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A founder of the Weatherman group, Dohrn was a member of the "Weather Bureau" (name later changed to "Central Committee"), the committee that controlled the group, and is considered to have been one of the top leaders of the organization. Larry Grathwohl, an FBI informant who was in the Weatherman from the fall of 1969 to the spring of 1970, considered her one of the two top leaders of the organization, along with [[Bill Ayers]].<ref name=lgbda12>Grathwohl, Larry, and Frank, Reagan, ''Bringing Down America: An FBI Informant in with the Weathermen'', Arlington House, 1977, page 110: "Ayers, along with Bernardine Dohrn, probably had the most authority within the Weatherman."</ref>
A founder of the Weatherman group, Dohrn was a member of the "Weather Bureau" (name later changed to "Central Committee"), the committee that controlled the group, and is considered to have been one of the top leaders of the organization. Larry Grathwohl, an FBI informant who was in the Weatherman from the fall of 1969 to the spring of 1970, considered her one of the two top leaders of the organization, along with [[Bill Ayers]].<ref name=lgbda12>Grathwohl, Larry, and Frank, Reagan, ''Bringing Down America: An FBI Informant in with the Weathermen'', Arlington House, 1977, page 110: "Ayers, along with Bernardine Dohrn, probably had the most authority within the Weatherman."</ref>

{{NPOV-section}}<!-- the below, accusing a living person of terrorism, is a serious BLP violation, and in the context of the 2008 presidential election is a serious POV violation as well-->


While Dohrn was top leader of [[Weatherman (organization)|the Weathermen]], the group organized the October 1969 [[Days of Rage]] riot in Chicago, which Dohrn led,<ref name=hwket>Kushner, Harvey W., [http://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfkAoDb_2IC&pg=PA108&dq=Dohrn+Weatherman&ei=2GDBSIbiI5WKyQSVn9SIDg&sig=ACfU3U3ODwbojAzl9F-jFi5x34vkPj421w ''Encyclopedia of Terrorism''], Sage Publications Inc, 2003, pp 108-109, ISBN 0761924086, ISBN 9780761924081 ; retrieved via Google Books, [[September 5]], [[2008]]</ref> and in the 1970s conducted a series of bombings against the U.S. government and symbols of authority, bombing federal buildings and police stations.<ref name=nsnyt120580>Sheppart, Nathaniel, Jr., "Chicago Home of a Friend was Refuge for Miss Dohrn", ''The New York Times'', [[December 5]], [[1980]], p A22</ref>
While Dohrn was top leader of [[Weatherman (organization)|the Weathermen]], the group organized the October 1969 [[Days of Rage]] riot in Chicago, which Dohrn led,<ref name=hwket>Kushner, Harvey W., [http://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfkAoDb_2IC&pg=PA108&dq=Dohrn+Weatherman&ei=2GDBSIbiI5WKyQSVn9SIDg&sig=ACfU3U3ODwbojAzl9F-jFi5x34vkPj421w ''Encyclopedia of Terrorism''], Sage Publications Inc, 2003, pp 108-109, ISBN 0761924086, ISBN 9780761924081 ; retrieved via Google Books, [[September 5]], [[2008]]</ref> and in the 1970s conducted a series of bombings against the U.S. government and symbols of authority, bombing federal buildings and police stations.<ref name=nsnyt120580>Sheppart, Nathaniel, Jr., "Chicago Home of a Friend was Refuge for Miss Dohrn", ''The New York Times'', [[December 5]], [[1980]], p A22</ref>
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In a 1994 interview, Dohrn said that while the group carried out some bombings of buildings, it did not target people, and the group's actions were justified as a proper response to violent government actions: "We only did a couple, and they were carefully done. They involved property and were not meant to harm anybody. They were symbolic and done so that everyone would instantly recognize what was being said. It was 'armed propaganda'. Sure, it was violent, and it's hard to justify twenty years later, but it was extremely restrained and a highly appropriate response to the level of violence being rained nationally and internationally.".<ref>Chepesiuk, Ron, "Sixties Radicals, Then and Now: Candid Conversations With Those Who Shaped the Era", McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers: Jefferson, North Carolina, 1995, "Chapter 15: Bernardine Dohrn: From Revolutionary to Children's Rights Advocate", pages 223 and 224: "Dohrn, a leader of the Weather Underground", p 235;"Acknowledgements" section is dated by the author "Summer 1994" indicating interviews took place before that</ref>
In a 1994 interview, Dohrn said that while the group carried out some bombings of buildings, it did not target people, and the group's actions were justified as a proper response to violent government actions: "We only did a couple, and they were carefully done. They involved property and were not meant to harm anybody. They were symbolic and done so that everyone would instantly recognize what was being said. It was 'armed propaganda'. Sure, it was violent, and it's hard to justify twenty years later, but it was extremely restrained and a highly appropriate response to the level of violence being rained nationally and internationally.".<ref>Chepesiuk, Ron, "Sixties Radicals, Then and Now: Candid Conversations With Those Who Shaped the Era", McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers: Jefferson, North Carolina, 1995, "Chapter 15: Bernardine Dohrn: From Revolutionary to Children's Rights Advocate", pages 223 and 224: "Dohrn, a leader of the Weather Underground", p 235;"Acknowledgements" section is dated by the author "Summer 1994" indicating interviews took place before that</ref>


{{NPOV-section}}<!-- the below, accusing a living person of murder, is also a serious BLP violation -->
⚫
Dohrn has been suspected of involvement in a February 16, 1970, bombing of the Park Police Station in [[San Francisco]], which kllled a police officer and partially blinded another, who was forced to retire on a disability.<ref name=jzsfc>Zamora, Jim Herron, [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/02/17/BAGPRO6J7J1.DTL&type=printable "Plaque honors slain police officer: Eight others injured in bomb attack that killed sergeant in 1970"], ''[[The San Francisco Chronicle]]'', February 17, 2007</ref> At the time, Dohrn was said to be living with a Weatherman cell in a houseboat in [[Sausalito, California]], unnamed law enforcement sources later told [[KRON-TV]].<ref name=kron>KRON 4, [http://www.kron4.com/Global/story.asp?S=1519460 "30-Y.O. Unsolved SF Murders Reopen"], November 10, 2003</ref> An investigation into the case was reopened in 1999,<ref name=jzsfc/> and a San Francisco grand jury looked into the incident, but no indictments followed,<ref name=kron/> and no one was ever arrested for the bombing.<ref name=jzsfc/> An FBI informant, Larry Grathwohl, who successfully penetrated the organization from the late summer of 1969 until April 1970, later testified to a U.S. Senate subcommittee that [[Bill Ayers]], then a high-ranking member of the organization and a member of its Central Committee (but not then Dohrn's husband), had said Dohrn constructed and planted the bomb. Grathwohl testified that Ayers had told him specifically where the bomb was placed (on a window ledge) and what kind of shrapnel was put in it. Grathwohl said Ayers was emphatic, leading Grathwohl to believe Ayers either was present at some point during the operation or had heard about it from someone who was there.<ref name=dftcabo>Freddoso, David, ''[[The Case Against Barack Obama]]'', Regnery Publishing, Inc., Washington, D.C., 2008, p 124; Chapter 7 Footnote 7: ''Hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate'', "Terroristic Activity Inside the Weatherman Movement, Part 2", October 18, 1974</ref> In a book about his experiences published in 1976, Grathwohl wrote that Ayers, who had recently attended a meeting of the group's Central Committee, said Dohrn had planned the operation, made the bomb and placed it herself.<ref>Grathwohl, Larry, "as told to Frank Reagan", ''Bringing Down America: An FBI Informer with the Weathermen'', Arlington House Publishers, New Rochelle, New York, 1976 pp 168, 169, ISBN 0870003350</ref> In 2008, Grathwohl's testimony was quoted by David Freddoso in his book ''[[The Case Against Barack Obama]]''. "Ayers and Dohrn escaped prosecution only because of government misconduct in collecting evidence against them", Freddoso wrote.<ref name=dftcabo/>

⚫
Dohrn has been suspected of involvement in a February 16, 1970, bombing of the Park Police Station in [[San Francisco]], which kllled a police officer and partially blinded another, who was forced to retire on a disability.<ref name=jzsfc>Zamora, Jim Herron, [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/02/17/BAGPRO6J7J1.DTL&type=printable "Plaque honors slain police officer: Eight others injured in bomb attack that killed sergeant in 1970"], ''[[The San Francisco Chronicle]]'', February 17, 2007</ref> At the time, Dohrn was said to be living with a Weatherman cell in a houseboat in [[Sausalito, California]], unnamed law enforcement sources later told [[KRON-TV]].<ref name=kron>KRON 4, [http://www.kron4.com/Global/story.asp?S=1519460 "30-Y.O. Unsolved SF Murders Reopen"], November 10, 2003</ref> An investigation into the case was reopened in 1999,<ref name=jzsfc/> and a San Francisco grand jury looked into the incident, but no indictments followed,<ref name=kron/> and no one was ever arrested for the bombing.<ref name=jzsfc/> An FBI informant, Larry Grathwohl, who successfully penetrated the organization from the late summer of 1969 until April 1970, later testified to a U.S. Senate subcommittee that [[Bill Ayers]], then a high-ranking member of the organization and a member of its Central Committee (but not then Dohrn's husband), had said Dohrn constructed and planted the bomb. Grathwohl testified that Ayers had told him specifically where the bomb was placed (on a window ledge) and what kind of shrapnel was put in it. Grathwohl said Ayers was emphatic, leading Grathwohl to believe Ayers either was present at some point during the operation or had heard about it from someone who was there.<ref name=dftcabo>Freddoso, David, ''[[The Case Against Barack Obama]]'', Regnery Publishing, Inc., Washington, D.C., 2008, p 124; Chapter 7 Footnote 7: ''Hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate'', "Terroristic Activity Inside the Weatherman Movement, Part 2", October 18, 1974</ref> In a book about his experiences published in 1976, Grathwohl wrote that Ayers, who had recently attended a meeting of the group's Central Committee, said Dohrn had planned the operation, made the bomb and placed it herself.<ref>Grathwohl, Larry, "as told to Frank Reagan", ''Bringing Down America: An FBI Informer with the Weathermen'', Arlington House Publishers, New Rochelle, New York, 1976 pp 168, 169, ISBN 0870003350</ref>


===Role in policymaking, ideology and public statements for Weather Underground===
===Role in policymaking, ideology and public statements for Weather Underground===

Revision as of 17:43, 5 September 2008

Bernardine Rae Dohrn (born January 12, 1942) is an American former leader of the 1969–1980 radical leftist organization Weather Underground. She is an Associate Professor of Law at Northwestern University School of Law and the Director of Northwestern's Children and Family Justice Center.

Personal life

Bernardine Dohrn was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1942 and grew up in Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin, an upper-middle-class suburb of Milwaukie.[1] Her father, Bernard Ohrnstein, changed the surname to Dohrn when Bernandine was in high school.[2]. Her father was Jewish and mother was Christian Scientist with a Swedish background.[3][4]She graduated from Whitefish Bay High School where she was a cheerleader[5], treasurer of the Modern Dance Club, a member of the National Honor Society, and editor of the school newspaper.[1] She attended Miami University for one year, then transferred to the University of Chicago, where she graduated with honors with a B.A. in Political Science in 1963, and with a J.D. from the University of Chicago Law School in 1967. [6] She moved to New York to work for the National Lawyers Guild in 1967.

Early radical history

Dohrn became one of the leaders of the Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM), a radical wing of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), in the late 1960s. The ninth annual national SDS conference was held in Chicago in June 18-22, 1969, and the SDS collapsed in an RYM-led upheaval.

Dohrn led the Weatherman faction in the SDS fight and continued to be a leader afterward.[7][8]

In July 1969, Dohrn, Eleanor Raskin, Dianne Donghi, Peter Clapp, David Millstone and Diana Oughton, all representing "Weatherman", as Dohrn's faction was now called, traveled to Cuba and met with representatives of the North Vietnamese and Cuban governments.

Controversial statement about Tate-LaBianca murders

Dohrn has been criticized for a comment she made about the recent Charles Manson led Tate-LaBianca murders in a speech during the December 1969 "War Council" meeting organized by the Weathermen and attended by about 400 people in Flint, Michigan: "Dig it! First they killed those pigs and then they put a fork in their bellies. Wild!" Dohrn also charged that her fellow left-wingers showed themselves to be scared "honkies" for not burning down Chicago when Black Panther leader Fred Hampton was killed, and urged her audience to arm themselves and be "a fighting force alongside the blacks."[9] Dohrn's husband, Bill Ayers has written that Dohrn was being ironic when she made the statement:[10]

I didn’t hear that exactly, but words that were close enough I guess. Her speech was focused on the murder just days earlier of our friend Fred Hampton, the Black Panther leader [...] She linked Fred’s murder to the murders of other Panthers around the country, to the assassinations of Malcolm X and Patrice Lumumba, the CIA attempts on Fidel's life, and then to the ongoing terror in Viet Nam. "This is the state of the world," she cried. "This is what screams out for our attention and our response. And what do we find in our newspapers? A sick fascination with a story that has it all: a racist psycho, a killer cult, and a chorus line of Hollywood bodies. Dig it! ..."

Ayers wrote in 2008 that he always thought Dohrn's controversial statement was uttered to make a political point, "agitated and inflamed and full of rhetorical overkill, and partly as a joke, stupid perhaps, tasteless, but a joke nonetheless", and similar, he said, to jokes about Charles Manson that were being made by Hunter S. Thompson and Richard Pryor. Ayers said he had been present at interviews with reporters in which Dohrn had tried to put her statement in context, but the reporters had ignored her explanation.[10]

In 2001, David Horowitz, a former radical turned conservative, contested Dohrn's and Ayers' contention that she was not serious. She at least appeared that way to others, he wrote: "In 1980, I taped interviews with thirty members of the Weather Underground who were present at the Flint War Council, including most of its leadership. Not one of them thought Dohrn was anything but deadly serious."[11]

Later radical history

A founder of the Weatherman group, Dohrn was a member of the "Weather Bureau" (name later changed to "Central Committee"), the committee that controlled the group, and is considered to have been one of the top leaders of the organization. Larry Grathwohl, an FBI informant who was in the Weatherman from the fall of 1969 to the spring of 1970, considered her one of the two top leaders of the organization, along with Bill Ayers.[12]

While Dohrn was top leader of the Weathermen, the group organized the October 1969 Days of Rage riot in Chicago, which Dohrn led,[13] and in the 1970s conducted a series of bombings against the U.S. government and symbols of authority, bombing federal buildings and police stations.[14] In the two months before the March 6, 1970, Greenwich Village townhouse explosion in which three members of the group were killed as a bomb was being constructed, all members of Weatherman went underground. At about the same time, the group changed its name to Weather Underground.

While Dohrn was leader of the group,went underground in early 1970, and engaged in a series of bombings. Its activities have often been described as terrorism,[15] although some, including Dohrn's husband, Bill Ayers, also a leader of the group, have disputed that description.[16][17] The FBI, on the same Web page in which it describes organization as a former "domestic terrorist group", includes a picture of Dohrn.[18] The Encyclopedia of Terrorism has an article on Dohrn.[13]

In a 1994 interview, Dohrn said that while the group carried out some bombings of buildings, it did not target people, and the group's actions were justified as a proper response to violent government actions: "We only did a couple, and they were carefully done. They involved property and were not meant to harm anybody. They were symbolic and done so that everyone would instantly recognize what was being said. It was 'armed propaganda'. Sure, it was violent, and it's hard to justify twenty years later, but it was extremely restrained and a highly appropriate response to the level of violence being rained nationally and internationally.".[19]

Dohrn has been suspected of involvement in a February 16, 1970, bombing of the Park Police Station in San Francisco, which kllled a police officer and partially blinded another, who was forced to retire on a disability.[20] At the time, Dohrn was said to be living with a Weatherman cell in a houseboat in Sausalito, California, unnamed law enforcement sources later told KRON-TV.[21] An investigation into the case was reopened in 1999,[20] and a San Francisco grand jury looked into the incident, but no indictments followed,[21] and no one was ever arrested for the bombing.[20] An FBI informant, Larry Grathwohl, who successfully penetrated the organization from the late summer of 1969 until April 1970, later testified to a U.S. Senate subcommittee that Bill Ayers, then a high-ranking member of the organization and a member of its Central Committee (but not then Dohrn's husband), had said Dohrn constructed and planted the bomb. Grathwohl testified that Ayers had told him specifically where the bomb was placed (on a window ledge) and what kind of shrapnel was put in it. Grathwohl said Ayers was emphatic, leading Grathwohl to believe Ayers either was present at some point during the operation or had heard about it from someone who was there.[22] In a book about his experiences published in 1976, Grathwohl wrote that Ayers, who had recently attended a meeting of the group's Central Committee, said Dohrn had planned the operation, made the bomb and placed it herself.[23]

Role in policymaking, ideology and public statements for Weather Underground

Dohrn was a principal signatory on the group's "Declaration of a State of War" in 1970 that formally declared "war" on the U.S. Government, and completed the group's transformation from political advocacy to violent action. Dohrn also co-wrote and published the subversive manifesto Prairie Fire in 1974, and participated in the covertly-filmed Underground in 1976.

In late 1975, the Weather Underground put out an issue of a magazine, Osawatamie, which carried an article by Dohrn, "Our Class Struggle", described as a speech given to the organization's cadres on September 2 of that year. In the article, Dohrn clearly stated support for Communist ideology:[24]

We are building a communist organization to be part of the forces which build a revolutionary communist party to lead the working class to seize power and build socialism. [...] We must further the study of Marxism-Leninism within the WUO [Weather Underground Organization]. The struggle for Marxism-Leninism is the most significant development in our recent history. [...] We discovered thru [sic] our own experiences what revolutionaries all over the world have found — that Marxism-Leninism is the science of revolution, the revolutionary ideology of the working class, our guide to the struggle [...]"

According to a 1974 FBI study of the group, Dohrn's article signaled a developing commitment to Marxism-Leninism that had not been clear in the groups previous statements, despite trips to Cuba by some members of the group before and after Weather Underground was formed, and contact with Vietnamese communists there.[24]

Leaving the underground

While on the run from police, Dohrn married another Weatherman leader Bill Ayers, with whom she has two children. During the last years of their underground life, Dohrn and Ayers resided in the Logan Square neighborhood of Chicago, where they used the aliases Christine Louise Douglas and Anthony J. Lee. [14]

A sketch of
Dohrn from 1970

In the late 1970s, the Weatherman group split into two factions — the "May 19 Coalition" and the "Prairie Fire Collective" — with Dohrn and Ayers in the latter. The Prairie Fire Collective favored coming out of hiding, with members facing the criminal charges against them, while the May 19 Coalition continued in hiding. A decisive factor in Dohrn's coming out of hiding were her concerns about her children.[9]

The couple turned themselves in to authorities in 1980. While some charges relating to their activities with the Weathermen were dropped due to prosecutorial misconduct[25] (see COINTELPRO), Dohrn pled guilty to charges of aggravated battery and bail jumping, receiving probation.[26] She later served less than a year of jail time, after refusing to testify against ex-Weatherman Susan Rosenberg in an armed robbery case.[25] Shortly after turning themselves in, Dohrn and Ayers became legal guardians of the son of former members of the Weather Underground, Kathy Boudin and David Gilbert, after they were convicted of murder for their roles in a 1981 armored car robbery.[citation needed]

Later life and career

From 1984 to 1988, Dohrn was employed by the prestigious Chicago law firm Sidley Austin.[27] She was hired by Howard Trienens, the head of the firm at that time and someone who knew Thomas G. Ayers, the father of Dohrn's husband. "We often hire friends," Trienens told a reporter for the Chicago Tribune.[28] However, Dohrn's criminal record has prevented her from being admitted to either the New York or Illinois bar, according to The New York Times.[27] "Dohrn didn't get a [law] license because she's stubborn," Trienens told the Chicago Tribune reporter in 2008. "She wouldn't say she's sorry." [28]

In 1991, she was hired by Northwestern University in Chicago as an adjunct professor of law, with the title "Clinical Associate Professor of Law". Trienens said he did not get her that job, although he sat on the board of trustees of Northwestern, as did Dohrn's father-in-law, who was chairman of the board until 1986, when Trienens succeeded him in that position. Robert Bennett, dean of the law school, had hired Dohrn, according to Trienens. Because Dohrn was hired as an "adjunct", her appointment did not need to be approved by the faculty, and no vote on it was ever taken. When law school officials were asked whether or not the dean hired Dohrn or the board of trustees approved the hiring, the school issued a statement in response stating "While many would take issue with views Ms. Dohrn espoused during the 1960s, her career at the law school is an example of a person's ability to make a difference in the legal system."[28]

In 1994, Dohrn said of her political beliefs: "I still see myself as a radical."[29]

Dohrn now serves on the board of numerous human rights committees and teaches comparative law. Since 2002, she has served as Visiting Law Faculty at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. Her legal work has focused on reforming the much criticized juvenile court system in Chicago and on advocating for human rights at the international level. Dohrn is director and founder of the Children and Family Justice Center which supports the legal needs of adolescents and their families.[citation needed]

Articles by Dohrn

External links

References

  1. ^ a b Grathwohl, Larry, and Frank, Reagan, Bringing Down America: An FBI Informant in with the Weathermen, Arlington House, 1977, page 103
  2. ^ Rebel Without a Pause - Chicago Magazine - May 1993 - Chicago
  3. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=sCXig_6abwkC&pg=PA278&lpg=PA278&dq=ohrnstein+Dohrn&source=web&ots=6pO9JyI5wk&sig=xGmUaZOyvJjuEvBzeA8HTKnWaP4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result
  4. ^ Rebel Without a Pause - Chicago Magazine - May 1993 - Chicago
  5. ^ http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu/mailing_lists/CLA-L/2003/02/0066.php
  6. ^ Bernardine Dohrn, Bluhm Legal Clinic, Faculty Profiles, Faculty & Research, School of Law, Northwestern University
  7. ^ Chepesiuk, Ron, "Sixties Radicals, Then and Now: Candid Conversations With Those Who Shaped the Era", McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers: Jefferson, North Carolina, 1995, "Chapter 15: Bernardine Dohrn: From Revolutionary to Children's Rights Advocate", pages 223 and 224: "Dohrn, a leader of the Weather Underground" (p 223); "she then proceeded to lead the faction in the takeover of the organization's headquarters and the seizure of its assets"
  8. ^ Montgomery, Paul L., "Last of Radical Leaders Eluded Police 11 Years", article, The New York Times, October 25, 1981, retrieved June 8, 2008
  9. ^ a b Franks, Lucinda, "The Seeds of Terror", article, New York Times Magazine, November 22, 1981, retrieved June 8, 2008
  10. ^ a b Ayers, Bill, "I'M SORRY!!!! i think ....", blog post, "Bill Ayers" blog, March 3, 2008, retrieved June 8, 2008
  11. ^ Horowitz, David, "Allies in War", FrontPageMagazine.com, September 17, 2001, accessed June 10, 2008
  12. ^ Grathwohl, Larry, and Frank, Reagan, Bringing Down America: An FBI Informant in with the Weathermen, Arlington House, 1977, page 110: "Ayers, along with Bernardine Dohrn, probably had the most authority within the Weatherman."
  13. ^ a b Kushner, Harvey W., Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Sage Publications Inc, 2003, pp 108-109, ISBN 0761924086, ISBN 9780761924081 ; retrieved via Google Books, September 5, 2008
  14. ^ a b Sheppart, Nathaniel, Jr., "Chicago Home of a Friend was Refuge for Miss Dohrn", The New York Times, December 5, 1980, p A22
  15. ^ Cantor, Milton, The Divided Left: American Radicalism 1900-1975, Hill and Wang: New York, 1978, pp 215, ISBN 0809039079 ; "Their elite radicalism, their belief in themselves as the insurrectionary vanguard, shaped the ultimate conclusion: a frenzied overreach of protest which took the form of terrorism, a deliberate assault on persons and property"; Diggins, John Patrick, The Rise and Fall of the American Left, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc., 1973 (original edition); W.W. Norton & Co. (revised edition), 1992, p 264; "Out of this new strategy came the Weathermen, an underground guerrilla cadre who believed that the core of the "Red Army" could be built in the streets of America through te symbolic power of violence. This American verson of the nineteenth-century Russian narodniki (terrorists)"; Burns, Vincent, and Kate Dempsey Peterson, James K. Kallstrom, Terrorism: A Documentary and Reference Guide, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 0313332134 ISBN 9780313332135 , page 36: "In October 1969, the SDS-RYM went undergound, forming several terrorist cells around the United States. The cells called themselves Weathermen [...] The most notorious Weatherman members were John Jacobs, Mark Rudd, Bill Ayers, Bernardine Dohrn [...]"
  16. ^ Ayers, Bill, Fugitive Days, Beacon Press, ISBN 0807071242, p 263
  17. ^ Berger, Dan, Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity, AK Press: Oakland, California, 2006, ISBN 1904859410 pp 286-287: "Its war against property by definition means that the WUO was not a terrorist organization — it was, indeed, one deeply opposed to the tactic of terrorism." Berger also describes the organization's activities as "a moral, pedagogical, and militant form of guerrilla theater with a bang."; the book describes Berger as "a writer, activist, and Ph.D. candidate", and the book is dedicated to his grandmother and to Weatherman member David Gilbert
  18. ^ Web page titled, "BYTE OUT OF HISTORY: 1975 Terrorism Flashback: State Department Bombing", at F.B.I. website, dated January 29, 2004, retrieved September 2, 2008
  19. ^ Chepesiuk, Ron, "Sixties Radicals, Then and Now: Candid Conversations With Those Who Shaped the Era", McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers: Jefferson, North Carolina, 1995, "Chapter 15: Bernardine Dohrn: From Revolutionary to Children's Rights Advocate", pages 223 and 224: "Dohrn, a leader of the Weather Underground", p 235;"Acknowledgements" section is dated by the author "Summer 1994" indicating interviews took place before that
  20. ^ a b c Zamora, Jim Herron, "Plaque honors slain police officer: Eight others injured in bomb attack that killed sergeant in 1970", The San Francisco Chronicle, February 17, 2007
  21. ^ a b KRON 4, "30-Y.O. Unsolved SF Murders Reopen", November 10, 2003
  22. ^ Freddoso, David, The Case Against Barack Obama, Regnery Publishing, Inc., Washington, D.C., 2008, p 124; Chapter 7 Footnote 7: Hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, "Terroristic Activity Inside the Weatherman Movement, Part 2", October 18, 1974
  23. ^ Grathwohl, Larry, "as told to Frank Reagan", Bringing Down America: An FBI Informer with the Weathermen, Arlington House Publishers, New Rochelle, New York, 1976 pp 168, 169, ISBN 0870003350
  24. ^ a b "Weatherman Underground / Summary Dated 8/20/76 / Part #1", 1976, pp 23-24, FBI website, retrieved June 8, [[[2008]]
  25. ^ a b No Regrets for a Love Of Explosives; In a Memoir of Sorts, a War Protester Talks of Life With the Weathermen - New York Times
  26. ^ Milwaukee Sentinel, Jan. 14, 1981
  27. ^ a b FOLLOW-UP ON THE NEWS; Hurdle for Dohrn - New York Times
  28. ^ a b c Grossman, Ron, "Family ties proved Ayers' point", commentary article with reporting (a column?), Chicago Tribune, May 18, 2008, retrieved via newsbank.com online archive (subscription only), June 8, 2008
  29. ^ Chepesiuk, Ron, "Sixties Radicals, Then and Now: Candid Conversations With Those Who Shaped the Era", McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers: Jefferson, North Carolina, 1995, "Chapter 15: Bernardine Dohrn: From Revolutionary to Children's Rights Advocate", p 239;"Acknowledgements" section dated by the author as "Summer 1994" indicating interview took place before that
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