Littoraria

Littoraria
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Order:	Caenogastropoda
Family:	Littorinidae
Genus:	Littoraria Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834

Littoraria is a genus of more than fifty species of gastropods in the family Littorinidae.

They can be found in large numbers on trunks, trees and prop roots in tropical mangrove forests a few metres above high tide level in the Indo-West Pacific region and the Tropical Eastern Pacific They feed on the thin film of algae, epiphytes, fungi, diatoms and leaf epidermis on these trunks. . The species living on higher levels of the trees have thinner shells and are more variable in shell colours. Littoraria aberrans is the only ovoviviparous species with intracapsular metamorphosis within this genus.

Species in the genus Littoraria

• Littoraria aberrans Philippi, 1846
• Littoraria ahenea Reid, 1986
• Littoraria albicans Metcalfe, 1852
• Littoraria angulifera Lamarck, 1822 : mangrove periwinkle
  • Littoraria angulifera hessei Boettger 1912
• Littoraria ardouiniana Heude, 1885
• Littoraria articulata Philippi, 1846
• Littoraria bengalensis
• Littoraria carinifera Menke, 1830
• Littoraria cingulata Philippi, 1846
• Littoraria cingulifera Dunker, 1845
• Littoraria coccinea
• Littoraria conica Philippi, 1846
• Littoraria delicatula Nevill, 1885
• Littoraria fasciata Sowerby, 1832
• Littoraria flammea † Philippi, 1847
• Littoraria flava King & Broderip, 1832
• Littoraria flavaosa King & Broderip, 1832
• Littoraria glabrata Philippi, 1846
• Littoraria ianthostoma Stuckey & D.G. Reid, 2002
• Littoraria intermedia Philippi, 1846
• Littoraria irrorata Say, 1822 : marsh periwinkle
• Littoraria kraussi Rosewater, 1970
• Littoraria lutea Philippi, 1847
• Littoraria luteola Quoy & Gaimard, 1833
• Littoraria mauritiana Lamarck, 1822
• Littoraria melanostoma Gray, 1839
• Littoraria miodelicatula Oyama, 1950
• Littoraria nebulosa Lamarck, 1822 : cloudy periwinkle
• Littoraria obesa Gmelin, 1791
• Littoraria pallescens Philippi, 1846
• Littoraria philippiana Reeve, 1857
• Littoraria pintado Wood, 1820
  • Littoraria pintado pullata Carpenter, 1864
• Littoraria planaxis Philippi, 1846
• Littoraria punctata Philippi, 1846
• Littoraria rosewateri Reid, 1999
• Littoraria scabra Philippi, 1847
• Littoraria sinensis Philippi, 1847
• Littoraria strigata Philippi, 1846
• Littoraria subvittata Reid, 1986
• Littoraria sulculosa Philippi, 1846
• Littoraria tessellata Philippi, 1847
• Littoraria undulata Gray, 1839
• Littoraria varia Sowerby, 1832
• Littoraria variegata Souleyet, in Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852
• Littoraria vespacea Reid, 1986
• Littoraria zebra Donovan, 1825 : zebra periwinkle

References

• REID David G. (2001). "New data on the taxonomy and distribution of the genus Littoraria Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in Indo-West Pacific mangroveforests". The Nautilus. 115 (4): 115–139.
• REID, D G 1986. The Littorinid Molluscs of Mangrove Forests in the Indo-Pacific Region: the genus Littoraria. British Museum (Natural History), London. 228 pp.
• Reid D.G. (1999). "The genus Littoraria". Veliger. 42: 21–53.
• Reid D.G. & Mak, Y-M (1999). "Indirect evidence for ecophenotypic plasticity in radular dentition of Littoraria species (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 65: 355–370. doi:10.1093/mollus/65.3.355.
• Reid D.G. (1999). "The phylogeny of Littoraria (Gastropoda: Littorinidae): an example of the practice and application of cladistic analysis". Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication. 19: 283–322.