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| homepage = * [http://www.lulu.com/en/index.php www.lulu.com]
| homepage = * <nowiki>www lulu com/en/index.php </nowiki> (archived at [http://web.archive.org/web/20080420153724/http://www.lulu.com/en/index.php], at [http://web.archive.org/web/20080420153724/http://www.lulu.com/en/index.php] and at [http://web.archive.org/web/20080503065323/ www lulu com/en/help/lulu_basics])
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'''Lulu''' (Lulu Enterprises,Inc., and Lulu Press,Inc.— collectively, "Lulu"<ref><nowiki>http://www.lulu.com/about/member_agreement.php</nowiki></ref>) is a company offering diverse publishing and printing services. Its headquarters is in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]], [[United States]]. The company is international with staff in 12 countries, and offices in Raleigh, London, Toronto and Bangalore. <ref name ="Lulu fact sheet"><nowiki>http://lulupresscenter.com/uploads/assets/Press_Kit_908.pdf</nowiki></ref> In addition to printing and publishing services it also offers [[ecommerce|online]]-[[order fulfillment]]. The brand name is derived from the concept of a ''lulu'' as an old-fashioned term for a remarkable person, object, or idea. The company's [[CEO]] is [[Red Hat]] co-founder [[Bob Young (businessman)|Bob Young]].
'''Lulu''' (Lulu Enterprises,Inc., and Lulu Press,Inc.— collectively, "Lulu"<ref><nowiki>www lulu com/about/member_agreement.php</nowiki></ref>) is a company offering diverse publishing and printing services. Its headquarters is in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]], [[United States]]. The company is international with staff in 12 countries, and offices in Raleigh, London, Toronto and Bangalore.<ref name ="Lulu fact sheet"><nowiki>http://lulupresscenter.com/uploads/assets/Press_Kit_908.pdf</nowiki></ref> In addition to printing and publishing services it also offers [[ecommerce|online]]-[[order fulfillment]]. The brand name is derived from the concept of a ''lulu'' as an old-fashioned term for a remarkable person, object, or idea. The company's [[CEO]] is [[Red Hat]] co-founder [[Bob Young (businessman)|Bob Young]].


Authors who [[publishing|publish]]/[[printing press|print]] works through Lulu retain the [[copyright]]s to such works. However, once even a single copy of a publication has been sold (even if to the actual author) Lulu retains the project on its server and will not delete the files.
Authors who [[publishing|publish]]/[[printing press|print]] works through Lulu retain the [[copyright]]s to such works. However, once even a single copy of a publication has been sold (even if to the actual author) Lulu retains the project on its server and will not delete the files.
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Optional services offered by the company include [[ISBN]] assignment, and distribution of books to [[retailing|retailers]] requesting specific titles (returns are not accepted, which limits distribution to physical bookstores). [[Electronic publishing|Electronic distribution]] is also available.
Optional services offered by the company include [[ISBN]] assignment, and distribution of books to [[retailing|retailers]] requesting specific titles (returns are not accepted, which limits distribution to physical bookstores). [[Electronic publishing|Electronic distribution]] is also available.


Lulu Enterprises was founded in early 2002. OpenMind Publishing, founded by Bradley Schultz and Paul Elliot, merged its publishing company and staff with Lulu in the latter part of 2002. OpenMind Publishing was a publisher of customized texts for college professors.
Lulu Enterprises was founded in early 2002. OpenMind Publishing, founded by Bradley Schultz and Paul Elliot, merged its publishing company and staff with Lulu in the latter part of 2002. OpenMind Publishing was a publisher of customized texts for college professors.


==Overview==
==Overview==
{{Cleanup-section|date=February 2009|needs clarifications, see html comments for details; generally needs a good review and thorough copy-edit}}
{{Cleanup-section|date=February 2009|needs clarifications, see html comments for details; generally needs a good review and thorough copy-edit}}
Lulu describes itself as a technology company.<ref><nowiki>http://www.lulu.com/en/help/lulu_basics</nowiki></ref><ref>http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7050</ref> The company offers diverse publishing services for outside publishing companies,<ref><nowiki>http://www.lulu.com/en/help/lulu_basics#small_presses</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>http://www.lulu.com/en/help/lulu_basics#lulu_with_other_publisher</nowiki></ref> businesses, <ref>http://lulupresscenter.com/uploads/assets//Press_Kit_908.pdf</ref> and for [[self-publisher]]s. <ref><nowiki>http://www.lulu.com/en/help/lulu_basics#who_is_the_publisher</nowiki></ref>
Lulu describes itself as a technology company.<ref name="lhb">{{cite web |title=Self Publishing - Lulu |url=<nowiki>www lulu com/en/help/lulu_basics</nowiki> |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080503065323/http://www.lulu com/en/help/lulu_basics |archivedate=2008-05-03}}</ref><ref>http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7050</ref> The company offers diverse publishing services for outside publishing companies,<ref name="lhb"/> businesses,<ref>http://lulupresscenter.com/uploads/assets//Press_Kit_908.pdf</ref> and for [[self-publisher]]s.<ref name="lhb"/>


Lulu operates primarily in five different functions: (1) It acts as a publishing company by offering the Published by Lulu option, (2) As a co-publisher working in conjunction with outside publishing companies, (3) A service provider for publishing and printing needs of outside publishing companies, (4) A tool for self publishers, and (5) A technology company.
Lulu operates primarily in five different functions: (1) It acts as a publishing company by offering the Published by Lulu option, (2) As a co-publisher working in conjunction with outside publishing companies, (3) A service provider for publishing and printing needs of outside publishing companies, (4) A tool for self publishers, and (5) A technology company.
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The author is not assigned a contact person such as an editor. Mail and phone contact information is conspicuously absent from their website. This approach reduces support and editing costs and thus provides access to publishing to those who would otherwise not be willing or able to afford a [[vanity press]] or find an accommodating conventional publisher.
The author is not assigned a contact person such as an editor. Mail and phone contact information is conspicuously absent from their website. This approach reduces support and editing costs and thus provides access to publishing to those who would otherwise not be willing or able to afford a [[vanity press]] or find an accommodating conventional publisher.


Potential customers must first create an account with a user name and password before ordering or paying for any item. Lulu keeps no [[inventory]], instead orders are placed in a [[print queue|queue]] at a contracted print-on-demand printer <ref>Books in Lulu's "Distribution" program are produced by Lightningsource, others by Colorcentric.{{cite web | url = http://www.lulu.com/static/pr/09_20_04.php | title = Lulu Partners With Xerox For On Demand Publishing | work = Lulu | accessdate = 2008-04-20 | date = [[September 20]], [[2004]]}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.enriquedans.com/2007/01/lulucom-en-universiaknowledge.html | title = Lulu.com en UniversiaKnowledge | accessdate = 2008-04-20 | work = El Blog de Enrique Dans | date = January 15, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lulu.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=83496 | title = Vendors and Suppliers | work = Lulu forums | last = Ellen | first = Joan | date = December 15, 2007 | accessdate = 2008-04-20 }}</ref>, in a system referred to as "POD." Printing takes approximately one to two weeks, after which the finished product is shipped. There can be small variations in published material when the job is moved from one contract printer to another.
Potential customers must first create an account with a user name and password before ordering or paying for any item. Lulu keeps no [[inventory]], instead orders are placed in a [[print queue|queue]] at a contracted print-on-demand printer<ref>Books in Lulu's "Distribution" program are produced by Lightningsource, others by Colorcentric. (Lightningsource claim not found in given cite: please give precise source with quotes as needed, or remove) {{cite web |url=<nowiki>www lulu com/static/pr/09_20_04.php</nowiki> |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080414215839/http://www.lulu com/static/pr/09_20_04.php |archivedate=2008-04-14 |title=Lulu Partners With Xerox For On Demand Publishing |publisher=Lulu |work=Lulu |accessdate=2009-10-04 |date={{date|2004-09-20}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.enriquedans.com/2007/01/lulucom-en-universiaknowledge.html |title=Lulu com en UniversiaKnowledge |accessdate=2008-04-20 |work=El Blog de Enrique Dans |date=January 15, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=<nowiki>www lulu com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=83496</nowiki> | title = Vendors and Suppliers | work = Lulu forums | last = Ellen | first = Joan | date = December 15, 2007 | accessdate = 2008-04-20 }}</ref>, in a system referred to as "POD." Printing takes approximately one to two weeks, after which the finished product is shipped. There can be small variations in published material when the job is moved from one contract printer to another.


When a book or project for distribution beyond Lulu's website is first entered, or when it is revised, the author is required to purchase a draft copy and then approve it. The draft copy goes through the regular order process with approximately one or two weeks delay for printing followed by shipping time. The author may approve the draft by checking a box on the 'project page' for the book, or the author may enter a revision. After entering a revision, a new draft copy must be ordered according to the regular order process. This is true whether the revision is one letter, the whole text, or even just the price. This procedure is repeated until a final draft is approved. According to the Lulu website, shipping of the final project (upon order) occurs approximately another six to eight weeks after the final draft is approved, online, by the author. Thus, a book with one revision and one week for shipping, without including any time for the review, may take up to 14 weeks time or more as per the website guidelines.
When a book or project for distribution beyond Lulu's website is first entered, or when it is revised, the author is required to purchase a draft copy and then approve it. The draft copy goes through the regular order process with approximately one or two weeks delay for printing followed by shipping time. The author may approve the draft by checking a box on the 'project page' for the book, or the author may enter a revision. After entering a revision, a new draft copy must be ordered according to the regular order process. This is true whether the revision is one letter, the whole text, or even just the price. This procedure is repeated until a final draft is approved. According to the Lulu website, shipping of the final project (upon order) occurs approximately another six to eight weeks after the final draft is approved, online, by the author. Thus, a book with one revision and one week for shipping, without including any time for the review, may take up to 14 weeks time or more as per the website guidelines.
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While Lulu doesn't charge for uploading material, a number of other fee-related services are offered, including [[ISBN]]-assignment, [[book cover|cover]] design, general marketing, and making publications available through [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] and other online retailers. Lulu also maintains an online store, "Lulu Marketplace," which offers publications for sale on their website at no up-front charge to the author, collects payments, and tracks royalties.<ref name="Haugland" />
While Lulu doesn't charge for uploading material, a number of other fee-related services are offered, including [[ISBN]]-assignment, [[book cover|cover]] design, general marketing, and making publications available through [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] and other online retailers. Lulu also maintains an online store, "Lulu Marketplace," which offers publications for sale on their website at no up-front charge to the author, collects payments, and tracks royalties.<ref name="Haugland" />


Lulu offers three different levels of distribution services: "Lulu Marketplace," "Published By You," and "Published By Lulu (formerly known as "Global Distribution")." Published by You is a distribution option from Lulu in which the outside publishing <ref>http://www dot Lulu dot com/en/help/lulu_basics#small_presses</ref> company or the self publisher is the publisher. Published by Lulu is a different distribution option in which Lulu handles publishing and distribution. <ref>http://www dot Lulu dot com/en/help/lulu_basics#who_is_the_publisher</ref> Depending on the level of distribution, Lulu may or may not require [[exclusive rights]]. <ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.lulu.com/help/index.php?fSymbol=distro_service&fLangCode=EN | title = What Distribution Services does Lulu offer? | work = Lulu | accessdate = 2008-04-20 }}</ref>
Lulu offers three different levels of distribution services: "Lulu Marketplace," "Published By You," and "Published By Lulu (formerly known as "Global Distribution")." Published by You is a distribution option from Lulu in which the outside publishing<ref name="lhb"/> company or the self publisher is the publisher. Published by Lulu is a different distribution option in which Lulu handles publishing and distribution.<ref name="lhb"/> Depending on the level of distribution, Lulu may or may not require [[exclusive rights]].<ref>{{cite web |url=<nowiki>www lulu com/help/index.php?fSymbol=distro_service&fLangCode=EN</nowiki> |title=What Distribution Services does Lulu offer? |publisher=Lulu |work=Lulu |accessdate=2009-10-04}}</ref>


==Licensing==
==Licensing==


[[Copyright]] remains with the author.
[[Copyright]] remains with the author.
"Published by Lulu" distribution requires a contract,<ref name="License">{{cite web | title = Published By Lulu License Agreement | work = Lulu | date = April 16, 2008 | url = http://www.lulu.com/help/index.php?fSymbol=pbl_agreement | accessdate = 2008-04-20 }}</ref> which may be incompatible with [[open content]], such as [[GFDL]], or [[Creative Commons]] licenses. For its other distribution services besides "Published by Lulu," however, Lulu offers to use open content licenses.<ref>{{cite web | title = What kinds of licenses can I put on my work? | work = Lulu | date = April 16, 2008 | url = http://www.lulu.com/help/index.php?fSymbol=license_what_kinds | accessdate = 2008-04-20 }}</ref> Contract terms were changed in 2007, and it is not as easy to tell whether the new version is compatible with [[copyleft]]; the new version does not explicitly discuss exclusivity, but includes requirements with which the author might not be able to comply if the book was copylefted, since the author would not have control over other people's ability to publish the work independently.
"Published by Lulu" distribution requires a contract,<ref name="License">{{cite web |title=Published By Lulu License Agreement |work=Lulu |date=April 16, 2008 |url=<nowiki>www lulu com/help/index.php?fSymbol=pbl_agreement</nowiki> |accessdate=2008-04-20}}</ref>{{dead link|date=2009-10-04|reason=URL reports: The help node you requested does not exist.}} which may be incompatible with [[open content]], such as [[GFDL]], or [[Creative Commons]] licenses. For its other distribution services besides "Published by Lulu," however, Lulu offers to use open content licenses.<ref>{{cite web |title=What kinds of licenses can I put on my work? |publisher=Lulu |work=Lulu |date=April 16, 2008 |url=<nowiki>www lulu com/help/index.php?fSymbol=license_what_kinds</nowiki> |accessdate=2009-10-04}}</ref> Contract terms were changed in 2007, and it is not as easy to tell whether the new version is compatible with [[copyleft]]; the new version does not explicitly discuss exclusivity, but includes requirements with which the author might not be able to comply if the book was copylefted, since the author would not have control over other people's ability to publish the work independently.


==Borders Personal Publishing==
==Borders Personal Publishing==
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===UK publications===
===UK publications===


In September 2006, Lulu came under criticism for changing the terms of its global distribution package and incurring a price rise of around 70% on all books sold in the United Kingdom. <ref>[http://www.lulu.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=45945 Forums Lulu - Lulu.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Some{{Who|date=January 2009}} authors see this as effectively pricing them out of the UK marketplace.
In September 2006, Lulu came under criticism for changing the terms of its global distribution package and incurring a price rise of around 70% on all books sold in the United Kingdom. <ref>{{cite web |first=Anita |last=Angell |date={{date|2006-09-03}} |title=Open Letter to Bob Young, CEO, Lulu Inc. |url=<nowiki>www lulu com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=45945</nowiki> |publisher=Lulu |accessdate=2009-10-04}}</ref> Some{{Who|date=January 2009}} authors see this as effectively pricing them out of the UK marketplace.


On September 19, 2006, Lulu authors based outside of the United States received documentation<ref>[http://people.lulu.com/blogs/view_post.php?post_id=24382 Lulu's growth comes with many challenges-taxes, among them. - Adventures in on demand publishing - Lulu.com {{Dead link|date=April 2009}}<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> informing them they would be subject to a 30% tax on their royalties gained through sales in the United States. Non-U.S. authors were told by Lulu to apply for exemption from these taxes.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}
On September 19, 2006, Lulu authors based outside of the United States received documentation{{citation needed|reason=need better cite than a post on a deadlinked blog hosted by the subject; third-party sources needed}}<ref><nowiki>people lulu com/blogs/view_post.php?post_id=24382</nowiki> Lulu's growth comes with many challenges-taxes, among them. - Adventures in on demand publishing - Lulu com</ref>{{Dead link|date=April 2009|reason=URL reports: Due to a lack of interest, we have removed individual and group blog functionality from our site.}} informing them they would be subject to a 30% tax on their royalties gained through sales in the United States. Non-U.S. authors were told by Lulu to apply for exemption from these taxes.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}


Regarding this issue, the CEO of Lulu, Bob Young, has stated, "You are quite right, we messed up, badly."<ref>[http://www.lulu.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=45945&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=100 Forums Lulu - Lulu.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Lulu states that it has attempted to mitigate the problem, that it has no choice but to follow US tax laws, and that part of the issue has been currency exchange rates.
Regarding this issue, the CEO of Lulu, Bob Young, has stated, "You are quite right, we messed up, badly."<ref>{{cite web |first=Bob |last=Young |title=Open Letter to Bob Young, CEO, Lulu Inc. |date=2006-09-07 |url=<nowiki>www lulu com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=45945&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=100</nowiki> |publisher=Lulu |accessdate=2009-10-04}}</ref> Lulu states that it has attempted to mitigate the problem, that it has no choice but to follow US tax laws, and that part of the issue has been currency exchange rates.


===Marketing and selling===
===Marketing and selling===
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===Wholesale policies===
===Wholesale policies===


Lulu, unlike most publishers, does not accept returns of unsold books from bookstores. In addition, the wholesale discount is much smaller than most bookstores are accustomed to &mdash; as little as 5% at typical quantities of less than a hundred. <ref>[http://www.lulu.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=53573 Forums Lulu - Lulu.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Lulu, unlike most publishers, does not accept returns of unsold books from bookstores. In addition, the wholesale discount is much smaller than most bookstores are accustomed to &mdash; as little as 5% at typical quantities of less than a hundred.<ref><nowiki>www lulu com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=53573</nowiki> Forums Lulu - Lulu.com {{registration required}}</ref>
<ref>[http://www.lulu.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=54254 Forums Lulu - Lulu.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> These facts may make it difficult for authors to have their books carried in bookstores, though they are not an issue for online book sites like Amazon. Lulu states that its goal is "to have a million authors selling 100 copies each, rather than 100 authors selling a million copies each."
<ref><nowiki>www lulu com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=54254</nowiki> Forums Lulu{{registration required}}</ref> These facts may make it difficult for authors to have their books carried in bookstores, though they are not an issue for online book sites like Amazon. Lulu states that its goal is "to have a million authors selling 100 copies each, rather than 100 authors selling a million copies each."


== References ==
== References ==
Line 114: Line 114:


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.lulu.com/en/index.php Company home page]
* <nowiki>www lulu com/en/index.php</nowiki> Company home page
* [http://www.twit.tv/18 Interview with Bob Young about Lulu on This Week in Tech]
* [http://www.twit.tv/18 Interview with Bob Young about Lulu on This Week in Tech]


Revision as of 16:07, 4 October 2009

Lulu
Company typePrivate
GenrePublishing
Founded2002
FounderBob Young
Headquarters
Morrisville, North Carolina
,
United States
ProductsBooks, Magazines, CDs, DVDs
ServicesOn-demand print and publishing
Website

Lulu (Lulu Enterprises,Inc., and Lulu Press,Inc.— collectively, "Lulu"[1]) is a company offering diverse publishing and printing services. Its headquarters is in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States. The company is international with staff in 12 countries, and offices in Raleigh, London, Toronto and Bangalore.[2] In addition to printing and publishing services it also offers online-order fulfillment. The brand name is derived from the concept of a lulu as an old-fashioned term for a remarkable person, object, or idea. The company's CEO is Red Hat co-founder Bob Young.

Authors who publish/print works through Lulu retain the copyrights to such works. However, once even a single copy of a publication has been sold (even if to the actual author) Lulu retains the project on its server and will not delete the files.

Optional services offered by the company include ISBN assignment, and distribution of books to retailers requesting specific titles (returns are not accepted, which limits distribution to physical bookstores). Electronic distribution is also available.

Lulu Enterprises was founded in early 2002. OpenMind Publishing, founded by Bradley Schultz and Paul Elliot, merged its publishing company and staff with Lulu in the latter part of 2002. OpenMind Publishing was a publisher of customized texts for college professors.

Overview

Lulu describes itself as a technology company.[3][4] The company offers diverse publishing services for outside publishing companies,[3] businesses,[5] and for self-publishers.[3]

Lulu operates primarily in five different functions: (1) It acts as a publishing company by offering the Published by Lulu option, (2) As a co-publisher working in conjunction with outside publishing companies, (3) A service provider for publishing and printing needs of outside publishing companies, (4) A tool for self publishers, and (5) A technology company.

For example Lulu can act as a publisher exclusively using Lulu Services (ie, Published by Lulu option). In addition the company can operate as co-publisher working in conjunction with other outside publishing companies. It can also act as a printing press for other publishing companies outside of Lulu. However, the companies most popular and innovative utilization is by offering the tools and the means for individual writers for self publishing purposes.

Due to the expansion of services offered by Lulu, the company now refers to itself as a “technology company” that offers diverse publishing and printing services.

Lulu's ordering-and-publishing system is automated and open.[clarification needed] Authors communicate with Lulu exclusively via the Internet. If the author elects to place items on Lulu's website "market place", anyone with access to the Internet and who is registered with Lulu may make and pay for orders. There is an additional process and fee for material distributed beyond the website to outlets such as Amazon and Barnes and Noble.[clarification needed]

Publications

Lulu focuses on conventional books, which it can print in various sizes, in paperback or hardback, in black-and-white or in glossy full-color. Lulu also publishes magazines, calendars, and other publications. Lulu publishes digital media as well, including computer software complete with instruction manuals,[6] music CDs, DVD videos, and ringtones. Media type options are available to authors — for example, an author uploading a novel can select a type of binding, layout style, and even among predefined cover art if desired, and can set the amount of author margin desired. An author can upload a file in .pdf format (or can choose to have Lulu convert it), and can download and view the uploaded or converted file. [7][8]

Lulu publishes a very wide range of subject matter, ranging from information technology to self-help to alternative topics that might not capture the attention of mainstream publishers. Titles range from the medieval recipe book "How to Cook a Peacock" to "Depths and Details: A Reader’s Guide to Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code".[9] Early on, the top-selling Lulu title on Amazon was Female Domination, a book penned by a mysterious "Elise Sutton" about the practice and psychology behind female-led relationships,[6][10][11] which she followed with The Femdom Experience, on communities of people interested in such lifestyles.[12] Other books deal with serious but niche topics; when interviewed by the London Times, Young cited "the example of a Los Alamos scientist who has written a work that he regards as being of interest to only 160 people in the world and he knows 148 of them personally. 'That community needs this book.' "[9]

Process

Authors are guided by menus and instructions on the website as they upload files. Material is submitted in digital form for hard publication. Uploaded items that are not distributed beyond Lulu are immediately available for order. However distributed items require the author to first order a draft and to approve it. In either case uploaded files will be published verbatim and unedited within the limits of the technology to do so. A live, online chat-service was formerly available to help customers navigate the instructions posted on the website, but current growth conditions have made this impossible.

The author is not assigned a contact person such as an editor. Mail and phone contact information is conspicuously absent from their website. This approach reduces support and editing costs and thus provides access to publishing to those who would otherwise not be willing or able to afford a vanity press or find an accommodating conventional publisher.

Potential customers must first create an account with a user name and password before ordering or paying for any item. Lulu keeps no inventory, instead orders are placed in a queue at a contracted print-on-demand printer[13][14][15], in a system referred to as "POD." Printing takes approximately one to two weeks, after which the finished product is shipped. There can be small variations in published material when the job is moved from one contract printer to another.

When a book or project for distribution beyond Lulu's website is first entered, or when it is revised, the author is required to purchase a draft copy and then approve it. The draft copy goes through the regular order process with approximately one or two weeks delay for printing followed by shipping time. The author may approve the draft by checking a box on the 'project page' for the book, or the author may enter a revision. After entering a revision, a new draft copy must be ordered according to the regular order process. This is true whether the revision is one letter, the whole text, or even just the price. This procedure is repeated until a final draft is approved. According to the Lulu website, shipping of the final project (upon order) occurs approximately another six to eight weeks after the final draft is approved, online, by the author. Thus, a book with one revision and one week for shipping, without including any time for the review, may take up to 14 weeks time or more as per the website guidelines.

Costs and Pricing

The retail price for the published item is determined based on printing costs, the author's margin set by the author, and the fee charged by the distributor for distributed items. Printing costs for books are correlated to the page count, paper size, binding type, and color or black-and-white print. The author's margin is partitioned into 80% for the author and 20% for Lulu. It follows that Lulu claims no commission if the work is offered free of royalties. [16][17] It is unclear if Lulu makes money from the printing and distribution portions. As a specific example, a 8½ by 11 conventional black and white 432 page paperback book with $4 author margin shows up on Amazon for $35.95. For distributed items a change in price caused by adjustment of the author's margin is considered as a revision, so after such a change the author must purchase another copy of the book and approve it, as for content revisions.

While Lulu doesn't charge for uploading material, a number of other fee-related services are offered, including ISBN-assignment, cover design, general marketing, and making publications available through Amazon and other online retailers. Lulu also maintains an online store, "Lulu Marketplace," which offers publications for sale on their website at no up-front charge to the author, collects payments, and tracks royalties.[17]

Lulu offers three different levels of distribution services: "Lulu Marketplace," "Published By You," and "Published By Lulu (formerly known as "Global Distribution")." Published by You is a distribution option from Lulu in which the outside publishing[3] company or the self publisher is the publisher. Published by Lulu is a different distribution option in which Lulu handles publishing and distribution.[3] Depending on the level of distribution, Lulu may or may not require exclusive rights.[18]

Licensing

Copyright remains with the author. "Published by Lulu" distribution requires a contract,[19][dead link] which may be incompatible with open content, such as GFDL, or Creative Commons licenses. For its other distribution services besides "Published by Lulu," however, Lulu offers to use open content licenses.[20] Contract terms were changed in 2007, and it is not as easy to tell whether the new version is compatible with copyleft; the new version does not explicitly discuss exclusivity, but includes requirements with which the author might not be able to comply if the book was copylefted, since the author would not have control over other people's ability to publish the work independently.

Borders Personal Publishing

In 2008, Lulu signed a relationship with Borders Books by creating Borders Personal Publishing. Through this agreement, authors can buy services and self-publish their works through Borders, but it is "powered by Lulu". Everything that is included through Borders Personal Publishing is generally included through a regular Lulu publishing package. [21]

Criticism

UK publications

In September 2006, Lulu came under criticism for changing the terms of its global distribution package and incurring a price rise of around 70% on all books sold in the United Kingdom. [22] Some[who?] authors see this as effectively pricing them out of the UK marketplace.

On September 19, 2006, Lulu authors based outside of the United States received documentation[citation needed][23][dead link] informing them they would be subject to a 30% tax on their royalties gained through sales in the United States. Non-U.S. authors were told by Lulu to apply for exemption from these taxes.[citation needed]

Regarding this issue, the CEO of Lulu, Bob Young, has stated, "You are quite right, we messed up, badly."[24] Lulu states that it has attempted to mitigate the problem, that it has no choice but to follow US tax laws, and that part of the issue has been currency exchange rates.

Marketing and selling

Traditionally, publishers do all the marketing for their authors' books. However, with Lulu the burden of selling and marketing books falls to the author. The company provides these services, but they are provided for a fee.

Excessive shipping costs

Lulu's user forum contains a great many complaints about the excessive costs of shipping, especially to Europe (examples reported include a 5 euro paperback costing 35 euro to ship, ten copies costing 350 euro etc.) Lulu have consistently failed to address or reply to such criticisms for over a year. [citation needed]

Wholesale policies

Lulu, unlike most publishers, does not accept returns of unsold books from bookstores. In addition, the wholesale discount is much smaller than most bookstores are accustomed to — as little as 5% at typical quantities of less than a hundred.[25] [26] These facts may make it difficult for authors to have their books carried in bookstores, though they are not an issue for online book sites like Amazon. Lulu states that its goal is "to have a million authors selling 100 copies each, rather than 100 authors selling a million copies each."

References

Due to links to lulu.com being banned from Wikipedia, a number of links below do not work directly, but need to be constructed.

  1. ^ www lulu com/about/member_agreement.php
  2. ^ http://lulupresscenter.com/uploads/assets/Press_Kit_908.pdf
  3. ^ a b c d e com/en/help/lulu_basics "Self Publishing - Lulu". Archived from [www lulu com/en/help/lulu_basics the original] on 2008-05-03. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  4. ^ http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7050
  5. ^ http://lulupresscenter.com/uploads/assets//Press_Kit_908.pdf
  6. ^ a b Gasperson, Tina (November 18, 2004). "A new venue for selling open source software". Linux.com. SourceForge, Mountain View CA.
  7. ^ Fenton, Howard (2007). "Self-Publish or Perish? The Implications of Digital Book Production". Seybold Report: Analyzing Publishing Technologies. 7 (5): 7–10.
  8. ^ Fawcett, Anne (January 7, 2008). "Save face with a pet project". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2008-04-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ a b Whitworth, Damian (March 8, 2006). "Publish and be downloaded". Times Online. Times Newspapers Limited, London. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Benet, Jeffree. "READ OR DIE! reviews Female Domination". Think Magazine. Inkybrain Media Ventures, Prague.
  11. ^ Brame, Gloria (October 1, 2007). "Who is Elise Sutton and why does it matter?". Inside the mind of Gloria Brame. (some mature content)
  12. ^ Rogers, Wayne C. (June 19, 2008). "Blogs: Women, sex and domination". Las Vegas Review-Journal.
  13. ^ Books in Lulu's "Distribution" program are produced by Lightningsource, others by Colorcentric. (Lightningsource claim not found in given cite: please give precise source with quotes as needed, or remove) com/static/pr/09_20_04.php "Lulu Partners With Xerox For On Demand Publishing". Lulu. Lulu. 20 September 2004. Archived from [www lulu com/static/pr/09_20_04.php the original] on 2008-04-14. Retrieved 2009-10-04. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  14. ^ "Lulu com en UniversiaKnowledge". El Blog de Enrique Dans. January 15, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
  15. ^ Ellen, Joan (December 15, 2007). [www lulu com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=83496 "Vendors and Suppliers"]. Lulu forums. Retrieved 2008-04-20. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  16. ^ Lovell, Jeremy (December 26, 2006). "A Lulu of an idea". Toronto Star. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ a b Haugland, Ann (2006). "Opening the Gates: Print On-Demand Publishing as Cultural Production". Publishing Research Quarterly. 22 (3): 3–16. doi:10.1007/s12109-006-0019-z.
  18. ^ [www lulu com/help/index.php?fSymbol=distro_service&fLangCode=EN "What Distribution Services does Lulu offer?"]. Lulu. Lulu. Retrieved 2009-10-04. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  19. ^ [www lulu com/help/index.php?fSymbol=pbl_agreement "Published By Lulu License Agreement"]. Lulu. April 16, 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-20. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  20. ^ [www lulu com/help/index.php?fSymbol=license_what_kinds "What kinds of licenses can I put on my work?"]. Lulu. Lulu. April 16, 2008. Retrieved 2009-10-04. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  21. ^ http://publish.borders.com/index.html
  22. ^ Angell, Anita (3 September 2006). [www lulu com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=45945 "Open Letter to Bob Young, CEO, Lulu Inc"]. Lulu. Retrieved 2009-10-04. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  23. ^ people lulu com/blogs/view_post.php?post_id=24382 Lulu's growth comes with many challenges-taxes, among them. - Adventures in on demand publishing - Lulu com
  24. ^ Young, Bob (2006-09-07). [www lulu com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=45945&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=100 "Open Letter to Bob Young, CEO, Lulu Inc"]. Lulu. Retrieved 2009-10-04. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  25. ^ www lulu com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=53573 Forums Lulu - Lulu.com (registration required)
  26. ^ www lulu com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=54254 Forums Lulu(registration required)
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