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'''''Einsatzgruppen''''' ([[German language|German]]: "task forces", "intervention groups") were [[paramilitary]] groups formed under the direction of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], deputy to [[Heinrich Himmler]]<ref>http://www.holocaust-history.org/intro-einsatz/</ref>, and operated by the ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) before and during [[World War II]]. Their principal task, according to SS General [[Erich von dem Bach]], at the [[Nuremberg Trials]]: "was the annihilation of the [[Jew]]s, [[Romani people|Gypsies]], and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[political commissar]]s".<ref>[http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-04/tgmwc-04-28-06.shtml The Trial of German Major War Criminals.] Sitting at Nuremberg, Germany. 7th January to 19th January, 1946. Twenty-Eighth Day (Part 6 of 10) (nizkor)</ref> They were a key component in the implementation of the [[Final Solution|final solution]] of the [[Jewish question]] (German: ''Die Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in the conquered territories. |
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Formed mainly of men from the ''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'', the ''[[Waffen-SS]]'', and local volunteers, e.g. militia groups, and led by ''[[Gestapo]]'', ''[[Kripo]]'', and ''[[Sicherheitsdienst|SD]]'' officers, these [[death squad]]s followed the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' as it advanced eastwards through [[Eastern Europe]] en route to the [[Soviet Union]]. In occupied territory, the Einsatzgruppen also [[Collaboration during World War II|used the local populace]] for additional security and manpower when needed. The activities of the Einsatzgruppen were spread through a large pool of soldiers from the branches of the SS and Reich. |
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[[Image:Einsatzgruppen Killing.jpg|200px|thumb|right|An ''Einsatzgruppe D'' member about to shoot a Jew kneeling at a filled mass grave in [[Vinnitsa]], [[Ukrainian SSR]], [[Soviet Union]], in 1942. The photograph is inscribed: ''The last Jew in Vinnitsa.'']] |
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According to their own records, the Einsatzgruppen murdered more than one million Jews, almost all civilians, beginning with the [[Poles|Polish]] [[intelligentsia]], and then quickly progressing, by 1941, to primarily killing the Jews of Eastern Europe. Historian [[Raul Hilberg]] estimates that between 1941 and 1945 the Einsatzgruppen and the [[SS]] killed more than 1.3 million Jews in open-air shootings.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0838634184 Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service, 1941-1943] by Ronald Headland</ref> |
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{{seealso|Einsatzkommando}} |
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==History== |
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{{The Holocaust}} |
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''Einsatzgruppen'' can be traced back to the ''[[ad-hoc]]'' ''[[Einsatzkommando]]'' formed by Reinhard Heydrich to secure government buildings and documents following the [[Anschluss]] in [[Austria]] in March 1938. The task of securing government buildings with their accompanying documentation and the questioning of senior civil servants in lands occupied by Germany was the Einsatzgruppen's original mission. |
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In the summer of 1938, when Germany was preparing an [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|invasion]] of [[Czechoslovakia]] scheduled for [[October 1]] of that year, the Einsatzgruppen were founded. The intention was for Einsatzgruppen to travel in the wake of the German armies as they advanced into Czechoslovakia, and to secure government papers and offices. Unlike the early ''Einsatzkommando'', the Einsatzgruppen were to be armed and authorized to freely use lethal force to accomplish their mission. The [[Munich Agreement]] of 1938 prevented the war for which the Einsatzgruppen were originally founded, but as the Germans occupied the [[Sudetenland]] in the fall of 1938, the Einsatzgruppen moved into the region to occupy offices formally belonging to the Czechoslovak state. After the occupation of the rest of the Czech portion of Czechoslovakia on March 15, 1939, the Einsatzgruppen were re-formed and again used to secure offices formerly belonging to the Czechoslovak government. The Einsatzgruppen were never a standing formation; rather they were ad hoc units recruited mostly from the ranks of the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]], the [[Sicherheitsdienst|SD]], and various German police forces such as the ''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'', the ''[[Gendarmerie]]'', the ''[[Kripo]]'' and the ''[[Gestapo]]''. Once the military campaign had ended, the Einsatzgruppen units were disbanded, though generally the same personnel were recruited again if the need arose for the Einsatzgruppen units to be re-activated.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} |
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In May 1939, Adolf Hitler decided upon an [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion]] of [[Poland]] planned for August 25 of that year (later moved back to September 1). In response, Heydrich again re-formed the Einsatzgruppen to travel in the wake of the German armies. Unlike the earlier operations, Heydrich gave the Einsatzgruppen commanders ''[[Full Powers|carte blanche]]'' to kill anyone belonging to groups that the Germans considered hostile. |
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[[Image:Execution of Poles by German Einsatzkomanndo Oktober1939.jpg|left|thumb|An execution of Poles by an Einsatzgruppe in [[Leszno]], October 1939]] |
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After the occupation of Poland in 1939, the Einsatzgruppen killed Poles belonging to the upper class and intelligentsia, such as priests and teachers.[http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-tasks.htm] The Nazis considered all [[Slavic peoples|Slavic people]] to be ''[[Untermenschen]]'' (subhuman), and wanted to use the Polish lower classes as servants and slaves. The mission of the Einsatzgruppen was therefore the forceful depoliticisation of the Polish people and the elimination of the groups most clearly identified with the Polish national identity. As stated by Hitler in his [[Armenian quote]], units were sent: "...with orders for them to send to death mercilessly and without compassion, men, women, and children of Polish race and language. Only in this way can we obtain the living space we need."<ref>Norman Davies, ''God's Playground: A History of Poland,'' New York: [[Columbia University Press]], 1982, 2: 263.</ref> "Whatever we find in the shape of an [[upper class]] in Poland will be liquidated," Hitler had ordered.<ref>[http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-tasks.htm Tasks of Einsatzgruppen in Poland]</ref> |
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Following the [[Battle of France|German invasion]] of the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]] and [[France]] in May 1940, the Einsatzgruppen once again travelled in the wake of the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'', but unlike their operations in Poland, the Einsatzgruppen operations in [[Western Europe]] in 1940 were within the original mandate of securing government offices and papers. Had [[Operation Sealion]], the German plan for an invasion of the [[United Kingdom]], been launched, six Einsatzgruppen were scheduled to follow the invasion force to Britain. The Einsatzgruppen intended for "Sealion" were provided with a list (known as [[The Black Book]] after the war) of 2,820 people to be arrested immediately. |
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[[Image:Kiev Jew Killings in Ivangorod (1942).jpg|thumb|left||Killing of Jews at [[Ivangorod]], Russia, 1942. A woman is attempting to protect a child with her own body just before they are fired on with rifles at close range]] |
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After the [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion]] of the [[Soviet Union]] in 1941, the Einsatzgruppen's main assignment was to kill on a much larger scale than in Poland, in particular the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet Communist Party]] [[commisar]]s and Soviet Jews.<ref>Rees, page 177</ref> These Einsatzgruppen were under the control of the ''Reichssicherheitshauptamt'' (RSHA) (Reich Main Security Office); i.e., under [[Reinhard Heydrich]] and his successor [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]]. The original mandate set by Heydrich for the four Einsatzgruppen sent into the Soviet Union as part of [[Operation Barbarossa]] was to secure the offices and papers of the Soviet state and Communist Party; to liquidate all of the higher cadres of the Soviet state; and to instigate and encourage [[pogrom]]s against all local Jewish populations. The orders that Heydrich drafted on July 2, 1941 stated that the Einsatzgruppen were to execute all Soviet officials of higher and medium rank; members of the [[Comintern]]; "extremist" Communist Party members; members of the central, provincial and district committees of the Communist Party; [[Red Army]] [[political commissar]]s; and all Communist Party members of Jewish origin.<ref>Rees, page 177</ref> In regards to Jewish populations in general, "No steps will be taken to interfere with any purges that may be initiated by anti-[[Bolshevik]] or anti-Jewish elements in the newly occupied territories. On the contrary, these are to be secretly encouraged."<ref>Rees, page 177</ref> |
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As the Einsatzgruppen advanced into the Soviet Union, after July 1941, they increasingly engaged in the mass murders of the local Jews themselves rather than encouraging pogroms. Initially, the Einsatzgruppen generally limited themselves to shooting Jewish men; but as the summer wore on, increasingly all Jews were shot, regardless of age or sex.<ref>Rees, page 197</ref> The most murderous of the four Einsatzgruppen was ''Einsatzgruppe A'', which operated in the [[Baltic states]] of [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]] formerly occupied by the Soviets. ''Einsatzgruppe A ''was the first Einsatzgruppe that attempted to systematically exterminate all Jews in its area. After December 1941, the other three Einsatzgruppen began what [[Raul Hilberg]] has called the "second sweep", which lasted into the summer of 1942, where they attempted to emulate ''Einsatzgruppe A'' by likewise systematically killing all Jews in their areas. |
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They murdered more than 1.5 million Jews, Soviet communists and prisoners of war, and [[Romani people|Roma]] (Gypsies) in total<ref>http://www.yahadinunum.org/recherches.en.html</ref>. They also assisted ''Wehrmacht'' units and local anti-Semites in killing half a million more. They were mobile forces in the beginning of the invasion, but settled down after the occupation. In addition, the Einsatzgruppen were often used to carry out anti-partisan operations in the occupied regions of the Soviet Union. |
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==Final Solution== |
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{{main|Final Solution}} |
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After time, it was found that the killing methods used by the Einsatzgruppen were inefficient: they were costly, demoralizing for the troops, and sometimes did not kill the victims quickly enough. At the [[Wannsee Conference]], the SS and various other officials met to find a more efficient way of killing their victims; this ultimately led to the establishment of ''Vernichtungslagern'' or [[extermination camp]]s containing gas-chambers. Under this and other plans, an estimated six million Jews and five million non-Jews would ultimately lose their lives.<ref>[http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/faqs/answers/faq_3.html "How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust?"], FAQs about the Holocaust, [[Yad Vashem]].</ref> |
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==Method of killing== |
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[[Image:Chelmno Gas Van.jpg|right|thumb|Nazi gas van used to murder people at [[Chelmno extermination camp]].]] |
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The Einsatzgruppen typically followed close behind ''Wehrmacht'' army formations, marching into cities and towns where large numbers of Jews were known to live. Once they entered a town, they issued orders requiring Jews and non-Jewish communists to assemble for deportation out of town. Those who refused to comply were hunted down ruthlessly. |
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The process was as follows: The Einsatzgruppen's ''Einsatzkommando'' units (though not to be confused with Jewish gravediggers in the camps) were sent with the advancing military units to coordinate the executions, to concentrate the "hostile" population, and to recruit local assistants (''Mannschaft'', either "Junaks" (Lithuanian former convicts) or Gendarmes (Ukrainian policemen)); then came the ''Einsatzkommando'' to execute the Jews and communists. The killings followed several methods and patterns: |
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*In conquered urban areas of eastern Europe, many Jews would be killed in nearby locations such as woods or inside buildings. The remaining Jews would be confined to [[Ghettos in occupied Europe 1939-1944|ghettos]]. Death rates from disease and malnourishment were high; groups from the ghetto were periodically taken away and shot or deported to extermination camps. An example of this is the Lithuanian city of Kaunas; the Jews of Kaunas were concentrated in a ghetto and sent, thousands at a time, to be slaughtered in the 7th and 9th forts (watch towers) of Kaunas. |
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*In small rural areas, or in battle zones, the Jews were quickly led to their deaths in nearby woods and mass graves, which were often dug by the victims. An example of such a case is the town of Dovno in Ukraine. |
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*In big cities, mainly in the battle zones, the Nazis would create a small local committee of 8 to 12 important Jews, known as the ''[[Judenrat]]'', who would be required to summon the local Jews for "relocation". The Jews (including the ''Judenrat'' delegates) would then be marched to previously prepared trenches or natural pits and shot. Examples are the massacre at [[Babi Yar]] and the [[Ponary massacre]]. |
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*Alternatives to execution by firearms existed. The [[gas van]]s used by ''Einsatzgruppe D'' and ''Einsatzkommando Kulmhof'' in the death camp [[Chelmno extermination camp|Chelmno]] are an example. Another, occasionally used in smaller towns, was to lock the Jews in abandoned buildings, which were then set alight or blown up, though this was rather rare. |
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Those who were gathered would then be sent to designated sites outside the cities and towns. Usually these massacre sites were graves dug in advance, shallow pits, or deep ravines (including one at Babi Yar, just outside [[Kiev]]), where executioners were already waiting with orders to kill them with machine guns or pistol shots to the head. The killers would also seize the clothing and other belongings of the victims, and some victims were forced to strip naked just before their execution. Once dead, the victims would be buried with hand shovels or bulldozers. Some victims were only injured, not killed, and were buried alive. A few managed to climb out of the grave and recount this.<ref>Martin Gilbert, ''The Holocaust''</ref> |
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The Einsatzgruppen were assisted by other [[Axis Powers|Axis]] forces, including designated members of the ''Wehrmacht'', including generals [[Walther von Reichenau]] and [[Erich von Manstein]], and the ''[[Waffen-SS]]''. In the Baltics and [[Ukraine]], they also recruited local collaborators - [[hiwi (volunteer)|Hiwis]] to assist in the killing. |
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==The Jäger Report== |
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[[Image:Coffinmap.jpg|thumb|255px|right|Map titled "Jewish Executions Carried Out by Einsatzgruppe A" from the Stahlecker's report. Marked "Secret Reich Matter," the map shows the number of Jews shot in the Baltic region, and reads at the bottom: "the estimated number of Jews still on hand is 128,000."]] |
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The Einsatzgruppen kept track of many of their massacres, and one of the most infamous of these official records is the [[Jäger Report]], covering the operation of ''Einsatzkommando 3'' over five months in [[Lithuania]]. Written by the commander of ''Einsatzkommando 3'', [[Karl Jäger]], it includes a detailed list summarizing each massacre, totaling 137,346 victims, and states "…I can confirm today that ''Einsatzkommando 3'' has achieved the goal of solving the Jewish problem in Lithuania. There are no more Jews in Lithuania, apart from working Jews and their families." Jäger escaped capture by the Allies when the war ended, assumed a false identity, and was able to assimilate back into society as an agriculturist until his report was discovered in March 1959. Arrested and charged with his crimes, Jäger committed suicide in prison in Hohenasperg while he was awaiting trial in June 1959. |
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==Plans for the Middle East== |
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A 2006 study by the German historians Klaus-Michael Mallman and Martin Cueppers says that an Einsatzgruppe was created in 1942 to kill Jews in the [[British Mandate of Palestine]]. An Einsatzgruppe was allegedly standing-by in [[Athens]], [[Greece]] and was prepared to go with General [[Erwin Rommel]]’s ''[[Afrika Korps]]'' to [[British Mandate of Palestine|Palestine]], once German forces arrived there to kill the roughly half a million Jews in the Mandate. The mobile killing unit was to be led by SS ''Obersturmbannfuehrer'' [[Walter Rauff]]. The plan was for the 24 members of the death squad to enlist collaborators from the local Arab population so that the “mass murder would continue under German leadership without interruption.” The group never left [[Greece]], however, because Rommel’s force was defeated at [[Battle of El Alamein]] by the allied forces.<ref>Thomas Krumenacker, “Nazis Planned Holocaust for Palestine : historians,” Reuters, (April 7, 2006) </ref> |
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==After the war== |
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The ultimate authority for the Einsatzgruppen, which answered directly to [[Heinrich Himmler]] and [[Adolf Hitler]], were the [[SS and Police Leader]]s who oversaw all Einsatzgruppen activities and reports in their given area. At the close of World War II, the majority of SS and Police Leaders who had overseen activities in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union simply disappeared, were executed for war crimes, or committed suicide prior to their capture. As for the lower ranking members, a large number of them were killed in combat, were captured in combat and executed (on the [[Eastern Front]]) or were imprisoned and died in Russian camps. The lesser ranking members who returned to Germany or to other countries were not formally charged (due to their large numbers ) and simply returned to civilian life. |
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At the conclusion of World War II, senior leaders of the Einsatzgruppen were put before United States occupation courts, variously charged with [[crimes against humanity]], [[war crimes]], and membership in the SS (which had been declared a criminal organization), in what became known as the [[Einsatzgruppen Trial]] of the [[Subsequent Nuremberg Trials]]. Fourteen death sentences and five life sentences were among the judgments, although only four executions were carried out on [[June 7]] [[1951]], and the rest of these sentences were [[commutation of sentence|commuted]]. |
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==Organization (1941)== |
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{{main|Einsatzkommando}} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! Einsatzgruppe |
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! Leader |
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! Subgroups |
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|- |
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| '''''Einsatzgruppe A''''' for the [[Baltic Republics]] |
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| ''SS-Brigadeführer'' Dr.[[Franz Walter Stahlecker]] (until [[March 23]] [[1942]]) |
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| ''Sonderkommandos'' 1 a and 1 b (German for special forces, not to be confused with the ''[[Sonderkommando]]s'' in the concentration camps) |
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''Einsatzkommandos'' 2 and 3. Attached to [[Army Group North]]. |
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|- |
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| '''''Einsatzgruppe B''''' for [[Belarus]] |
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| ''SS-Brigadeführer'' [[Artur Nebe]] (until October 1941) |
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| ''Sonderkommandos'' 7 a and 7 b, the ''Einsatzkommandos'' 8 and 9, and also a "special force" under Dr. [[Franz Six]] in case [[Moscow]] was captured. Attached to [[Army Group Center]]. |
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|- |
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| '''''Einsatzgruppe C''''' for the Northern and central [[Ukraine]] |
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| ''SS-Gruppenführer'' Dr. [[Otto Rasch]] (until October 1941) |
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| ''Sonderkommandos'' 4 a and 4 b and (''Sonderkommando'' 4 A commanded by [[Paul Blobel]]) |
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''Einsatzkommandos'' 5 and 6. Attached to [[Army Group South]]. |
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|- |
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| '''''Einsatzgruppe D''''' for [[Bessarabia]], the Southern Ukraine, the [[Crimea]] and (eventually) the [[Caucasus]] |
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| ''SS-Gruppenführer'' Prof. [[Otto Ohlendorf]] (until June 1942) |
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| ''Sonderkommandos'' 10 a and 10 b and ''Einsatzkommandos'' 11 a, 11 b and 12. Both attached to [[Army Group South]]. |
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|- |
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| '''''Einsatzgruppe {?}''''' for the [[United Kingdom]] |
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| ''SS-Standartenführer'' Dr.[[Franz Six]] |
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| Six Einsatzgruppen located in [[London]], [[Manchester]], [[Birmingham]], [[Bristol]], [[Liverpool]] and either [[Edinburgh]] or [[Glasgow]]. These death squads would be charged with the elimination of civilian resistance members and Jews all over the [[United Kingdom]]. Never organized after the cancellation of [[Operation Sealion]], the planned invasion of Britain. |
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|- |
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| '''''Einsatzgruppe {?}''''' for the [[Middle East]] |
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| SS-Obersturmbannfuehrer [[Walter Rauff]] |
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| Einsatzkommando Ägypten-planned for Jews resident in the Middle East-including [[British Mandate of Palestine|Palestine]]). Never organized. Reportably Rauff commanded a Einsatzkommdo against the [[Tunis]] Jews |
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|- |
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|} |
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==See also== |
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{{Wikisourcepar|Comprehensive report of Einsatzgruppe A up to 15 October 1941}} |
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*Massacres by ''Einsatzgruppen'': |
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**[[Babi Yar]] |
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**[[Rumbula massacre|Rumbula]] |
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**[[Paneriai]] |
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**[[Odessa Massacre]] |
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**[[Jäger Report]] |
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*Systematic persecution, genocide and extermination: |
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**[[The Holocaust]] |
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**[[Porajmos]] - extermination of [[Romani people|Roma]] (Gypsies) |
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**[[World War II atrocities in Poland]] |
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*[[Generalplan Ost]] - Nazi master plan for Eastern Europe: |
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**[[Operation Barbarossa]] |
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**[[Operation Tannenberg]] |
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*Plans of ''Einsatzgruppen'': |
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**[[The Black Book]] - planned persecution in [[Great Britain]]-see also Dr [[Franz Six]] article. |
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**[[Amin al-Husayni|Einsatzkommando Egypt]] - planned extermination of Palestinian Jews. |
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**[[Wannsee Conference]] - planned extermination of Jewish people in areas under Nazi occupation. |
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**[[Sonderaktion 1005]] -attempt to destroy evidence of the mass killings. |
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*[[Einsatzkommando Finnland]] aka Einsatzkommando der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD beim AOK Norwegen, Befehlsstelle Finnland |
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*Individuals: |
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**[[Felix Landau]], a [[Hauptscharführer]] SS who served in an Einsatzkommando, a "central figure in the Nazi program of the extermination of [[Galician Jews]]"<ref>[http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node=Bruno%20Schulz Bruno Schulz] (everything2.com)</ref> known for his daily diary. |
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== Notes == |
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{{reflist | 2}} |
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== Bibliography == |
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* [[Christopher Browning|Browning, Christopher]], and Matthäus, Jürgen. ''The Origins of the Final Solution''. University of Nebraska Press, 2004 |
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* [[Richard Rhodes|Rhodes, Richard]]. ''Masters of Death''. Alfred A Knopf, 2002 |
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* Rees, Laurence. ''The Nazis: A Warning From History''. foreword by Sir [[Ian Kershaw]]. New York: New Press, 1997 ISBN 1-56584-551-X |
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* ''The destruction of the European Jews,'' [[Raul Hilberg]], reprint by Yale Univ. Press, 2003 |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.vilnaghetto.com/index.html Chronicles of the Vilna Ghetto: wartime photographs & documents - vilnaghetto.com] |
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*[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005130 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum article on Einsatzgruppen] |
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*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-WGuwUQkDM Real Einsatzgruppen execution footage] |
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*[http://www.einsatzgruppenarchives.com/index.html The Einsatzgruppen] (einsatzgruppenarchives.com) |
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*[http://www.holocaustresearchproject.net/einsatz/index.html "Einsatzgruppen" ] The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team |
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*[http://www.shoaheducation.com/einsatz.html The Einsatzgruppen] (shoaheducation.com) |
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*[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/index.php?ModuleId=10005130&Type=normal+article ''Einsatzgruppen''] at the Holocaust Encyclopedia. |
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*[http://www.rumbula.org/einsatzgruppen_latvia.htm Einsatzgruppen] (rumbula.org) |
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*[http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/articles/specialmotivation.aspx The Motivation and Actions of the Einsatzgruppen] (militaryhistoryonline.com) |
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*[http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/german/einsatzgruppen/osr/osr-101.html Copy of the Einsatzgruppen Operational Situation Report USSR No. 101.] Sonderkommando 4a in collaboration with Einsatzgruppe HQ and two Kommandos of police regiment South, executed 33,771 Jews in Kiev on September 29 and 30, 1941. (nizkor.org) |
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*[http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=22018 Einsatzgruppen personnel biographies and photographs] |
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* [http://www.holocaustbybullets.com/ The Holocaust by bullets, the Jewish victims of the Einsatzgruppen in Eastern Europe]Yahad In Unum |
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Revision as of 14:06, 19 May 2009
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