National security directive: Difference between revisions
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Carolmooredc (talk | contribs) →Presidential directive NSPD 54: removed as WP:Undue, confusingly sourced, etc. Recommended Einstein article editors look at the diff for anything useable |
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==Presidential directive NSPD 54== |
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[[Image:National Security Agency headquarters, Fort Meade, Maryland.jpg|thumb|left|The [[National Security Agency|NSA]] (headquarters pictured) was authorized in 2008 to monitor domestic federal networks.<ref name=Nakashima />]] |
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As the number of actual attacks as well as perceived threats to U.S. networks increased during the mid-2000s, [[Einstein (US-CERT program)|Einstein]] became mandatory. U.S. departments and agencies had reported a large increase in security incidents for 2007.<ref>About 5,100 incidents in 2006 compared to 13,000 in 2007, in {{cite news|author=Allard, Tom|title=In cyberspace they can't hear you scream|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/security/in-cyberspace-they-cant-hear-you-scream/2008/04/18/1208629703933.html|date=[[April 19]], [[2008]]|work=The Age|publisher=The Age Company|accessdate=2008-05-18}}</ref> The U.S. [[United States Department of State|Department of State]], [[United States Department of Commerce|Department of Commerce]], [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] and [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] itself experienced attacks during late 2006 and early 2007.<ref name=Nakashima /> A presidential directive was discussed in 2007 and issued on [[January 8]], [[2008]] and is known by three names: National Security Presidential Directive (NSPD) 54, Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD) 23 and the ''Cyber Initiative''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Gorman, Siobhan|title=House panel chief demands details of cybersecurity plan|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nation/bal-te.cyber24oct24,0,2833040.story|date=[[October 24]], [[2007]]|work=The Baltimore Sun|publisher=Tribune Company|accessdate=2008-05-19}}</ref><ref name=Nakashima /> Although the directive and its details are classified, it is public information that Einstein is no longer optional.<ref name=Vijayan-20080228>{{cite news|author=Vijayan, Jaikumar|title=Q&A: Evans says feds steaming ahead on cybersecurity plan, but with privacy in mind|url=http://computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9066019|work=Computerworld|publisher=IDG|date=[[February 29]], [[2008]]|accessdate=2008-05-13}}</ref> |
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[[Image:CIA New HQ Entrance.jpg|thumb|The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] (headquarters pictured), one of four agencies authorized to monitor federal agency networks<ref name=Nakashima />]] |
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Following NSPD 54, three agencies were authorized to conduct domestic intrusion detection in addition to DHS: the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA), [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) and the Cyber Division of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI).<ref name=Nakashima>{{cite news|author=Nakashima, Ellen|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/25/AR2008012503261_pf.html|title=Bush Order Expands Network Monitoring: Intelligence Agencies to Track Intrusions|work=The Washington Post|publisher=The Washington Post Company|date=[[January 26]], [[2008]]|accessdate=2008-05-18}}</ref> The NSA has a "twofold mission" to protect U.S. information systems and to produce foreign signals intelligence information, but previously had been "authorized by law to collect only foreign intelligence information".<ref>Answers #1 and #13 in {{cite web|title=About NSA: Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.nsa.gov/about/about00018.cfm|publisher=U.S. National Security Agency/Central Security Service|accessdate=2008-05-18}}</ref> A task force led by the office of the [[Director of National Intelligence]] became responsible for efforts to identify the source of attacks, and the [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] was authorized to develop counterattacks.<ref name=Nakashima /> |
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[[Image:Fbi headquarters.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] (headquarters pictured), one of four agencies authorized to monitor federal agency networks<ref name=Nakashima />]] |
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It was decided that DHS lacked the "expertise and authority" to lead the effort, for example, the [[Office of Management and Budget]] had assessed a [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]]/DHS division as not demonstrating results.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Protection & Programs Division: Cyber Security|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/expectmore/detail/10003614.2007.html|publisher=U.S. Office of Management and Budget and Federal agencies|date=2007|accessdate=2008-05-18}}</ref> DHS was directed to protect systems<ref name=Nakashima /> and as of 2008 remained the lead "for assuring the security, resiliency and reliability" of the nation's information technology and "communications infrastructure".<ref name=DHS-Fact-20080408>{{cite press release|title=Fact Sheet: Protecting Our Federal Networks Against Cyber Attacks|url=http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/pr_1207684277498.shtm|date=[[April 8]], [[2008]]|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|accessdate=2008-05-13}}</ref> US-CERT remained the department's response center responsible for the nation's "Internet infrastructure".<ref name=DHS-Fact-20080408 /> DHS continued to promote Einstein and the goal of its use in all federal agencies and departments.<ref name=DHS-Fact-20080408 /> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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Revision as of 23:32, 14 October 2009
Presidential directives are a form of executive order issued by the President of the United States with the advice and consent of the National Security Council. As a form of executive order, a presidential directive has the "full force and effect of law."[1]
Because of the nature of presidential directives as pertaining to the national security of the United States, many presidential directives are promulgated as classified. Various presidents since the administration of John F. Kennedy have issued such directives but under different names.
Names for National Security Directives by administration
| NCSCID | National Security Council Intelligence Directives | 1947-1977 | Truman - Ford |
| NSAM | National Security Action Memorandums | 1961-1969 | Kennedy and Johnson |
| NSSM | National Security Study Memorandums | 1969-1977 | Nixon and Ford |
| NSDM | National Security Decision Memorandums | 1969-1977 | Nixon and Ford |
| PRM | Presidential Review Memorandums | 1977-1981 | Carter |
| PD | Presidential Directives | 1977-1981 | Carter |
| NSSD | National Security Study Directives | 1981-1989 | Reagan |
| NSDD | National Security Decision Directives | 1981-1989 | Reagan |
| NSR | National Security Reviews | 1989-1993 | G. H. W. Bush |
| NSD | National Security Directives | 1989-1993 | G. H. W. Bush |
| PRD | Presidential Review Directive | 1993-2001 | Clinton |
| PDD | Presidential Decision Directives | 1993-2001 | Clinton |
| NSPD | National Security Presidential Directives | 2001-2009 | G. W. Bush |
| HSPD | Homeland Security Presidential Directives | 2001- | G. W. Bush and Obama |
| PSD | Presidential Study Directives | 2009- | Obama |
| PPD | Presidential Policy Directives | 2009- | Obama |
After the hijacking of the Achille Lauro cruise ship and interagency problems over responsibility for coordinating terrorism efforts, a National Security Decision Directive was signed by President Reagan in early 1986. This gave the State Department responsibility for coordinating international terrorism policy.
After September 11, 2001, George Bush issued Homeland Security Presidential Directives (HSPDs), with the consent of the Homeland Security Council. The first such directive created the Homeland Security Council while the second changed immigration policies to combat terrorism. The most recent HSPD (HSPD-21) was issued October 18, 2007 and called for public and private healthcare organizations, hospitals and healthcare facilities to form a system of "disaster healthcare" the definition of which mimicked the definition of disaster medicine.
The State Department was put in charge of coordinating the efforts of CIA, DOD, and FBI efforts to track and deal with terrorism. The first man in charge was L. Paul Bremer with the title Coordinator for Counter Terrorism at State Department (S/CT).
According to Steven Aftergood of the Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy, "Of the 54 National Security Presidential Directives issued by the (George W.) Bush Administration to date, the titles of only about half have been publicly identified. There is descriptive material or actual text in the public domain for only about a third. In other words, there are dozens of undisclosed Presidential directives that define U.S. national security policy and task government agencies, but whose substance is unknown either to the public or, as a rule, to Congress."[2]
See also
External links
- Homeland Security Watch (www.HLSwatch.com) provides current details on HSPS-1 implementation
- List of National Security Presidential Directives and Homeland Security Presidential Directives, Federation of American Scientists
- National Security Action Memorandums | Document & Images From The Presidential Papers of John Fitzgerald Kennedy | National Security Files
- Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
- JFK | NSAMs list | PDF
- Federation of American Scientists Collection of Presidential Directives
- Presidential Directives: Background and Overview | PDF
- Terrorism: Why The Numbers Matter By Larry C Johnson, Managing Director BERG Associates, LLC
- The National Security Archive - George Washington University
- Homeland Security Presidential Directives
References
- ^ Moss, R. Legal Effectiveness of a Presidential Directive as Compared to an Executive Order - Memorandum For The Counsel to the President. January 29, 2000.
- ^ Aftergood, Steven (2008-02-07). "The next president should open up the Bush Administration's record". Neiman Watchdog; Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
See also
- Continuity of Operations Plan
- National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive (NSPD-51)
External links
