Bermuda land snail

Bermuda land snails
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Superfamily:	Gastrodontoidea
(unranked):	clade Heterobranchia informal group Pulmonata clade Eupulmonata clade Stylommatophora informal group Sigmurethra clade limacoid clade
Family:	Gastrodontidae
Genus:	Poecilozonites O. Boettger, 1884
Species
See text.

Bermuda land snails, scientific name Poecilozonites, are an endemic genus of pulmonate land snail in the family Gastrodontidae (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

Scientists believe, that Poecilozonites have colonised the mid-Atlantic island of Bermuda at least 300,000 years ago. It makes up 95% of Bermuda's terrestrial fossils. Only one other large pulmonate Succinea has been found - as a fossil.

Research

The major contributor to the natural history of Poecilozonites is Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould who did his doctorate and early academic research on Bermuda's snails. On December 21, 1999, Dr. Gould described to The Royal Gazette of first visiting Bermuda as a deckhand on a Woods Hole Research Institute boat in 1959. "I was a geology major. I had a look around and found all these wonderful fossil snails in all their variety. The geology of Bermuda had already been worked out by then and I thought these snails would become a pretty good PhD."

Poecilozonites is a member of the Gastrodontidae family and is likely to have colonised Bermuda from North America as one specimen via flotsam. Gould cites research which uses the "probability of self-impregnation" as the justification of this view.

Gould claims the proto-poecilozonites "underwent a vigorous and presumably rapid adaptive radiation" and diversified into three subgenera and 15 species, ranging in size from P. nelsoni (max dia. 46 mm) to the subspecies' of P. Gastrelasmus and P. Discozonites which were found to rarely exceed 5 mm. Although extinction of various species occurred in prehistoric times, with the introduction of predators by man in the 16th century, namely hogs, dogs, cats, and rats, the snail suffered, but has apparently hung on.

It was the introduction of the predator snails Euglandina and Gonaxis in the 1950s and 1960s and the increased use of pesticides that led to the presumed extinction of the surviving Poecilozonites' species by the 1970s.

The apparently accidental introduction of the edible snail, Otala in the mid-1920s set the die for the destruction of Poecilozonites as by the 1950s, Otala had become a pest and measures were taken to control their numbers. By the time of Gould's research in the mid-1960s, P. bermudensis and P. circumfirmatus were still common. He wrote of talking to an elderly woman who remembered a time when the shells were collected and burned for lime. By the mid 1970s, a Bermuda Biological Station scientist remembers opening his kitchen door and seeing none other than Gould exclaim "If I could only find one alive!"

In "Eight Little Piggies," a book from 1993, Gould wrote: "I don't even think Euglandina has even dented Otala but it devastated the native Poecilozonites. I used to find them by the thousands throughout the Island. When I returned in 1973... I could not find a single animal alive. Last year (1991) I relocated one species, the smallest and most cryptic, but the large P. bermudensis, the major subject of my research, is probably extinct."

In 1999, Gould was quoted in the Royal Gazette:

"(Poecilozonites) are part of a class that are uniquely found on islands. Islands have these strange fauna because of their isolation. Back when I was studying them, we did not know where they came from or their closest relative. That can be done now with genetic research. Poecilozonites had a very impressive radiation in Bermuda. By far one of the largest for a species. It is a wonderful example of an experiment in local evolution. It's just that people did not realise that with the Euglandina, it would eat other snails too. Not just Otala, which by then had become a pest. No one ever said that Poecilozonites ever caused them trouble. It certainly is a tragic story."

In 2002, a Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo summer intern, Alex Lines, was sent out to Gould's old sites and is understood to have found a clutch of survivors. Several dozen snails have been sent to London to aid their propagation.

Species

Species in the genus Poecilozonites include: subgenus Poecilozonites

• ...

subgneus ?

• Poecilozonites bermudensis
• Poecilozonites capula
• Poecilozonites circinfinata
• Poecilozonites circumfimatus
• Poecilozonites circumfiranatus
• Poecilozonites circumfirinatus
• Poecilozonites circumfirmatus
• Poecilozonites circumfirmetus
• Poecilozonites circumfirnatus
• Poecilozonites circumformatus
• Poecilozonites circumfornatus
• Poecilozonites cupla
• Poecilozonites cupula
• Poecilozonites discrepans
• Poecilozonites egg
• Poecilozonites goodei
• Poecilozonites gulicki
• Poecilozonites heilprini
• Poecilozonites matjoriae
• Poecilozonites neksini
• Poecilozonites nelsoni
• Poecilozonites reimanus
• Poecilozonites reinianus
• Poecilozonites remiana
• Poecilozonites remianus
• Poecilozonites vanattae
• Poecilozonites vanattai
• Poecilozonites zonata
• Poecilozonites zonatus

References

• Gould, Stephen Jay Allometry in Pleistocene land snails from Bermuda: The influence of size upon shape, Journal of Paleontology, v. 40 p. 1131-1141.
• Gould, Stephen Jay (December, 1969) An Evolutionary Microcosm: Pleistocene and recent history of the land snail P. (Poecilozonites) in Bermuda, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, v. 138(7) P. 407-532.
• Gould, Stephen Jay (September 1969) Land Snail Communities and Pleistocene Climates in Bermuda: a Multivariate Analysis of Microgastropod Diversity, Proceedings of the North American Paleontological Convention, p. 486-521.
• The Royal Gazette, December 21, 1999, p. 1, 7,8
• ZipCodeZoo

External links

• Image and story at the BBC website
• Images and story at ZSL London Zoo website
• information on Poecilozonites, particularly P. circumfirmatus