scrolling shooter is an early one, with its roots in the early [[1980s]]. It has a mixed following nowadays, however, classic-style 2D shooters are still being made, commonly rendered in [[3D graphics]]. ''[[Ikaruga]]'' is a popular modern shoot 'em up.
{{s-bef|before= [[35th G8 summit]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of G8 summits|36th G8 summit]]|years= '''[[2010]]'''<br> '''[[Canada]]'''}}
{{s-aft|after= [[37th G8 summit]]}}
{{end}}


[[Category:G8]]
==See also==
[[Category:2010 in Canada]]
* [[Audio game]], games based on sound
* [[Game classification]]
* [[List of gaming topics]]
* [[List of movie genres]]
* [[Serious game]]
* [[First person adventure]]
* [[MMOFPS]]
* [[Free First-Person Shooters]]
* [[First-person shooter]]
{{VideoGameGenre}}
[[Category:Computer and video game genres|*Computer and video games by genre]]


{{gov-stub}}
[[de:Genre (Computerspiel)]]
{{poli-org-stub}}
[[fr:Type de jeu vidéo]]
[[pl:Lista gatunków gier komputerowych]]
[[zh:電腦與電子遊戲類型]]

Revision as of 16:48, 20 July 2008

Template:Future The 36th G8 summit is to be held in Canada in 2010. The meeting will take place in Huntsville, Ontario,[1] at the Deerhurst Resort. It will be the fifth G8 Summit hosted by Canada since 1976.[2] The locations of previous G8 summits to have been hosted by Canada include: Montebello, Quebec (1981); Toronto, Ontario (1988); Halifax, Nova Scotia (1995); and Kananaskis, Alberta (2002).

The G8 is an unofficial forum which brings together the heads of the leading industrialized democracies: Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the United States, Canada (since 1976), Russia (since 1998),[3] and the EU Commission (since 1981).[4]

The G8 summits during the twenty-first century have also involved widespread parallel debates, protests and demonstrations by citizens.[5] Among the arguably valid reasons cited for demonstrations and protests was that the G8 summit represents more than "an arbitrary meeting" of governments which are responsible for accelerating inequality and poverty, for the reduction of social welfare, for the the exclusion of socially disadvantaged people and for the violations of fundamental rights.[6]

Leaders at the summit

The composition of the G8 summit is not expected to become an agenda item, but it is a perennial subject of speculation. [7]

Permanent G8+1 participants

The composition of the G8 summit is a perennial topic. The G8 summits have considered the the President of the European Commission as a permanently welcome participant in all G8 meetings and decision-making since 1981.[8]

Invited leaders (partial participation)

A number of national leaders were invited to attend the summit and to participate in some, but not all, G8 summit activities.

G8+5 leaders

The G8 plus the five largest emerging economies has come to be known as G8+5.

Other leaders

Other world leaders have been invited to previous G8 summit meetings; and this practice is expected to continue.

Heads of international organizations

Leaders of the major international organizations have also been invited to attend in the past; and this practice is expected to continue:

Priorities

Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda for negotiations, which take place primarily amongst multi-national civil servants in the weeks before the summit itself, leading to a joint declaration which all countries can agree to sign. Prime Minister Harper explained at outset,

"As hosts, our government will have considerable say over the agenda. It will be a tremendous opportunity to promote Canada’s values and interests; to advocate for open markets and trade opportunities; to assist on global action against global warming; and to champion values like freedom, democracy and human rights and the rule of law."[9]

Schedule and Agenda

A tentative agenda for the 36th G8 summit will include some issues which remain unresolved from previous summits.As chair of the G8 summit when many of the commitments for African aid and development are due to be fulfilled, special attention will be focused on Canada. International anti-poverty campaigners will descend on Huntsville.[10]

Citizens' responses and authorities' counter-responses

Protesters and demonstrations

Protest groups and other activists are expected to make a showing at the summit.[1] Forward planning for this specific G8 summits began in advance of the 2008 Hokkaido summit. Activist organizations anticipate that early planning can result in greater networking effectiveness for G8 summits.[11]

Not all demonstrations are expected to focused in opposition to some issue. At the 2005 Scotland summit, for the first time the tens of thousands of people protesting outside were actually supporting the summit's agenda of African aid;[3] and some activists traveled to Hokkaido in 2008 for the same purpose.[12]

Citizen journalism

Citizens' groups are expected to organize citizen journalism centers to provide independent media coverage of the G8 summit and the expected protests. In a sense, this article will evolve as the work product of something like citizen journalism, growing through serial draft texts as part of "the first rough draft of history."[13]

Accomplishments

The G8 summit is an international event which is observed and reported by news media, but the G8's continuing relevance after more than 30 years is somewhat unclear.[14] The G8 summit brings leaders together not so they can dream up quick fixes, but to talk and think about them together.[15]

Prime Minister Harper anticipates that "the 2010 G8 Summit will provide short and long-term economic benefits for the region and the province, and it will be an exceptional opportunity for Canada to advance its values and interests on the world stage."[2] One industry speculating about a financial boon from the conference is real estate -- for example, cottage owners looking to capitalize by renting their properties to deep-pocketed dignitaries. The local Huntsville-Lake of Bays Chamber of Commerce, believes the summit will produce economic spin-off and long-term benefits; but such optimism has drawn skepticism from some residents.[1]

Budget

The Canadian government has yet to announce how much the nation expects to invest in hosting the G-8 summit in 2010.

Canada 2010

Canada will host other international events in 2010, including:

References

  1. ^ a b c Andreatta, David. "Brace yourself, Huntsville. The G8 is coming," Globe and Mail (Toronto). July 12, 2008. Cite error: The named reference "globe1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b "Prime Minister announces Canada to host 2010 G8 Summit in Huntsville," June 19, 2008. Cite error: The named reference "announce1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b Saunders, Doug. "Weight of the world too heavy for G8 shoulders," Globe and Mail (Toronto). July 5, 2008. Cite error: The named reference "saunders1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ Reuters: "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?", July 3, 2008.
  5. ^ "G8 Action Network". G8 Action Network. Retrieved 2008-06-29. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ "Let's Join in G8 Action Network Action Against Social Exclusion and Call for Fair Labor - Join Us in the Movement Against G8". No G8 Action Japan. 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
  7. ^ "G8: U. S. Against Broadening to Emerging Economies," AGI (Agenzia Giornolistica Italiana). July 7, 2008.
  8. ^ Reuters: "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?", July 3, 2008.
  9. ^ Learn, Rob. "Huntsville to serve as world stage in 2010," Huntsville Forrester (Huntsville, Ontario). June 25, 2008.
  10. ^ Clark, Campbell. "Canada a laggard on African aid," Globe and Mail (Toronto). July 7, 2008.
  11. ^ "Update: G8...Forward plan with others for future G8 summits," BOND (British Overseas NGOs for Development). 2008.
  12. ^ "We're not G8 protesters, says Nighy," Star (Sheffield). July 8, 2008.
  13. ^ Braiker, Brian. "History's New First Draft," Newsweek (New York). July 8, 2008; Keyes, Ralph. The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and when, p. 107.
  14. ^ Lee, Don. "On eve of summit, G-8's relevance is unclear," Los Angeles Times. July 6, 2008.
  15. ^ Feldman, Adam. "What's Wrong With The G-8," Forbes (New York). July 7, 2008.
  16. ^ Sainsbury, Macdonald. "2010 Organizing and the Tar Sands: Inspiring the SPP and helping the Olympics," ZNet. 2008.

See also

Preceded by 36th G8 summit
2010
Canada 		Succeeded by
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