SENSOR-Pesticides: Difference between revisions
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'''Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR)-Pesticides''' is a state-based [[Clinical surveillance|surveillance]] program that monitors [[pesticide]]-related illness and injury. It is administered by the [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH), twelve |
'''Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR)-Pesticides''' is a U.S. state-based [[Clinical surveillance|surveillance]] program that monitors [[pesticide]]-related illness and injury. It is administered by the [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH), twelve [[State health agency|state health agencies]] participate. NIOSH provides technical support to all participating states. It also provides funding to some states, in conjunction with the [[US Environmental Protection Agency]]. |
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Pesticide-related illness is a significant occupational health issue, but it is believed to be underreported. Because of this, NIOSH proposed the SENSOR program to track pesticide poisoinings. Because workers in many industries are at risk for pesticide exposure, and public concern exists regarding the use of and exposure to pesticides, government and regulatory authorities experience pressure to monitor health effects associated with them. SENSOR-Pesticides state partners collect case data from several different sources using a standard case definition and set of variables. This information is then forwarded to the program headquarters at NIOSH where it is compiled and put into a national database. |
Pesticide-related illness is a significant occupational health issue, but it is believed to be underreported. Because of this, NIOSH proposed the SENSOR program to track pesticide poisoinings. Because workers in many industries are at risk for pesticide exposure, and public concern exists regarding the use of and exposure to pesticides, government and regulatory authorities experience pressure to monitor health effects associated with them. SENSOR-Pesticides state partners collect case data from several different sources using a standard case definition and set of variables. This information is then forwarded to the program headquarters at NIOSH where it is compiled and put into a national database. |
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Researchers and government officials from the SENSOR-Pesticides program have published research articles that highlight findings from the data and their implications for environmental and occupational pesticide issues. These issues include eradication of invasive species, [[pesticide poisoning]] in schools, [[birth defect]]s, and residential use of [[fogger|total release foggers]], or "bug bombs," which are devices that release |
Researchers and government officials from the SENSOR-Pesticides program have published research articles that highlight findings from the data and their implications for environmental and occupational pesticide issues. These issues include eradication of invasive species, [[pesticide poisoning]] in schools, [[birth defect]]s, and residential use of [[fogger|total release foggers]], or "bug bombs," which are devices that release an insecticide mist. |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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[[File:Epagraph-pesticideuse.png|400px|right|alt=Pesticide usage in the U.S. in 2001, broken down by type and industry|thumb|Pesticide usage in the U.S., 2001.]] |
[[File:Epagraph-pesticideuse.png|400px|right|alt=Pesticide usage in the U.S. in 2001, broken down by type and industry|thumb|Pesticide usage in the U.S., 2001.]] |
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Pesticide |
Pesticide poisoning is an important occupational health issue because pesticides are used in a large number of industries, which puts many different categories of workers at risk. From 1995 to 2001, use in agriculture accounted for at least 70% of conventional pesticide use in the U.S.,<ref name=EPA0001/><ref name=EPA9899/><ref name=EPA9697/><ref name=EPA9495/> and the [[US Environmental Protection Agency|US EPA]] estimates that the agricultural sector has had a similar market share of pesticides since 1979.<ref name=EPA9495/> Pesticides are particularly useful in agriculture because they increase [[crop yields]] and reduce the need for manual labor.<ref>{{cite pmid|16499408}}</ref> However, this extensive use puts agricultural workers at increased risk for pesticide illnesses.<ref>{{cite pmid|12749629 }}</ref><ref name=agpaper/><ref name=sensor9899/> |
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Workers in other industries are at risk for exposure as well.<ref name=agpaper/><ref name=sensor9899/> For example, commercial availability of pesticides in stores puts retail workers at risk for exposure and illness when they handle pesticide products.<ref name=retail/> The ubiquity of pesticides puts emergency |
Workers in other industries are at risk for exposure as well.<ref name=agpaper/><ref name=sensor9899/> For example, commercial availability of pesticides in stores puts retail workers at risk for exposure and illness when they handle pesticide products.<ref name=retail/> The ubiquity of pesticides puts emergency services such as fire-fighters and police officers at risk, because they are often the first responders to emergency events and may be unaware of the presence of a poisoning hazard.<ref name=emergency/> The process of [[aircraft disinfection]], in which pesticides are used on inbound international flights for insect and disease control, can also make flight attendants sick.<ref name=WHO/><ref name=flight_attendants/> |
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The widespread use of toxic pesticides, their release into the environment, and the potential for adverse public health effects due to exposure continues to raise public concern.<ref name=sensor9899/><ref name=bookch/> Some feel that regulatory authorities have an ethical obligation to track the health effects of such chemicals. In the [[Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology]], Calvert et al |
The widespread use of toxic pesticides, their release into the environment, and the potential for adverse public health effects due to exposure continues to raise public concern.<ref name=sensor9899/><ref name=bookch/> Some feel that regulatory authorities have an ethical obligation to track the health effects of such chemicals. In the ''[[Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology]]'', Calvert ''et al'' write "[b]ecause society allows pesticides to be disseminated into the environment, society also incurs the obligation to track the health effects of pesticides."<ref name=bookch/> [[Jay Vroom]], president of [[CropLife America]], said in a press release that "...our industry has a moral and ethical obligation...to know how these products impact humans."<ref name=testing/> Surveillance of pesticide-related injuries and illnesses is recommended by the [[American Medical Association]],<ref>{{cite pmid|9085387}}</ref> the [[Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists]] (CSTE),<ref name=CSTE/> the [[The Pew Charitable Trusts|Pew]] Environmental Health Commission,<ref name=pew/> and the [[Government Accountability Office]].<ref name=gao1/><ref name=gao2/><ref name=gao3/> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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<ref name=WHO>WHO. World Health Organization Communicable Disease Control, Prevention and Eradication Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) & Protection of the Human Environment Programme on Chemical Safety (PCS). 2005. [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2005/WHO_CDS_WHOPES_GCDPP_2005.10.pdf Safety of pyrethroids for public health use.] Geneva: WHO. WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/2005.10 WHO/PCS/RA/2005.1.</ref> |
<ref name=WHO>WHO. World Health Organization Communicable Disease Control, Prevention and Eradication Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) & Protection of the Human Environment Programme on Chemical Safety (PCS). 2005. [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2005/WHO_CDS_WHOPES_GCDPP_2005.10.pdf Safety of pyrethroids for public health use.] Geneva: WHO. WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/2005.10 WHO/PCS/RA/2005.1.</ref> |
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<ref name=flight_attendants>{{cite doi|10.1002/ajim.20452}}</ref> |
<ref name=flight_attendants>{{cite doi|10.1002/ajim.20452}}</ref> |
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<ref name=bookch>Calvert GM et al. 2009. Surveillance of pesticide-related illness and injury in humans. In: {{Citation| last = Krieger| first = Robert| author-link = Robert Krieger| title = Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology| place = San Diego, |
<ref name=bookch>Calvert GM et al. 2009. Surveillance of pesticide-related illness and injury in humans. In: {{Citation| last = Krieger| first = Robert| author-link = Robert Krieger| title = Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology| place = San Diego, California| publisher = Academic Press| year = 2009| edition = 3rd| isbn = 978-0123743671}} (In press)</ref> |
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<ref name=testing>Mitka, M. (2006). "Approval for pesticide toxicity testing in humans draws criticism." JAMA 295(11): 1237-1238.</ref> |
<ref name=testing>Mitka, M. (2006). "Approval for pesticide toxicity testing in humans draws criticism." JAMA 295(11): 1237-1238.</ref> |
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<ref name=CSTE>Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. 1996. [http://www.cste.org/ps/1996/1996-15.htm CSTE position statement 1996-15]: adding acute pesticide poisoning/injuries (APP/I) as a condition reportable to the National Public Health Surveillance System (NPHSS). Atlanta, GA: Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists.</ref> |
<ref name=CSTE>Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. 1996. [http://www.cste.org/ps/1996/1996-15.htm CSTE position statement 1996-15]: adding acute pesticide poisoning/injuries (APP/I) as a condition reportable to the National Public Health Surveillance System (NPHSS). Atlanta, GA: Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists.</ref> |
Revision as of 07:47, 2 December 2009
![Logo for the SENSOR-Pesticides program](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/SENSOR_logo.jpg)
Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR)-Pesticides is a U.S. state-based surveillance program that monitors pesticide-related illness and injury. It is administered by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), twelve state health agencies participate. NIOSH provides technical support to all participating states. It also provides funding to some states, in conjunction with the US Environmental Protection Agency.
Pesticide-related illness is a significant occupational health issue, but it is believed to be underreported. Because of this, NIOSH proposed the SENSOR program to track pesticide poisoinings. Because workers in many industries are at risk for pesticide exposure, and public concern exists regarding the use of and exposure to pesticides, government and regulatory authorities experience pressure to monitor health effects associated with them. SENSOR-Pesticides state partners collect case data from several different sources using a standard case definition and set of variables. This information is then forwarded to the program headquarters at NIOSH where it is compiled and put into a national database.
Researchers and government officials from the SENSOR-Pesticides program have published research articles that highlight findings from the data and their implications for environmental and occupational pesticide issues. These issues include eradication of invasive species, pesticide poisoning in schools, birth defects, and residential use of total release foggers, or "bug bombs," which are devices that release an insecticide mist.
Background
Although it is a significant occupational health issue, work-related pesticide poisoning is believed to be under-reported.[1] Before the SENSOR program began, state programs that collected reports of occupational diseases did not usually conduct interventions.[2] While over 25 states required reporting of pesticide-related illness, most of them could not compile useful information on incidence or prevalence.[1] In response to these challenges, NIOSH proposed the SENSOR program as a model to track certain occupational conditions, including pesticides.[1][3][2]
![Pesticide usage in the U.S. in 2001, broken down by type and industry](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Epagraph-pesticideuse.png/400px-Epagraph-pesticideuse.png)
Pesticide poisoning is an important occupational health issue because pesticides are used in a large number of industries, which puts many different categories of workers at risk. From 1995 to 2001, use in agriculture accounted for at least 70% of conventional pesticide use in the U.S.,[4][5][6][7] and the US EPA estimates that the agricultural sector has had a similar market share of pesticides since 1979.[7] Pesticides are particularly useful in agriculture because they increase crop yields and reduce the need for manual labor.[8] However, this extensive use puts agricultural workers at increased risk for pesticide illnesses.[9][10][11]
Workers in other industries are at risk for exposure as well.[10][11] For example, commercial availability of pesticides in stores puts retail workers at risk for exposure and illness when they handle pesticide products.[12] The ubiquity of pesticides puts emergency services such as fire-fighters and police officers at risk, because they are often the first responders to emergency events and may be unaware of the presence of a poisoning hazard.[13] The process of aircraft disinfection, in which pesticides are used on inbound international flights for insect and disease control, can also make flight attendants sick.[14][15]
The widespread use of toxic pesticides, their release into the environment, and the potential for adverse public health effects due to exposure continues to raise public concern.[11][16] Some feel that regulatory authorities have an ethical obligation to track the health effects of such chemicals. In the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Calvert et al write "[b]ecause society allows pesticides to be disseminated into the environment, society also incurs the obligation to track the health effects of pesticides."[16] Jay Vroom, president of CropLife America, said in a press release that "...our industry has a moral and ethical obligation...to know how these products impact humans."[17] Surveillance of pesticide-related injuries and illnesses is recommended by the American Medical Association,[18] the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE),[19] the Pew Environmental Health Commission,[20] and the Government Accountability Office.[21][22][23]
History
![Map of SENSOR-Pesticides state partners: blue states receive federal funding; red states are unfunded](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SENSOR-Pesticides_state_participation.png/220px-SENSOR-Pesticides_state_participation.png)
Beginning in 1987, NIOSH supported the implementation of the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR) program in ten state health departments.[24] The objectives of the program were to help state health departments to develop and refine reporting systems for certain occupational disorders so that they could conduct and evaluate interventions and prevention efforts. The disorders covered by SENSOR included silicosis, occupational asthma, carpal tunnel syndrome, lead poisoning, and pesticide poisoning. While each participating state health department had previously done surveillance or interventions for some of these occupational illnesses, SENSOR helped the states to develop and refine their reporting systems and programs.
The original SENSOR-Pesticides model was based on physician reporting. Each state contacted a select group of sentinel health care professionals on a regular basis to collect information.[16] However, this system was labor-intensive and did not yield many cases.[1] Because different states used different methods for collecting information, their data could not be compiled or compared to analyze for trends.[16] In response, NIOSH, along with other federal agencies (EPA, National Center for Environmental Health), non-federal agencies (CSTE, Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics), and state health departments, developed a standard case definition and a set of standardized variables.[16] As of 2008, SENSOR-Pesticides had 12 participating states contributing occupational pesticide-related injury and illness data: California, Iowa, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Texas, and Washington received federal funding to support surveillance activities, while Arizona, Louisiana, Florida, New Mexico, and Oregon were unfunded SENSOR-Pesticides program partners.[25]
Case definition
A case of pesticide-related illness or injury is characterized by an acute onset of symptoms that are temporally related to a pesticide exposure.[16] Cases are classified as occupational if exposure occurs at work, unless the case was a suicide or an attempted suicide.
Cases are reportable when:
- there is documentation of new adverse health effects temporally related to a documented pesticide exposure AND
- there is consistent evidence of a causal relationship between the pesticide and the health effects based on known toxicology of the pesticide OR
- there is not enough information to determine whether a there is a causal relationship between the exposure and the health effects.[16]
State public health officials rate each case as definite, probable, possible or suspicious. Illness severity is assigned as low, moderate, severe, or fatal.
Data collection
All states in the program require physicians to report pesticide-related injuries and illnesses; however, most states collect the majority of their data from workers’ compensation claims, poison control centers, and state agencies with jurisdiction over pesticide use, such as state departments of agriculture.[16][25] When they receive a report, health department officials review the information to determine whether it was pesticide related. If it was, they request medical records and try to interview the patient (or a proxy) and anyone else involved in the incident (e.g. supervisors, applicators, and witnesses). The data is compiled each year and put into a national database.
In addition to identifying, classifying, and tabulating pesticide poisoning cases, the states periodically investigate pesticide-related events and develop interventions aimed at particular industries or pesticide hazards.[25]
Impact
Federal and state-level scientists and researchers with SENSOR-Pesticides have published articles on pesticide exposure events and trends using program data. These articles include MMWR publications[26] and articles in peer-reviewed journals on exposures such as acute pesticide-related illness in youth,[27][28] agricultural workers,[10] retail workers,[12] migrant farm workers,[29] and flight attendants.[15] Several articles have attracted media attention and motivated legislative or other governmental action.
Florida Medfly Eradication Program
![Ceratitis capitata, the Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly)](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Male_medfly_close_up_insect.jpg/200px-Male_medfly_close_up_insect.jpg)
In response to a Mediterranean fruit fly (also known as “Medfly”) outbreak, officials from the Florida Department of Agriculture sprayed pesticides (primarily malathion) and bait over five counties during the spring and summer of 1998.[30] Scientists from the University of Florida’s Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences stated that malathion was being sprayed in a manner that did not pose a significant risk to public health.[31] During the eradication effort, the Florida Department of Health investigated 230 cases of illness that were attributed to the pesticide.[30] Officials from the Florida Department of Health and the SENSOR-Pesticides program published an article in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) that described these case reports and recommended alternative methods for Medfly control, including exclusion activities at ports of entry to prevent importation, more rapid detection through increased sentinel trapping densities, and the release of sterile male flies to interrupt the reproductive cycle.[30] The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) incorporated these suggestions into their 2001 Environmental Impact Statement on the Fruit Fly Cooperative Control Program.[32] These impact statements guide the USDA's development of insect control strategies and decisions.
Pesticides in schools
Researchers from the SENSOR-Pesticides program published an article in 2005 in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) on pesticide poisoning in schools. The article, which included data collected by SENSOR, described illnesses in students and school employees associated with pesticide exposures.[33] The study found that rates of pesticide-related illnesses in children rose significantly from 1998 to 2002 and called for a reduction in pesticide use to prevent pesticide-related illness on or near school grounds. The article generated media coverage and drew attention to pesticide safety in schools and to safer alternatives to pesticides through integrated pest management (IPM).[34][35][36][37][38] "[T]he study does provide evidence that using pesticides at schools is not innocuous and that there are better ways to use pesticides," said study co-author Dr. Geoffrey Calvert.[38] Officials in organizations supporting the pesticide industry, such as CropLife America and RISE (Responsibile Industry for a Sound Environment, a trade association representing pesticide manufacturers and suppliers), reacted strongly to the report, calling it “alarmist” and “incomplete” in its health reporting.[36][38] CropLife America president Jay Vroom claimed that the report was “written without context about the proper use of pesticides in schools and [did] not mention the positive public health protections they provide"[36] and stated that pesticide use in schools is "well regulated" and can be managed so that the risk is low.[38] RISE president Allen James faulted the article for relying on unverified reports and said that evidence suggested that such incidents were extremely rare.[38] The increased awareness of pesticide use in schools influenced parents and other stakeholders in numerous states to call for the adoption of integrated pest management programs.[39] According to the National Pest Management Association, three more states passed IPM rules or laws between October 2005 and October 2008.[40]
Birth defects in Florida and North Carolina
In February 2005, three infants were born with birth defects within eight weeks of each other in Collier County, Florida.[25][41] Because one of the women had worked in North Carolina and the other two worked in Florida, neither state's health department attributed the cluster to pesticide exposure at first. However, when they presented their findings at the annual SENSOR-Pesticides workshop in 2006, they realized that all three mothers worked the same tomato grower.[25] The state health departments reported the cluster to their respective state agricultural departments, which inspected the grower's farms and fined the company $111,200 for violations they discovered.[42] After the investigation, North Carolina Governor Mike Easley assembled the “Governor’s Task Force on Preventing Agricultural Pesticide Exposure.” It presented its findings in April 2008,[43] which caused the state legislature to pass anti-retaliation and recordkeeping laws, training mandates to protect the health of agricultural workers, and funding for improved surveillance.[25] In Florida, the state legislature added ten new pesticide inspectors to the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.[25][44]
Total release foggers
Total release foggers, or "bug bombs," release a fog of insecticide to kill bugs in a room and coat surfaces with a chemical so the insects do not return. SENSOR-Pesticides state partner co-authors and officials from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) published an article in the CDC MMWR that called attention to injuries and illnesses resulting from use of total release foggers.[45] The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) published a press release in response, stating that the state would restrict their use.[46] DEC Commissioner Pete Granis announced that the department would move to classify foggers as a restricted-use product in New York State, meaning that only certified pesticide applicators would be able to obtain them.
References
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|pmid=12749629
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instead. - ^ a b c Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1002/ajim.10309, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
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instead. - ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 17357366, please use {{cite journal}} with
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instead. - ^ WHO. World Health Organization Communicable Disease Control, Prevention and Eradication Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) & Protection of the Human Environment Programme on Chemical Safety (PCS). 2005. Safety of pyrethroids for public health use. Geneva: WHO. WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/2005.10 WHO/PCS/RA/2005.1.
- ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1002/ajim.20452, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
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instead. - ^ a b c d e f g h Calvert GM et al. 2009. Surveillance of pesticide-related illness and injury in humans. In: Krieger, Robert (2009), Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (3rd ed.), San Diego, California: Academic Press, ISBN 978-0123743671 (In press)
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- ^ Pew Environmental Health Commission. 2001. “Strengthening our public health defense against environmental threats: transition report to the new administration.” Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Pew Environmental Research Commission.
- ^ Government Accountability Office. 1994. Pesticides on farms. Limited capability exists to monitor occupational illnesses and injuries. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, GAO/PEMD–94–6.
- ^ Government Accountability Office. 1999. Pesticides. Use, effects, and alternatives to pesticides in schools. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, GAO/RCED–00–17.
- ^ Government Accountability Office. 2000. Pesticides: improvements needed to ensure the safety of farmworkers and their children. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, GAO/RCED–00–40.
- ^ Levy B, Johnson A, Rest K. 1992 September 28. Evaluation of the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR). Final Report.
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instead. - ^ List of SENSOR-Pesticides MMWR articles.
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instead. - ^ Spence, Cindy (1997-06-27). "UF Experts Say Fear Unwarranted But Treat Malathion With Respect". University of Florida News. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
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- ^ Staff (2005-09-15). "JAMA Study of Pesticide Risks in Schools". Pesticide Action Network Updates Service. Pesticide Action Network North America. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
- ^ a b c Staff (2005-07-26). "Industry Responds to JAMA Report on Incidence of Pesticide Exposure at Schools". U.S. Newswire. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
- ^ Staff (2005-07-26). "School study sparks pesticide row". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- ^ a b c d e Staff (2005-07-26). "Pesticides may be sickening school kids". USA Today. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
- ^ "Parents Urge Schools to Start Year Without Toxic Pesticides; U.S. Senator Introduces Bill To Protect Children from School Pesticide Poisoning" (Press release). The National Pediculosis Association. 2005-09-07. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
- ^ G. Harrington (personal communication, 10 October 2008).
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1289/ehp.9647, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
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instead. - ^ Rural Migration News. 2005-10-01. “Florida, Southeast.” Rural Migration News 11:4. Accessed 2009-11-03.
- ^ Devlin L, Beauregard K, Borre K, Buhler WG, Engel J, Melton TA, Parks J, Price J, Troxler S. 2008. Report to the Honorable Michael F. Easley, Governor of the State of North Carolina from the Governor’s Task Force on Preventing Agricultural Pesticide Exposure. Tallahassee, Florida: Office of the Governor.
- ^ Gomez, A. (2006-05-01). "Proposals benefiting migrants quietly having successes". Palm Beach Post.
{{cite news}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 18923383, please use {{cite journal}} with
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instead. - ^ "State to Restict Use of "Bug Bombs"" (Press release). New York Department of Environmental Conservation. 2008-10-17. Retrieved 2009-09-29.