Cross-filing: Difference between revisions
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In [[politics]], '''cross-filing''' occurs when a candidate runs in the [[primary election]] of not only his own party, but also in that of one or more other parties<ref name = "art">http://ann.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/248/1/226</ref>, generally in the hope of reducing or eliminating his competition at the general election. It was in effect in [[California]] from 1913 to 1959, when it was abolished, and has been used in other states, most significantly in [[New York]], where it is still in effect. |
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In 1909, California introduced the direct primary election in its elections. The state's requirement that candidates in primary elections pledge that they supported that party in the previous general election was struck down by the [[California Supreme Court]] in 1909, in a case involving the [[Socialist Party of America]]. While the [[California State Legislature]] attempted to institute a looser test in 1911, by 1913, there was no longer any restriction on candidates filing in multiple primaries.<ref name = "art"/> However, in 1917 and 1919, the legislature barred candidates who lost their own party's nomination from running as a member of any other party, and allowed the state committee of the affected party to fill any vacancies on their ticket.<ref name = "art"/> In combination with statutes that placed the incumbent first on the ballot and designated him by his title, these ballot rules gave a heavy advantage to incumbents.<ref name = "nixon">http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-stephen-zetterberg4-2009feb04,0,1874167.story</ref> |
In 1909, California introduced the direct primary election in its elections. The state's requirement that candidates in primary elections pledge that they supported that party in the previous general election was struck down by the [[California Supreme Court]] in 1909, in a case involving the [[Socialist Party of America]]. While the [[California State Legislature]] attempted to institute a looser test in 1911, by 1913, there was no longer any restriction on candidates filing in multiple primaries.<ref name = "art"/> However, in 1917 and 1919, the legislature barred candidates who lost their own party's nomination from running as a member of any other party, and allowed the state committee of the affected party to fill any vacancies on their ticket.<ref name = "art"/> In combination with statutes that placed the incumbent first on the ballot and designated him by his title, these ballot rules gave a heavy advantage to incumbents.<ref name = "nixon">http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-stephen-zetterberg4-2009feb04,0,1874167.story</ref> |
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Revision as of 00:13, 6 February 2009
In politics, cross-filing occurs when a candidate runs in the primary election of not only his own party, but also in that of one or more other parties[1], generally in the hope of reducing or eliminating his competition at the general election. It was in effect in California from 1913 to 1959, when it was abolished, and has been used in other states, most significantly in New York, where it is still in effect.
In 1909, California introduced the direct primary election in its elections. The state's requirement that candidates in primary elections pledge that they supported that party in the previous general election was struck down by the California Supreme Court in 1909, in a case involving the Socialist Party of America. While the California State Legislature attempted to institute a looser test in 1911, by 1913, there was no longer any restriction on candidates filing in multiple primaries.[1] However, in 1917 and 1919, the legislature barred candidates who lost their own party's nomination from running as a member of any other party, and allowed the state committee of the affected party to fill any vacancies on their ticket.[1] In combination with statutes that placed the incumbent first on the ballot and designated him by his title, these ballot rules gave a heavy advantage to incumbents.[2]
In 1946, Governor Earl Warren, eight other officials on the statewide ballot, twelve of the state's twenty-three members of the United States House of Representatives, and approximately three-quarters of the members of the legislature who were running for reelection secured election winning both major primaries through cross-filing.[1] In 1948, Congressman Richard Nixon, facing no Republican primary opponent, cross-filed in the Democratic primary and defeated Stephen Zetterberg.[2] Cross-filing, which had favored the Republican Party, was abolished in 1959, and the Democrats swept to power in the 1962 election, with Pat Brown defeating Nixon for governor.[2]
Cross-filing continues today in New York, though the usual course is for the Republican nominee to also gain the endorsement of the Conservative Party of New York. However, in 1944, New York Congressman Vito Marcantonio was successful in winning both the Republican and Democratic Party primaries, assuring his re-election.[2]