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:''This entry describes a particular political group in the 19th century. For the generic term "Opposition party," see [[Opposition (parliamentary)]].'' |
:''This entry describes a particular political group in the 19th century. For the generic term "Opposition party," see [[Opposition (parliamentary)]].'' |
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Revision as of 18:23, 26 September 2010
- This entry describes a particular political group in the 19th century. For the generic term "Opposition party," see Opposition (parliamentary).
The Opposition Party in the United States is a label with two different applications in Congressional history, as a majority party in Congress 1854-58, and as a Third Party in the South 1858-1860. The late 1850s saw political chaos during the fragmenting of the Second Party System of Jackson Democrats and Clay Whigs. The Democratic efforts to expand slavery into western territories, particularly Kansas, led to organized political opposition. This led to the Congressional ‘Opposition Party’.
As the Whig Party disintegrated many local and regional parties grew up, some ideological, some geographic. When they realized their numbers in Congress they began to caucus. Scholars such as Martis have adopted a convention to explain the Congressional coordination of ant-Pierce and anti-Buchanan factions as the “Opposition Party”.
The Opposition Party in the South was made up of former Whigs, Know-Nothings and American politicians who were pro-union, anti-Kansas, that is, anti-slavery expansion. They sought a way to oppose Democrats in their states and in Congressional races. (Generally, Whigs opposed slavery morally, Know-Nothings and American party men wanted the west for protestant whites.) In what scholars call a Third Party, these organized, held party conventions, and elected members to Congress.
"Opposition Party" (a major party in Congress), 1855-1859
In the Congressional election of 1854 for the 34th United States Congress, the new Republican Party was not fully formed, and significant numbers of politicians, mostly former Whigs, ran for office under the Opposition label. The administration of Democrat President Franklin Pierce,had been marred by Bleeding Kansas. Northerners began to coalesce around resistance to Kansas entering the Union as a slave state. The ongoing violence made any election results suspect by standards of democracy.
The Opposition Party was the name adopted by several former Whig politicians in the period 1854-1858. In 1860, the party was encouraged by the remaining Whig leadership to effectively merge with the Constitutional Union Party.[1]
It represented a brief but significant transitional period in American politics from approximately 1854 to 1858. For the preceding 80 years, one of the major political issues had been the battle between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States, which had been fought more on the basis of regional and class affiliations than strictly along party lines. However, in 1854, the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act fractured the Whig Party along pro- and anti-slavery lines, and led ultimately to the formation of the Republican Party, which strongly attracted the abolitionist Whigs and Democrats. For many, the Opposition Party served as a successor to, or a continuation of, the Whig Party.
The party was seen as offering a compromise position between the Southern Democrats and Northern Republicans.[2]
The Whig name had been discredited and abandoned, but former Whigs still needed to advertise that they were opposed to the Democrats. The Know-Nothings had found that its appeals to anti-immigrant prejudice was faltering and their secrecy was made suspect, so sought they sought more open and more inclusive appeals to broaden candiate's chances at the polls. [3]
The "confounding party labels among all those who opposed the Democrats" have led to scholars of US Political Parties in Congress to adopt the convention "Oppositionn Party" for the 34th and 35th Congresses. This term incompasses Independent, Anti-know-nothing, Fusion, Anti-Nebraska, Anti-Administration, Whig, Free Soil and Unionist. [4]
Following the election, the Opposition Party actually was the largest party in the U.S. House of Representatives, with the party makeup of the 234 Representatives being 100 Oppositionists, 83 Democrats, and 51 Americans (Know Nothing). That was a very dramatic shift from the makeup of the 33rd United States Congress (157 Democrats, 71 Whigs, 4 Free Soilers, 1 Independent, 1 Independent Democrat). Being the largest party did not lead to control of Congress; the new Speaker of the House was Nathaniel Prentice Banks, a former Democrat from Massachusetts who campaigned as a Know Nothing in 1854 and as a Republican in 1856.
By the 1856 elections, the Republican Party had formally organized itself, and the makeup of the 35th United States Congress was 132 Democrats, 90 Republicans, 14 Americans, 1 Independent Democrat.
Opposition Party (a Third Party), 1859-1861
In 1858, 19 candidates were elected to the 36th United States Congress as members of the Opposition Party from several states, including Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. After 1858, the party did not win seats in Congress and effectively ceased to exist.
To qualify as a third party by Kenneth C. Martis’ analysis, a political party must meet one of four criteria, including (a) run clearly identifiable congressional candidates, many times in three-way contests; and/or (b) they represent a clearly identifiable historical political movement or sentiment that is regional or national in scope. .[5] Elements of the pro-Union American Party and the Whig Party in the south needed to organize a political party which could not be accused of disloyalty to Southern Institutions (slavery). [6]
In March 1859 the Opposition party met in Tennessee convention to nominate a gubernatorial candidate and set up a state-wide party organization. It won 7 of the nine Congressional Districts (see chart below). Kentucky followed in February 1859, winning five of the ten districts. Georgia’s was July 1859, winning two of eight. In North Carolina, the anti-Democratic parties won four of the eight seats, and caucused with the Opposition party in the House. “These elections were the last gasp … in the South to stand up to the Democrats in the emerging sharp sectional” .[7]confrontation.
| “Opposition Party” in the 36th Congress, 1859–1861[8] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | Georgia | Kentucky | North Carolina | Tennessee | Virginia |
| Representative, (Congressional District Number) | |||||
| 1. | Thomas Hardeman Jr. (3rd) | Francis M. Bristow (3rd) | William N. H. Smith (1st) | Thomas A.R. Nelson (1st) | Alexander R. Boteler (8th) |
| 2. | Joshua Hill (7th) | William C. Anderson (4th) | John A. Gilmer (5th) | Horace Maynard (2nd) | … |
| 3. | … | Green Adams (6th) | James Madison Leach (6th) | Reese B. Brabson (3rd) | … |
| 4. | … | Robert Mallory (7th) | Zebulon B. Vance (8th) | William B. Stokes (4th) | … |
| 5. | … | Laban T. Moore (9th) | … | Robert H. Hatton (5th) | … |
| 6. | … | … | … | James M. Quarles (8th) | … |
| 7. | … | … | … | Emerson Etheridge (9th) | … |
In North Carolina, a Republican organization did not develop until after the Civil War, and many former Whigs such as John Pool called themselves either the Whig Party or the Opposition Party through the election of 1860. This "new" Whig Party was actually just the state's affiliate of the American (Know-Nothing) Party with a new name, according to Folk and Shaw's W.W. Holden: a Political Biography. This party ceased to exist after the onset of the Civil War, but many of its members joined the loosely organized "Conservative Party" of Zebulon B. Vance.
Notes
- ^ James Alex Baggett (2003). The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0807130141.
- ^ Brian Dallas McKnight (2006). Contested Borderland: The Civil War in Appalachian Kentucky and Virginia. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813123895.
- ^ Martis, Kenneth C., et al, ‘The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989’, Macmillan Publishing Company, NY, 1989, ISBN 0-02-920170-5 p. 32-34
- ^ Martis, Kenneth C., et al, ‘The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989’, Macmillan Publishing Company, NY, 1989, ISBN 0-02-920170-5 p.385-392
- ^ Martis, Kenneth C., et al, ‘The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989’, Macmillan Publishing Company, NY, 1989, ISBN 0-02-920170-5 p. 39
- ^ Freehling, William W., ‘The Road to Disunion vol.ii: Secessionists Triumphant’ Oxford U. Pr. 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-505815-4, P. 267
- ^ Martis, Kenneth C., et al, ‘The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989’, Macmillan Publishing Company, NY, 1989, ISBN 0-02-920170-5 p. 43
- ^ Martis, Kenneth C., et al, ‘The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989’, Macmillan Publishing Company, NY, 1989, ISBN 0-02-920170-5, p. 112