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The '''Goguryeo language''' was spoken in the ancient kingdom of [[Goguryeo]] (37 <small>BC</small> – <small>AD</small> 668), one of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]]. The language is also known as Koguryo, Koguryoic, and Koguryoan.
The '''Goguryeo language''' was spoken in the ancient kingdom of [[Goguryeo]] (37 <small>BC</small> – <small>AD</small> 668), one of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]]. The language is also known as Koguryo, Koguryoic, and Koguryoan.
It is unknown except for a small number of words, which mostly suggest that it was similar but not identical to the language of [[Silla language|Silla]], and influenced by the [[Tungusic languages]]. Supporters of the [[Altaic languages|Altaic language family]] often classify the Goguryeo language as a member of that language family. Most Korean linguists believe that Goguryeo language was closest to the Altaic languages.
It is unknown except for a small number of words, which mostly suggest that it was similar but not identical to the language of [[Silla language|Silla]], and influenced by the [[Tungusic languages]]. Supporters of the [[Altaic languages|Altaic language family]] often classify the Goguryeo language as a member of that language family. Most Korean linguists believe that Goguryeo language was closest to the Altaic languages.
Striking similarities between [[Paekche#Language and culture|Baekje]] and Goguryeo can also be found, which is consistent with the legends that describe Baekje being founded by the sons of Goguryeo's founder. The Goguryeo names for government posts are mostly similar to those of Baekje and Silla.
Striking similarities between [[Paekche#Language and culture|Baekje]] and Goguryeo can also be found, which is consistent with the legends that describe Baekje being founded by the sons of Goguryeo's founder. The Goguryeo names for government posts are mostly similar to those of Baekje and Silla.
There are some hypotheses on the classification of the Goguryeo language which is disputed at the present time. [http://www.historyfoundation.or.kr/Data/DataGarden/Journal(02-2)(2).pdf] Some linguists propose the so-called "[[Buyeo languages]]" family that includes the languages of [[Buyeo (state)|Buyeo]], Goguryeo, Baekje, and Old Japanese. Chinese records suggest that the languages of Goguryeo, Buyeo, East [[Okjeo]]were similar, while the Goguryeo language differed significantly from that of Malgal ([[Mohe]])<ref>Fan Ye, ''[[Book of the Later Han]]'', volume 85; the ''[[:zh:s:後漢書/卷85|Dongyi Liezhuan]]''</ref><ref>Wei Shou, ''[[Book of Wei]]'', volume 100; the ''Liezhuan'' 88, [[:zh:s:魏書/卷100|the Wuji]]</ref><ref>Li Dashi, ''[[History of Northern Dynasties]]'', volume 94; the ''Liezhuan'' 82, [[:zh:s:北史/卷094|the Wuji]]</ref>
There are some hypotheses on the classification of the Goguryeo language which is disputed at the present time. [http://www.historyfoundation.or.kr/Data/DataGarden/Journal(02-2)(2).pdf] Some linguists propose the so-called "[[Buyeo languages]]" family that includes the languages of [[Buyeo (state)|Buyeo]], Goguryeo, Baekje, and Old Japanese. Chinese records suggest that the languages of Goguryeo, Buyeo, East [[Okjeo]], and [[Gojoseon]] were similar, while the Goguryeo language differed significantly from that of Malgal ([[Mohe]])<ref>Fan Ye, ''[[Book of the Later Han]]'', volume 85; the ''[[:zh:s:後漢書/卷85|Dongyi Liezhuan]]''</ref><ref>Wei Shou, ''[[Book of Wei]]'', volume 100; the ''Liezhuan'' 88, [[:zh:s:魏書/卷100|the Wuji]]</ref><ref>Li Dashi, ''[[History of Northern Dynasties]]'', volume 94; the ''Liezhuan'' 82, [[:zh:s:北史/卷094|the Wuji]]</ref>


Some words of Goguryeo origin can be found in the old Korean language (early 10th to late 14th century) but most were soon replaced with ones of Silla origin {{Fact|reason=please give a reliable source for this assertion.|date=April 2009}}.
Some words of Goguryeo origin can be found in the old Korean language (early 10th to late 14th century) but most were soon replaced with ones of Silla origin.

==Vocabulary comparison==
{{Original research|date=September 2008}}

The tables below provides a vocabulary comparison that illustrates a number of examples of sound shifts that have occurred between Goguryeo languages and the main [[Buyeo language|Buyeo]] and [[Tungusic languages]], along with a selection of minority languages.

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
!width="75"|[[English language|English]]
! [[Goguryeo language|Goguryeo]]<br> pronun.
! [[Turkic language|Turkic]]
! [[Mongol language|Mongol]]
! [[Old Japanese]]
! [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
! [[Baekje language|Baekje]]
! [[Silla language|Silla]]
! [[Middle Korean]]
! [[Korean language|Korean]]
! [[Tungusic language|Tungusic]]
! [[Jurchen language|Jurchen]]
! [[Manchu language|Manchu]]
! [[Evenki language|Evenki]]
|-
|ruler || kʌi / kai(皆)<br> kai-sɐ(皆次)<br><br> ka(加)[[Buyeo languages]] || qaγan<br>kagan || kaγan(可汗) || kami<sub>1</sub>("ruler") <br>[[wiktionary:君#Noun|ki<sub>1</sub>mi<sub>1</sub>]]("king, emperor, monarch") || kami<br>kimi("you") || ka<br><br>kisi<br><br>nirim|| kan<br><br>han<br><br>kɯm("[[Gojoseon]] languages")|| kɯi<br> nim-kɯm || nim-kɯm <br> || *** || *** || han || ***
|-
|royal family<br>(大加)|| kochu-ka<br>(古鄒加)|| *** || *** || kitsaki("empress, queen")|| kisaki || kənkir-ji("king")||kəsə-kan("king")<br>kəsɯl-han("king") || ***|| kɯ,kə,kɯn("big")|| *** || *** || *** || ***
|-
|owner(主)|| i<br>(伊) || *** || *** || i("you")<br>usi("owner") || nushi || *** || *** || (n)im ||(n)im || *** || *** ||i(possessive)|| ***
|-
|title of honor|| ~ ji / ki<br>(支)|| *** || *** || -ti/-ki || -chi || ~ ji / ki(支)|| ~ ji / ki /di(支,智,至)|| ***|| ~ ji || *** || *** || *** || ***
|-
|excellent shooter<br>(善射者) || [[jumong]]<br>(朱蒙)<br>[[Buyeo languages]] || *** || jəmə("noted bow")<br>Jobe-Mergen("hunting expert") || yɯmi/yɯ("bow")|| yumi/yu || *** || *** || *** || ~mani("expert") || *** || *** || jolin-manga ,<br>julil-muəl(卓琳莽阿) || ***
|-
|gold|| so<br>(蘇)<br>so-miuən/so-mun<br>(蘇文)<br> || *** || *** || saɸi<sub>1</sub>("cutlery,silver color") || sai<br>sabi("rust") || so ||so("gold") || *** || sö("metal")<br> söh || *** || *** || sele("iron")<br />šun("sun")|| sigūn("sun")
|-
|silver|| tʃiεt<br>(折)<br>tʃiεu-ʃιi/so-l<br>(召尸) || *** || *** || ʦuʣu("tin") || suzu || siri("metal") || *** || *** || sö("metal") || *** || *** || *** || ***
|-
|lead || nəi-miuət<br>namer<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> (乃勿) || *** || *** || namari("lead")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || namari || *** ||*** || nam{{IPA|ɔ}}r || nap/납 || *** || *** || *** || nalban("tin")
|-
|recover territory <br> (復舊土) || ta mul<br>(多勿) || *** || *** || tamu("to return")<br>tamuk("to resist, to retaliate") || temuka- || *** || *** || *** || taɕi ("again")<br/> tø- ("re-")<br>muli(tsi)- ("repel")<br>mol-("expel")|| *** || *** || tabu-(to divide,to tear) || ***
|-
|north(back) || je<br>(提)<br> jwat<br>(絶) <br>ʣo-li<br>(助利)<br>椽那部,提那部,絶奴部,後部 || arka("back") || hoina ([[Daur language|Daur]] huain{{IPA|ə}})<br>utara<br>umara || tʃe>se("back") || se("back,height") || *** || *** || tuih || tui <br> ("back, behind") || xama || *** || juleri("front, south")<br>amargi<br>amasi("back") || ***
|-
|south(front) || kuan<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(灌)<br>(灌奴部)||kuzey,Ön(front)|| *** || kasira("head,top")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>kaɸo("face")<br>kan-("pre-") || kashira<br>kao("look, face")<br>kana-("to serve,to get one's wish") || *** ||arihi|| *** || kət("surface, look")<br>arp(front)|| *** || *** ||julergi|| ***
|-
|east(left) || źwən/sun<br>(順) <br> (順奴部) || doğu,sol(left)|| źeü ,<br> źegün || a-dʒuma/a-duma("east") || azuma || *** || *** || *** || wen("left")<br> sae("east") || źun || *** || dergi || jun<br>jəgin("left")
|-
|west(right) || yən<br> (涓) <br> (涓奴部) ||batı|| ürüne ,<br> barun || ini-si("west-ward") || nishi("west") || *** || *** || *** || or{{IPA|ɯ}}n("right")<br>par{{IPA|ɯ}}n("right") || xangid || *** || wargi || anŋū(right)
|-
|stone || *** || taš || cila{{IPA|ɣ}}u(n) (Classical) <br /> culuu ([[Khalkha]]) <br /> šuluu(n) ([[Buryat language|Buryat]]) || isi || ishi || turak || *** || tōlh || tōl <br> tok(dialect) || *** || *** || tahan("steppingstones") || ***
|-
|rock, cliff (巌,峴,岑) || pa-・ιəi/pua-・ιəi<br>pàI/pa'i<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(巴衣,波衣)<br>pua-ɣei/paxe<br> (波兮) || *** || *** ||[[wiktionary:岩#Noun|i{{IPA|ɸ}}a]] / [[wiktionary:巌#Noun|i{{IPA|ɸ}}a{{IPA|ɸ}}o]] <ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>mama("cliff")|| iwao ("great rock, bedrock") || *** ||*** || pahoy|| pawi|| pax（石・崖） <br> (Nivkh) || hurhe || wehe || ***
|-
|land (壌,壤) || no <br> 内/奴～弩/悩<br>nori<br>奴閭 || *** || ńurū || nu/no("land")<br>na || no || no <br> buri ||nu¨～nu¨ri/nε <br> bəl|| *** || bəl <br><br> nuri("world") || na ("land"） || na || na（土地）,noro(-n) || ***
|-
|nation || (nua) > na <ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> no <br> 內,那,奴,惱 || ili || ulus(<*hulu-s<* bulu-s) || nu/na("land, nation")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>na<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || na || *** || *** ||narah|| nara || guru-n(< * buru-n) || guru-n(< * buru-n) || gurun || ***
|-
|walled city, fort, castle || kol<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> / hol <br> (忽)<br> kuru / kolo <br>(溝婁,屈, 骨) || qol-γan || küri-yen 'fence, hedge, device',/qol-γan || ko{{IPA|ɸ}}ori("brough, country")<br> ki<sub>2</sub>("city")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || kōri<br>-ki || *** || ***|| kolh || ko{{IPA|ɯ}}l <br> gol || kur ~kur ~kuran || *** || kuran~ kuren (城, 柵:"castle, citadl") <br>golo（省:province) || ***
|-
|capital's names || cholbon(卒本)<br> solbon(率本)<br>puru-na(不耐,平壤)|| cholpon("Venus") || čolbaŋ("Venus")|| *** || *** || soburi || sərabəl <br> səbəl ||shəbɯl|| seoul <br> saet-piəl("Venus") || *** || ***|| *** || ***
|-
|middle (中) || kab{{IPA|ə}}l <br>加火 || *** || *** || kapi>kaɸi("content")<br>kapa>kaɸa("outside") || kai<br>kawa("side")|| *** ||*** || ka[[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]]{{IPA|ɔ}}n<br>가ㅸㄴ || kaun(-de)<br /> -gaus/-aus("half") || *** || *** || *** || ***
|-
|so big, best|| māk/mo <br>(莫)<br> ma<br>(馬)<br>makhara<br>(莫何邏)|| *** || *** || ma-(prefix to mean "real/great/true/perfect")<br>kara("birth, parentage")<br>makari("genuine")<br> || ma-<br>kara<br>makari || *** ||*** ||*** || mal-말 <br> mat 맏("first;eldest;oldest") || maŋga ("strong") || maŋga || maŋga ("difficult; tough, strong; somewhat more, somewhat better") || maŋa ("strong")
|-
|tribal elder<br>(太大兄)|| makha-ha-raji<br>(莫何何羅支/太大兄)<br>~ji/ki("title of honor")<br>兄 laji / haraji("patriarch")|| *** || *** || ma-("really")<br>kakar-("devolve on, to depend")<br>-dati("patriarch")<br>ukara("tribe")<br>-ti("title of honor")<br>[[muraji]]("title for influential clans")||ma-<br>kakar-<br>-dati<br>-kara ||*** ||kak-kan<br><br>kan-ki/kanji<br><br>~ji("title of honor") || *** || hara("grand")<br>~ji("title of honor")<br>har-abə-ji("grand father")<br>~achi("legation staff's title")|| *** || *** || mahala("hat, cap")<br>makta-ra- ("to prise") || ***
|-
|leader ,chief|| makri-key/makli-ji/mori-ji<br>(莫離支)|| baš(head) || *** || makari("true,genuine") || makari ||*** || Marip-gan("king")<br> Mae-kɯm("king")|| maruha <br> mari("head") || məri("head") || *** || *** || *** || ***
|-
|summit(峰) || süni <br>(首泥) || *** || *** || sone<sub>1</sub>("continuous mountain ridge")|| |*** || *** || *** || sunɯrk || {{IPA|tɕəŋ}}suri ("top of the head") || *** || *** || soni hon("singular, odd")<br>sukdun("air") || ***
|-
|mountain (山) || tat / tar <br> (達)<br> ma<br>(馬)<br>|| taγ（"mountain"） || a{{IPA|ɣ}}ula(n) (Classical Mongolian)<br /> ūl ([[Khalkh]])<br /> ūla ([[Buryat language|Buryat]])<br /> aul{{IPA|ə}} ([[Daur language|Daur]]) || take<sub>2</sub>("big mountain")<br>mure("mountain")<br>tara|| take<br>yama || *** || 督 t{{IPA|ɔ}}r{{IPA|ɔ}}(山),<br>tara(多禮,多羅)<br>("land") || moyh(山)|| me <br> tang,tal("land")<br> tuk("hill")<br>orɯm (Jeju dialect)|| *** || aliin || alin<br>tala("field")<br>mulu("ridge of mountain") || ***
|-
|high mountain|| {{IPA|ɣ}}apma<br>(盒馬)|| *** || *** || jama("mountain") || yama ||*** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || dabagan("mountain peaks")<br>daba- || ***
|-
| soil || sirk/sik<ref>Lee, Ki moon (1968, 1969)</ref><br>(息)　|| saz || *** || su("sand, sandbank")<br>situ("dampness") || su || *** || ***|| *** || h{{IPA|ɨ}}rk || *** || *** || *** || sirugi("sand")
|-
| road || tsir<br>(助乙)　|| yol("road") || tsam || ti("road") || chi/ji ||*** || ***|| kirh || kil || *** || *** || jugūn("road") || ***
|-
|knot, joint || muči<ref>Park, Byong chae (1968)</ref>/moti<ref>Ryu, Ryeol (1983)</ref><br>(蕪子) || *** || *** || pusi("knot")<br>mutsu-("to knot") || fushi/bushi<br>musu- || *** || *** || m{{IPA|ʌ}}d{{IPA|ɨ}}i || madi || *** || *** || *** || ***
|-
|tree, wood || kil<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>k{{IPA|ιə}}nul,naro?<br>(斤乙)<br>ɣei/ɣit<br>(盻/肹)<ref>Murayama Shichirō 1962</ref> || ï("forest")/ïγac("tree") || *** || ki<sub>2</sub>/ ke<sub>2</sub>/ko<sub>2</sub>("tree")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>ko<sub>2</sub>nara(a kind of beech)　|| ki<br>konara || *** ||*** || 斤:nal(訓)/kɯn || kɯru ("stump; unit for counting trees")<br>namu 나무 ("tree; wood") || *** || *** || *** || ***
|-
|willow tree|| yoɯɪn<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(要隠)|| *** || *** || yana-ki<sub>2</sub>("willow tree")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || yana-gi ||***||*** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
|-
|bamboo|| na<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(奈)|| *** || *** || no<sub>2</sub>(bamboo arrow)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>si-no("dwarf bamboo") || no<br>shino ||***||*** || *** || *** || *** || niru("arrow") || niru("arrow") || ***
|-
|pine tree(松)|| busi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>/pιu-sie<br>(夫斯)<br>pιu-so <br> (扶蘇) || *** || *** || matu("pine tree")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>pusi("fire wood")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || matsu<br>fushi ||bu(扶,負)<br>so(蘇)||*** || sol（松）/pos（樺） || sol,sonamu || *** || *** || bahiya("pine cone") || ***
|-
|chestnut|| toŋsje/tosi<br>(冬斯)<ref>Shichiro Murayama 1962</ref> || *** || *** || toti("horse chestnut") || tochi || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || sisi("nut") || sisi || ***
|-
|peach || pasi<br>(波尸) || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || poksi{{IPA|ə}}ŋ<br>(桃) || poksuŋ-a, poksa (桃) || *** || *** || *** || ***
|-
|garlic || mier<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>/mair/marɔ<br>(買尸) || *** || maŋgirsun(野蒜) || mi<sub>1</sub>ra ("garlic chives")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || nira ("[[garlic chives]]") || *** || *** || manʌl<br>(蒜) || manɯl || *** || *** || maca ("garlic chives") || ***
|-
|grain || nabar<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> /niəŋ-biuʌt <br> 仍伐|| *** || *** || nape<sub>2</sub>>naɸe<sub>2</sub>("seedling")<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref><br>ina-ɸo（"ear of rice"）<br />mi<sub>2</sub>（"fruit, seed, grain"）<br>mame("grain") || nae<br>inaho<br>mame("bean") || *** ||*** || nad ("grain") || nad ("grain")<br>nuy（"grains of unhulled rice amongst hulled rice"）<br> narak（"rice plant; unhulled rice; grain of rice") || *** || mirɣei("crop") || muji("barley") || ***
|-
|root || tsʌm<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> (斬)|| *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || pul?(根) || pulhuy(根) || ppuri || tʃamγ（根株）<br> ([[Nivkh language|Nivkh]]) || da || da || ***
|-
|plow (犁) || ka-ʃιi/kar<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(加尸) || kerci-（"to cut, to dig trenches"） || *** || kar-("to cut")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>kuɸa("hoe") || kari<br>kuwa || *** ||*** || karai（木[杴]・鍬, kal-（plow)<br>kal（刀） || *** || gerbe-("break, snap")<br> (Nanai) || *** || halhan（"hoe"）/halhan～halgan(犂[鏵]:"plow") || gerbe-("break, snap")
|-
|ax || ・ιo-sie, nərə-si<br>(於斯) || *** || *** || wono<sub>2</sub>("ax") || ono || *** ||*** || *odzg{{IPA|ɔ}}y<br />(烏子蓋) ("ax")<br> n{{IPA|ɔ}}lh ("blade") || nal ("blade")<br />nas ("sickle; scythe")<br />tōkki ("ax")|| *** || *** || anjikū ("hatchet") || ***
|-
|basin (盆)|| s{{IPA|ɐ}}r/s{{IPA|ʌ}}l (西) || *** || *** || sara("saucer,dish") || sara || *** ||*** || sora (盆) ("basin") || *** || *** || *** || sara("cap,lid,umbrella") || ***
|-
|water (水) || mi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>(米)<br> mie<br>(買)<br>moro<br>(模盧) || *** || mören(江, 海) <br> müren (沐漣) /moron (木連) (Khitanese) || mi<sub>1</sub>/mi<sub>1</sub>du/mi<sub>1</sub>n-("water")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || mizu<br>mi || mi(彌) ||*** || m{{IPA|ɨ}}l || mul || mu || mu 沒 || muke || mū("water")
|-
|spring water (泉井) || ə{{IPA|ɯ}}l/uir<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(於乙):井 <br>iri <br>(伊梨):泉|| bul-a-q/bul-a-γ("fountain, spring") || {{IPA|ɯ}}s (水"water") || wi ("well, reservoir, irrigation pond")<br>ura("waterside") || i<br>ura || *** || {{IPA|ɯ}}l(乙) || umɯl ("well") || umul ("well") || eri～erri("small river")<br> (Nivkh) || ula("river") || üla ("large river") || ***
|-
| dike (堤) || tu<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>(吐)|| töpü || *** || take<sub>2</sub>("higher hill")<br>tutumi("dike")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>tu-(to stack,to pile,to gather)|| take<br>tsutsumi<br>tsu- || *** || *** || *** || əntək<br>tuk(堤) || *** || *** || do-("to stop") || ***
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|pond || nami<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> / naymi<br>(内米)|| *** || namug ("marsh, swamp") || nami<sub>1</sub> ("wave")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>nada("open sea") || nami<br>nada || mi(r)ji<br>(蜜地,彌知) ||*** || ***|| ? n{{IPA|ɛ}}nmul ("stream") <br> mos ("pond")<br> nɯp{{IPA|ʰ}} 늪 ("swamp") || namu, lamu ("sea, ocean; lake" 海) || *** || mūsa ("swamp") || ***
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|branch<br>(派) || kai (改) || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || kar{{IPA|ʌ}}i (派) || kal{{IPA|ɛ}} (派) || *** || *** || *** || ***
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|river || kur<br>(屈)<br> na<br>(那)|| köl("lake") || *** || kaɸa("river") || kawa || nari(那利)<br> 久麻那利 ||*** || k{{IPA|ɔ}}r{{IPA|ɔ}}m <br /> nāyh || karam <br>n{{IPA|ɛː}} || *** || *** || ula || ***
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|sea || patan<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>/padal/padan <br>(波旦)<br>pa-sia<br>(波且) || *** || *** || wata("sea")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || wada-tsu-mi("gods of Sea") || *** ||波珍 pad{{IPA|ɔ}}l || padah～parʌl || pada || *** || namu || namu || ***
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|cow || {{IPA|ʃ}}ιəu/*sü <br> (首)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || *** || *** || usi("cow")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || ushi || *** ||*** || ʃyo/쇼 || so || *** || *** || eje("castrated cow") || ***
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|pig (猪)||u<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>烏<br>o-sie<br>(烏斯)<br>o-s^i¨{{IPA|ʌ}}ŋ <br>(烏生) || *doŋuz > domuz || *** || usi ("ox; cattle")<br>wi ("pig,boar")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || i("boar") || *{{IPA|tɕ}}o-n{{IPA|ʲ}}i <br>(猪耳) || *** || tot{{IPA|ʰ}} 돝 || tw{{IPA|ɛː}}ji, toyaji(dialect), tochi(dialect) || *** || *** || ulgiyan("pig")<br>ulha("domestic animal") || ***
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|water deer || kosya<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> ([[wiktionary:古斯也#Noun|古斯也]]) || *** || *** || kuzika("deer") || kujika || *** ||*** || ***|| korani("Manchurian elk")<br />kōr{{IPA|ɛŋ}}i, kor{{IPA|ɛ}}i ([[Gyeongsang dialect]]) || *** || *** || kandahan ("a kind of deer") || ***
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|horse || mielo/meru<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(滅) || *** || mori～muri || uma～muma("horse")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || uma || *** ||*** || ｍʌl/(馬) || mal || mori <br> (Nanai) || *** || morin || ***
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|swan (鵠) || koɣoi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> (古衣) || qoγu || *** || kuguɸi<sub>1</sub>>kubi("swan")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || kugui("swan") || *** ||*** || kohay<br />kon || koni || *** || hoiholo("streptopelia") || hoiho<br>gaha("bird, raven")<br>gasha("big bird") || ***
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|bear || komok<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>(功木)|| *** || *** || kuma("bear")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || kuma || koma || *** || kom || kōm || *** || *** || *** || ***
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| owl (鵂鶹)|| ʦu<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(租) || *** || *** || tuku("owl")<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref><br>ʦu("nest")|| tuku<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref><br>su || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
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|rabbit || u-si-ɣam<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>/o-sie-həm<br>(烏斯含)|| tawïsγan || *** || wosagi<sub>1</sub>/usagi<sub>1</sub>("rabbit")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || usagi<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref> || *** || *** || thos-gi || tho-ggi || *** || gurmahai("rabbit") || gulmahun || ***
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|weasel (狌) || yia-ʃιi/yar<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> (也尸) || *** || *** || itatʃi(weasel)<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref> || itachi(weasel) || *** || *** || yezï ~ yez{{IPA|ɣ}}-<br />("fox") || yəu ("fox")<br> yəsi(dialect) || *** || *** || *** || ***
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|horn || tsιi-nyiak<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(次若)|| *** || *** || tuno("horn")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || tsuno || *** ||*** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
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|wing || əji, nərəgi<br>(於支) || *älig > el ("hand") || *** || tadamgi(arm)<br>atʃi("foot") || ashi || *** ||*** || *** || nar{{IPA|ɛ}}, nalg{{IPA|ɛ}} || *** || *** || asχa || ***
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|foot (足) || γwi/kwai<ref>Shichiro Murayama 1962</ref> <br>tor<br>(廻)|| *** || *** || kuw-("to kick")<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref><br>ko-yu("to get over")<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref> || ker-<br>koe-|| *** ||*** ||*** || tari || *** || *** || *** || ***
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|mouth || huət-ts‘ii/kuci<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>kútsi/kutui<br>kolci<br>(忽次)<br>ko-ts‘ii<br>(古次)<br>kuan/kuen<br>(串) || *** || 훌츠qurc(Khalka)("skewer, spit" 串) || kutu～kuti < *kutui("mouth")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>ko<sub>2</sub>to<sub>2</sub>（"word, speech, language"） || kuchi<br>koto || *** ||*** || k{{IPA|ʌ}}l-(曰: "to say")<br> koc ("skewer, spit; promontory" 串) || kulrε ([[Jeju dialect]]) <br> kul (South Jeolla dialect)<br>kar-(曰: "to say")|| *** || *** || *** || ***
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|hair || təl(毛乙)>tiəl(鐵)<br> || *** || *** || tar-u("trail, hang out") || tare- || *** ||***|| *** || təl (毛) || *** || *** || tulə(ad:"to outside") || ***
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|decay (朽) || kut-si/kur<br>骨尸 || *** || *** || kut-("decay")<br>kutsar-("decay") || kuti-<br>kusar- || *** ||***|| korh-(“decay”) || korh-(“decay”)<br>korm-(“fester”) || *** || *** || *** || ***
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|tooth || kʌi-ʃιi<br> (皆尸) || *** || *** || ki<sub>1</sub> ("fang; tusk")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || kiba || *** ||*** || ***|| *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
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|heart<br>chest || kor<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>/kasi/kιo-sιi<br>(居尸) || göğüs || kökün || ko<sub>2</sub>ko<sub>2</sub>ro<sub>2</sub><ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>/kokori ''Eastern dialect'' ("heart")<br>koro("oneself") || kokoro || *** || *** || *** || kogäŋi ("core") / kas{{IPA|ʰ}}{{IPA|ɯ}}m ("chest, heart") || *** || *** || huhun ("breast, bosom") || ***
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|transverse (横) || ・ιo-sie/*es <br> (於斯) || *** || *** || yo<sub>2</sub>ko<sub>2</sub>("transverse")<br>yo<sub>2</sub>k-("to traverse") || yoko<br>yoker- || *** ||*** || əs/엇 || ət || *** || *** || *** || ***
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|valley || tan<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>/tuən/t‘ən <br> (旦,頓,呑) || *** || *** || tani("valley")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || tani || *** ||*** || tʌn～tuʌn（"valley")<br>təŋg{{IPA|ɛ}}（"valley")|| *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
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|side edge || ka-(・a) <br> (加阿) || kera || *** || kado<sub>1</sub>("side edge,jag")<br>kari("edge") || kado<br>kari || *** ||*** || kʌs || kā || *** || *** || kaja-("to cut")<br>huwesi-("cutter, small blade") || ***
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|cap (冠)|| kwot-su (骨蘇)|| *** || *** || katsa("hat") || kasa("hat,shade") || *** || *** || kosgal<br>(冠 : "cap")<br>kat<br>(笠, 帽, 冠 : "hat, cap") || kokal<br>(弁 : "conical cap")<br>[[Gat (hat)|kat]] (黑笠) || *** || *** || *** || ***
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|ball (丸)|| an{{IPA|ʃ}}i<br>(安市)<br>an{{IPA|ʒ}}ip<br>(安十)|| *** || {{IPA|ə}}nduh{{IPA|ə}} ([[Daur language|Daur]]) || *** || *** || *** ||*** || *** || al || (x)elū- || *** || umhan<br>muheren || elū
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|layer (重) || biar<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>/bjet <br> (別) || *** || *** || pe<sub>1</sub>>ɸe<sub>1</sub>("layer")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || he("layer") || *** ||*** || pʌl || *** || *** || *** || fe("ex-, past, former") || ***
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|neighbor (隣) || ιi-bιuʌt/iboc<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> (伊伐)|| *** || *** || ipa>ipe<sub>1</sub>>iɸe<sub>1</sub>("residences")<ref>Shinmura Izuru Memorial Foundation(2002)Kōjien</ref>|| ie || *** ||*** || ib{{IPA|ɯ}}t (隣)|| iut (隣)|| *** || *** || imiya-("to gather togather") || ***
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|frost || sat <br> (薩)<br> sat-ɣan/sal-han<br>(薩寒)|| *** || *** || sim-("to frost up")<br>sayi/seye<br>zayi/zaye<br>("icicle, ice") || sim-<br>sae || *** ||*** || səri || *** || *** || *** || sohin("ice")<br>juhe || ***
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| lush (菁) || ka-tʃιe <br> (加支) || *** || *** || kati/katin("lush, dark blue")|| kachi || *** ||*** || ***|| kəch-(蕪)<br />kis- ("lush, overgrown with weeds, overrun with plants") || *** || *** || kūkə("blue-green,cyan blue") || ***
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|group, tribe || ul <br>(于尸)|| uruk ("clan") || ulus ("people, nation, tribe, [[horde]]") || uti("family, inside, home")<br>udi ("tribe,clan,social status of one's family, lineage, birth, surname") || uchi<br>uji || *** ||*** || ul（"relations; relatives; kinsfolk; clan"）<br />uri ("we, us; the Korean people, Koreans") || *** || *** || *** || urse ("people")<br>uce("entrance") || ***
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|mother || ya chi <br> (也次)<br>ya pa<br>(也派)<ref>Murayama Shichirō (1962)</ref>|| Ana || *** || [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|{{IPA|ɸ}}]]a{{IPA|ɸ}}a("mother")<br>oya("parent")<br> || haha, oya || *** || *** ||어ㅿㅣ<br>əzi|| 어미əmi<br>아매,에마 ame,ema(north dialect)|| *** || eniyen || a ja || ***
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|baby|| gu(仇)<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>gιəu-sie / kus / kyus<br>(仇斯)|| koto("son"匈奴語)<br />kız ("girl; daughter")<br>O'gul || *** || ko<sub>1</sub>("baby")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || ko("baby, child") || *** || *** || *** || koma(童)<br> koma-(小-) || *** || omo || jui("kid") || kuŋa ("child")
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|writing <br> literature <br>(文)|| kιən-ʃιi/kɯl<br>(斤尸) || *** || *** || kak-("to write")<br>kuk-/*kuru-("to form,to bind") || kak-<br>kukur-/kurum- || *** || *** || kɯl || kɯl || *** || herse || hergen || ***
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|jade || kusi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>ko-{{IPA|ʃ}}ie<br>(古斯)|| *** || gas || kusiro<sub>2</sub>（"bracelet")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || kushiro<br>|| *** || *** || kusɯl ("jewel") || *** || *** || γun || gu || ***
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|cool wind, clear wind || ʃa-nιet-ιi<br>(沙熱伊) || *** || *** || same-("cool")<br>-ti("wind") || same-<br>-chi || *** || *** ||san{{IPA|ʌ}}l("cool")<br>-i("-wind")|| s{{IPA|ə}}n{{IPA|ɯ}}l("cool") || *** || *** || simeli("cool") || ***
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|hole (孔) || dzei-ts‘ii/tsei-ts‘ii/cic<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br> (斉次/濟次) || *** || *** || tʃuk-("to penetrate")<br> tʃuki("fissure, gap") || suki || *** ||*** || s{{IPA|ʌ}}zi ("interval, gap") || sai<br>("interval, gap")<br>t’ul-(透)<br>t{{IPA|ɯ}}m(隙孔) || *** || *** || dunggu ("cave")|| ***
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|hole (穴) || kap<br>(甲)<br>kapi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(甲比) || qapca（"gorge, ravine"）, qapi¨γ（"Gate"） || *** || kapi<sub>1</sub>>kaɸi<sub>1</sub>（"hole, gorge, narrow valley")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || kubomi ("hole")|| *** ||*** || ***|| kul (穴) || *** || *** || hafu("perforation") || ***
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|three || mir/mil<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(密) <br> siet<br>(悉)<br>s^ïei<br>(史) || bis(5) || gurav || mi<sub>1</sub>("3")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || mi || *** || mil || sei/səih || 셋 sʰet̚ || *** || ilan || ilan || ***
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|five || uc<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>/ütsi/uci/üc/uca/uchha <br>(于次,弓次) || üç(3) || tabun || itu("5")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || itsu || *** || *** || tasul (打戌) || tasət <br> 닷 tah || dügün || sunja || sunja || ***
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|seven || nanön<br>nanin<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(難隠)<br> nanən/nanun <br> ||Yeti || *** || nana("7")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || nana || *** || *** ||(n)ìlgɯp(一急) || (n)ìlgúp || nadan || nadan || nadan || ***
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|ten || tək/tok<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>/duk<br>(德) || on <br> toquz(9) || arav || to<sub>2</sub>/to<sub>2</sub>wo("10")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || tō || *** || *** || *** || yəl(10)<br> on(100)<br> chɯmun(1000) || juwa || juwan || juwan || {{IPA|ʒ}}uwan
|-
|hard || ma <br>(馬) || *** || *** || ma- ("truly, really")<br>mata-("completely") || ma-<br>matta-ku || *** || *** || modir- || mōjir- ("harsh; severe; cruel") || *** || manga("hard") || maŋga("hard") || maŋa
|-
|high || dat/§ap/tar<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(達) || *** || *** || taka-/daka-（"high"）<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || taka-/daka || *** ||*** || ***|| tarak- ("high")<br>tarak ("loft") || *** || *** || den ("high")<br />dekde- ("to rise") || ***
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|rough || kur'iy<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>(骨衣) || *** || *** || kata- ("hard") || katai ("rigid, firm, stiff") || *** || ka¨c{{IPA|ʰɔ}}¨l || kəc{{IPA|ʰ}}ɯl- (荒) || *** || *** || *** || kata-("to become hard, to become rough") || ***
|-
|round (圓)
|| toŋ-pιuəi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(冬非)|| *** || *** || tubura("round")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || tsubura || *** ||*** || tuŋgɯl-（圓）|| tuŋgɯl-（圓} || *** || *** || torho-("to roll,to circle") || ***
|-
|new || {{IPA|ʃ}}ιəu/*su<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>(首) || *** || *** || zu("new, present, developing,a gleam")<br>su-("fresh")<br>sa-("young")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || su- || *** || say || say (새) || s{{IPA|ɛ}} || *** || iche || ice || ***
|-
|deep || bιuk-sie<br>(伏斯)<br>puk<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(伏)|| *** || *** || puka-si>ɸuka-si("deep")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| fuka-i || *** ||*** || kiph u˙n || kiph- <br> puk ("deeply, completely, fully") || *** || *** || *** || ***
|-
|flat, level,shallow<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || biri<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(比里)<br>pii-lιεt <br> (比烈)|| biri || *** || pi<sub>1</sub>ra->ɸi<sub>1</sub>ra-("flat,level")<br>pisi<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || hirata-<br>hishi || *** ||*** || *** || pʌl || *** || *** || ba("field, district")<br>pile-("to confirm, to criticize")<br>tehere-("to flat, to be equal") || ***
|-
|wide (廣) || nərə-si, ə-si<br>(於斯) || *** || osy/esy 阿斯(寬大:gererous, tolerant)<br> nalai || naras-u("roll,to level off")<br>os-u("transcend, surpass")<br>e-si("right,wide,noble,enough") || narasu("to level off")<br>osu("to transcend, to press, to push") || *** ||*** || 어위 (< *어쉬) || nəlb 넓- (廣)<br>n{{IPA|ə}}g{{IPA|ɯ}}r{{IPA|ə}} (寬)<br>{{IPA|ə}}dzi (仁, 寬) || *** || očo 我撮(寬) || ončo(廣:wast) || ***
|-
|abreast, both (並)|| k{{IPA|ʌ}}n (斤)|| *** || *** || kan-("to combine")|| kan- || *** || *** || k{{IPA|ʌ}}rb- (並 :“abreast”) || *** || *** || gəli || ***
|-
|bent (曲)|| kub{{IPA|ə}}l,kutkwa <br>(屈火)|| *** || *** || kugu-/kaga-("to bend")<br>kubi("neck") || kugum-/kagam-<br>kubi || *** || *** || *** || kub- (曲-), kub{{IPA|ɯ}}l (曲)|| *** || gokoro-("to bend") || ***
|-
|black || kəmur<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>/kəmhək(今勿) || Qara || *** || kuro<sub>1</sub>("black")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || kuro || *** || *** || kəm-/검- || 검 kʌm || *** || *** || kara || ***
|-
|white || ʃιi-lap<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(尸臘)<br>nə γei<br>(奈兮)|| Aq || *** || sira("white")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>siram- ("to become white")|| shiro<br>shiram- || *** || *** || {{IPA|ʃ}}je-("to become white")<br>hʌy-(白) ||hʌy- <br> hin <br> hayan <br> nun (雪)|| *** || canggian || šara-("to become white")<br>šeyen("white")<br>šanggiyan("white") || ***
|-
|red || s^a-bιuk/sa(i)puk<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(沙伏)<br> s^a-pιuəi-kιən/sa(i)pikon<br>沙非斤<br>sapi || Qyzyl || *hula{{IPA|ɣ}}an > ulaan || so<sub>2</sub>po>so<sub>2</sub>ɸo(赤土 : "red soil")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>sabi("rust")|| soho<br>sabi || supi(赤鳥) || sapi(泗沘) || sitpɯk(赤) || 붉은pulgɯn<br>시뻘건sippəlgən("deep red") || *** || fula gian("red") || šušu("purple")<br>fulgiyan("red") || ***
|-
|yellow || kuət<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref><br>(骨)<br>kweyru<br>|| *** || *** || ki<sub>2</sub>-~ kú-("yellow")<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref>|| ki(iro) || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || *** || suwayan || ***
|-
|blue (靑) || sal<br>sat<br> (薩) || *** || *** || so<sub>1</sub>ra("sky")<br>sumi<sub>1</sub>re("violet")||sora<br>sumire|| *** || səri 昔里<br>(靑) || *** || *** || *** || *** || ***
|-
|green (綠) || bιuʌt-lιək <br> (伐力) <br> puruk || *** || *** || mido("green")<br>pa>ɸa("leaf")<br>tura/tuta("vine")|| midori<br>ha<br>tsuru/tsuta || *** || *** || phɯrɯn ("green, blue") || phurɯn ("green, blue")<br> pharan ("blue")|| *** || habha("leaf") || afaha || ***
|-
|to meet || pʌk/*pak <br>(伯) || bak-（"to see, to look; to find"） || *** || wakar-("to understand")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/alt/altet&text_number=++90&root=config|title=Altaic ethnology:bằka}}</ref> || wakar- || *** || *** || poizʌp- ("to humbly show oneself, to meet (an honored person)") || po-（"to see, to look"）/ poyp-（"to have an audience with, to meet (an honored person)"） || *** || baka- ("to look for, to seek, to search") || baha-（"to get, to obtain"） || baka-（"to find"）
|-
|to swing || pu<br>(釜)|| bula-("to stir") || büle-("to shake") || pur->ɸur-("to swing, to shake") || fu- || *** || *** || *** || pud{{IPA|ɯ}}l-("tremble, shake") || *** || *** || fori-("to strike") || ***
|-
|to enter || ・ιi/*i <ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> <br>(伊) || *** || ire- <br> (to come) || ir-（"to enter"）<ref>板橋義三,Alexander Vovin,長田俊樹(2003)日本語系統論の現在</ref> || ir- || *** ||*** || ip（口）/ip（門戸） || ir-(to arrive; to come)<br />ip || i-（入） || *** || ibe-("to get forward") || ***
|-
|to get (取) || toŋ<br>(冬)|| tor("trap") || tor("net") || tor-("to get") || to- || *** || *** || *** || t{{IPA|ɯ}}l-("to take, to hold") || *** || *** || duri-("to get") || ***
|-
|}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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*Beckwith (2006). "The Ethnolinguistic History of the Early Korean Peninsula Region: Japanese-Koguryoic and Other Languages in the Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla Kingdoms." ''Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies'', 2006, Vol. 2-2: 34-64.
*Beckwith (2006). "The Ethnolinguistic History of the Early Korean Peninsula Region: Japanese-Koguryoic and Other Languages in the Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla Kingdoms." ''Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies'', 2006, Vol. 2-2: 34-64.
*Beckwith (2007): ''Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives: An Introduction to the Historical-Comparative Study of the Japanese-Koguryoic Languages, with a Preliminary Description of Archaic Northeastern Middle Chinese.'' Brill Academic Publishers, 2004. ISBN 90-04-13949-4. Second edition, 2007. ISBN 90-04-16025-5
*Beckwith (2007): ''Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives: An Introduction to the Historical-Comparative Study of the Japanese-Koguryoic Languages, with a Preliminary Description of Archaic Northeastern Middle Chinese.'' Brill Academic Publishers, 2004. ISBN 90-04-13949-4. Second edition, 2007. ISBN 90-04-16025-5
* http://chinese.historyfoundation.or.kr/DATA/BBS1/韓國高句麗史硏究論文集(p1~p284)(1).pdf
* http://thomaspellard.ryukyu.googlepages.com/reviewKoguryro.pdf
* http://thomaspellard.ryukyu.googlepages.com/reviewKoguryro.pdf


Line 291: Line 53:
* [[Old Korean]]
* [[Old Korean]]
== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/main.asp?sub_num=68&pageNo=3&state=view&idx=274 The Goguryeo Language - Connecting Japan to the Continent]

===Japanese===
===Japanese===
* [http://www.geocities.co.jp/CollegeLife-Club/5420/koukuri.html/ 娜々志娑无のぺぇじ]
* [http://www.geocities.co.jp/CollegeLife-Club/5420/koukuri.html/ 娜々志娑无のぺぇじ]
Line 298: Line 58:


===Korean===
===Korean===
* [http://www.chosun.ac.kr/~ongmi/teaching/korhistory/kh4-5.htm Relationship between Koguryoan and other related languages]
* [http://chinese.historyfoundation.or.kr/DATA/BBS1/韓國高句麗史硏究論文集(p1~p284)(1).pdf The Goguryeo Language - Connecting Japan to the Continent pdf]
* [http://www.chosun.ac.kr/~ongmi/teaching/korhistory/kh4-6.htm Koguryoan Sillan and Paekchean words]
* [http://www.chosun.ac.kr/~ongmi/teaching/korhistory/kh4-7.htm Additional Koguryoan and Old Japanese words]
* [http://www.wxneworld.com/onews.asp?id=341 The Korean language]


===English===
===English===

Revision as of 08:01, 24 April 2009

The Goguryeo language was spoken in the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo (37 BC – AD 668), one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The language is also known as Koguryo, Koguryoic, and Koguryoan. It is unknown except for a small number of words, which mostly suggest that it was similar but not identical to the language of Silla, and influenced by the Tungusic languages. Supporters of the Altaic language family often classify the Goguryeo language as a member of that language family. Most Korean linguists believe that Goguryeo language was closest to the Altaic languages. Striking similarities between Baekje and Goguryeo can also be found, which is consistent with the legends that describe Baekje being founded by the sons of Goguryeo's founder. The Goguryeo names for government posts are mostly similar to those of Baekje and Silla. There are some hypotheses on the classification of the Goguryeo language which is disputed at the present time. [1] Some linguists propose the so-called "Buyeo languages" family that includes the languages of Buyeo, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Old Japanese. Chinese records suggest that the languages of Goguryeo, Buyeo, East Okjeo, and Gojoseon were similar, while the Goguryeo language differed significantly from that of Malgal (Mohe)[1][2][3]

Some words of Goguryeo origin can be found in the old Korean language (early 10th to late 14th century) but most were soon replaced with ones of Silla origin.

Grammatical particle / suffix
Case Goguryeo Turkish Mongol Old Japanese Japanese Baekje Silla Middle Korean Korean Jurchen Manchu
nominative -i *** *** *** *** *** *** -i -i *** ***
genitive nə -(n)in
-(n)ın
-(n)un
-(n)ün		 -iyn
-y
-n		 no1
na
ŋa		 no
ŋa		 *** *** -nʲ ***　 -ngge
-ngga
-nggo(genitive)		 -ngge
-ngga
-nggo
(adjective-forming suffix)
genitive si *** *** si *** *** -s
-ʌi
-i		 *** *** *** ci(ablative)
locative nɐrɐ *** *** nite *** *** *** nɐr *** *** ***

Notes

  1. ^ Fan Ye, Book of the Later Han, volume 85; the Dongyi Liezhuan
  2. ^ Wei Shou, Book of Wei, volume 100; the Liezhuan 88, the Wuji
  3. ^ Li Dashi, History of Northern Dynasties, volume 94; the Liezhuan 82, the Wuji

Further reading

  • Beckwith, C. I. (2004). Koguryo, the language of Japan's continental relatives: an introduction to the historical-comparative study of the Japanese Koguryoic languages with a preliminary description of Archaic northeastern Middle Chinese. Brill's Japanese studies library, v. 21. Boston: Brill. ISBN 9004139494
  • Beckwith (2006). "Methodological Observations on Some Recent Studies of the Early Ethnolinguistic History of Korea and Vicinity." Altai Hakpo 2006, 16: 199-234.
  • Beckwith (2006). "The Ethnolinguistic History of the Early Korean Peninsula Region: Japanese-Koguryoic and Other Languages in the Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla Kingdoms." Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies, 2006, Vol. 2-2: 34-64.
  • Beckwith (2007): Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives: An Introduction to the Historical-Comparative Study of the Japanese-Koguryoic Languages, with a Preliminary Description of Archaic Northeastern Middle Chinese. Brill Academic Publishers, 2004. ISBN 90-04-13949-4. Second edition, 2007. ISBN 90-04-16025-5
  • http://thomaspellard.ryukyu.googlepages.com/reviewKoguryro.pdf

See also

Japanese

Korean

English

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