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{{Taxobox
| image = Cytisus scoparius2.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Fabales]]
| familia = [[Fabaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Cytisus]]''
| species = '''''C. scoparius'''''
| binomial = ''Cytisus scoparius''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]]
| synonyms =
*''Spartium scoparium'' <small>L.</small>
*''Genista scoparius'' <small>(L.) [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]</small>
*''Sarothamnus scoparius'' <small>(L.) [[K.Koch]]</small>
*''Sarothamnus bourgaei'' <small>[[Pierre Edmond Boissier|Boiss.]]</small>
*''Sarothamnus oxyphyllus'' <small>Boiss.</small>
*''Sarothamnus bourgaei'' <small>(Boiss)</small>
*''Sarothamnus oxyphyllus''<small>(Boiss)</small>
}}

'''''Cytisus scoparius''''', the '''Common Broom''' and '''Scotch Broom''', [[synonymy|syn.]] ''Sarothamnus scoparius'', is a perennial leguminous [[shrub]] native to western and central [[Europe]],<ref name="flora">[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Cytisus+&SPECIES_XREF=scoparius&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Cytisus scoparius'']</ref>.

In Britain and Ireland the standard name is '''Broom''',<ref name="blamey"/><ref>[http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBI2003.zip Botanical Society of the British Isles (zip file)]</ref><ref name="vedel"/> but this name is also used generically for other related species (see [[broom (shrub)|broom]]), and the term '''Common Broom''' is sometimes used for clarification.<ref>[http://www.lenymede.demon.co.uk/nature/flowers.html Wild Flowers of the Loch Lomond and Trossachs National Park, Scotland]</ref><ref>[http://www.gardenworld.co.uk/broom2.asp Garden World: common broom]</ref> In other English-speaking countries, the most prevalent common name is '''Scotch Broom''';<ref name="NPSscotchbroom">[http://www.nps.gov/archive/redw/scotchbr.htm National Park Service: ''Scotch Broom'']</ref> '''English Broom''' is also occasionally used (see [[Scotch (adjective)|Scotch]] and [[England]]).

==Distribution==
''Cytisus scoparius'' is found in sunny sites, usually on dry, sandy soils at low altitudes.<ref name="blamey">Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-40170-2.</ref> In some places outside of its native range, such as India and western North America, it has become an ecologically destructive [[Colonisation (biology)|colonizing]] [[invasive species]] in [[grassland]], [[California chaparral and woodlands|shrub and woodland]], and other [[habitat]]s . <ref name="usda">http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/scotchbroom.shtml USDA</ref><ref>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 103 (2-3), May-Dec 2006 356-365
[http://www.bnhs.org/bo/documents/JBNHS_103_2_3/ASHFAQ_AHMED.pdf Habitat Modifications By Scotch Broom Cytisus Scoparius Invasion Of Grasslands Of The Upper Nilgiris In India], Ashfaq Ahmed Zarri1, 2, Asad R. Rahmani1,4 And Mark J. Behan3
1 Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, S.B. Singh Road Mumbai 400 023, Maharashtra, India.
2 Present Address: Centre for Biodiversity Studies, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185131, J&K, India.
Email: ashfaq_az@rediffmail.com
3 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula 59812, USA.
4 Email: bnhs@bom3.vsnl.net.in
</ref>

==Description==
The ''Cytisus scoparius'' plant typically grows to 1–3 m—3-9 feet tall, rarely 4 m-12 feet, with main stems up to 5&nbsp;cm thick, rarely 10&nbsp;cm. It has green shoots with small deciduous trifoliate [[leaf|leaves]] 5–15&nbsp;mm long, and in spring and summer is covered in profuse golden yellow [[flower]]s 20–30&nbsp;mm from top to bottom and 15–20&nbsp;mm wide. Flowering occurs after 50-80 [[growing degree day]]s. In late summer, its [[legume]]s ([[seed]] pods) mature black, 2–3&nbsp;cm long, 8&nbsp;mm broad and 2–3&nbsp;mm thick; they burst open, often with an audible crack, forcibly throwing seed from the parent plant. It is the hardiest species of broom, tolerating temperatures down to about -25°C, +10°F.<ref name="blamey"/><ref name="vedel">Vedel, H. & Lange, J. (1960). Trees and bushes. Metheun, London.</ref><ref name="bean">Bean, W. J. (1970). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles. John Murray, London. ISBN 0-7195-1790-7</ref> ''Cytisus&nbsp;scoparius'' contains toxic alkaloids and that depress the heart and nervous system.<ref name="plants of the Pacific Northwest coast">Pojar, Jim, A. MacKinnon, and Paul B. Alaback. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska. Redmond, WA: Lone Pine Pub., 1994.</ref>

===Subspecies===
There are two [[subspecies]]:<ref name="flora"/><ref name="blamey"/>
* ''Cytisus scoparius'' subsp. ''scoparius''. Throughout the species' range.
* ''Cytisus scoparius'' subsp. ''maritimus'' (Rouy) Heywood. Western Europe, on maritime cliffs. Differs in prostrate growth, not over 0.4 m tall, and downy young shoots.

==Cultivation==
It is widely cultivated as an [[ornamental plant]] in , with several [[cultivar]]s selected for variation in flower colour, including "Moonlight" with deep yellow flowers, "Andreanus" and "Firefly" with dark orange-red flowers, and growth habit, including "Pendula" with pendulous branchlets.<ref name="bean"/>

===Invasive species===
It has been introduced into several other continents outside its native range and is classified as a noxious [[invasive species]] in [[California]] and the [[Pacific Northwest]] in [[North America]] <ref name="usda"/>, [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]. It commonly grows in disturbed areas along utility and transportation [[right-of-way (transportation)|right-of-ways]]. The prolific growth of this species after timber harvest inhibits reforestation by competing with seedling trees.<ref>{{Cite web| last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Invasive Plant Species Management Plan | work = McDonald-Dunn Forest Plan,
Appendix 7 | publisher = Oregon State University, College of Forestry | date = | url = http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/admin/execom/FEC11-7-06%20Appendix%207.pdf | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2006-12-20}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> It is estimated that in [[Oregon]] it is responsible for US$47 million in lost timber production each year in that state.<ref>{{Cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Scotch broom
| work = ODA Plant Division, Noxious Weed Control
| publisher =
| date =
| url = http://www.oregon.gov/ODA/PLANT/WEEDS/profile_scotchbroom.shtml
| doi =
| accessdate = 2006-09-03 }}</ref> Some attempts have been made to develop [[biological pest control|biological controls]] in affected areas, using three broom-feeding [[insect]]s, the [[psyllid]] ''Arytainilla spartiophylla'', the [[beetle]] ''[[Bruchidius villosus]]'', and the [[moth]] ''[[Leucoptera spartifoliella]]''.<ref>[http://www.csiro-europe.org/cytisus.html CSIRO: Biological control]</ref>

In New Zealand broom is estimated to cost farmers NZ$10 million and the forestry industry NZ$90 million.<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Press release
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = New bio-controls for pest plant
| work =
| publisher = [[Landcare Research]]
| date = 2008-02-12
| url = http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/news/release.asp?Ne_ID=263
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-03-02 }}</ref> Biological control for broom has been investigated since the mid 1980s with a number of species being trialled. They include the broom twig miner (''Leucoptera spartifoliella''), the broom seed beetles (''Bruchidius villosus'') the broom gall mite (''Aceria genistae'') the sap-sucking broom psyllid (''Arytainilla spartiophila'') and recently the broom leaf beetle (''Gonioctena olivacea'') and the broom shoot moth (''Agonopterix assimilella'').<ref>{{Cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = What's New In Biological Control of Weeds?
| work =
| publisher = [[Landcare Research]]
| month = November | year = 2006
| url = http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/newsletters/weeds/wtsnew38.pdf
| format = pdf
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-03-02 }}</ref>

==Images==
<gallery>
Image:Cytisus scoparius1.jpg|Close-up of flowers
Image:Broom flower.jpg|Broom in Wellington, New Zealand where it is an [[invasive species]].
Image:Koeh-200.jpg|Illustration of broom from ''[[Köhler's Medicinal Plants]]'' (1887)
Image:Cytisus scoparius USGS.jpg|As an invasive species in the United States.
</gallery>

==Royal symbols==
The name of the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of England in the Middle Ages, was derived from common broom, which was then known as "planta genista" in Latin. The "broomscod", or seed-pod, was the personal [[emblem]] of [[Charles VI of France]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Cytisus scoparius}}
{{wikispecies|Cytisus scoparius}}
* [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/R151074.HTM Bioimages - numerous photos]
* [http://www.growingnative.org.uk/broom.htm Growing native plants]
* [http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/scotchbroom.shtml U.S. invasive species info page]
* [http://www.goert.ca/about_invasive_species.php Garry Oak ecosystems: Invasive species]

[[Category:Cytisus|scoparius]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Flora of Scotland]]
[[Category:Flora of Ireland]]
[[Category:Invasive plant species]]
[[Category:Invasive plant species in the United States]]
[[Category:Invasive plant species in California]]
[[Category:Invasive plant species in Australia]]
[[Category:Invasive plant species in New Zealand]]

[[ca:Ginesta d'escombres]]
[[cs:Janovec metlatý]]
[[da:Almindelig Gyvel]]
[[de:Besenginster]]
[[es:Cytisus scoparius]]
[[fr:Genêt à balais]]
[[fy:Bremerheide]]
[[gl:Xesta]]
[[ko:양골담초]]
[[hsb:Chošćowc]]
[[it:Cytisus scoparius]]
[[csb:Diôbli ògón]]
[[lt:Šluotinis raipstas]]
[[hu:Seprűzanót]]
[[nl:Brem (plant)]]
[[no:Gyvel]]
[[pl:Żarnowiec miotlasty]]
[[ru:Ракитник венечный]]
[[stq:Brom]]
[[sk:Prútnatec metlovitý]]
[[sv:Harris]]
[[uk:Рокитник звичайний]]

Revision as of 00:58, 29 November 2010

Cytisus scoparius
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Class:
Magnoliopsida
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Genus:
Cytisus
Species:
C. scoparius
Binomial name
Cytisus scoparius
Synonyms
  • Spartium scoparium L.
  • Genista scoparius (L.) Lam.
  • Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) K.Koch
  • Sarothamnus bourgaei Boiss.
  • Sarothamnus oxyphyllus Boiss.
  • Sarothamnus bourgaei (Boiss)
  • Sarothamnus oxyphyllus(Boiss)

Cytisus scoparius, the Common Broom and Scotch Broom, syn. Sarothamnus scoparius, is a perennial leguminous shrub native to western and central Europe,[1].

In Britain and Ireland the standard name is Broom,[2][3][4] but this name is also used generically for other related species (see broom), and the term Common Broom is sometimes used for clarification.[5][6] In other English-speaking countries, the most prevalent common name is Scotch Broom;[7] English Broom is also occasionally used (see Scotch and England).

Distribution

Cytisus scoparius is found in sunny sites, usually on dry, sandy soils at low altitudes.[2] In some places outside of its native range, such as India and western North America, it has become an ecologically destructive colonizing invasive species in grassland, shrub and woodland, and other habitats . [8][9]

Description

The Cytisus scoparius plant typically grows to 1–3 m—3-9 feet tall, rarely 4 m-12 feet, with main stems up to 5 cm thick, rarely 10 cm. It has green shoots with small deciduous trifoliate leaves 5–15 mm long, and in spring and summer is covered in profuse golden yellow flowers 20–30 mm from top to bottom and 15–20 mm wide. Flowering occurs after 50-80 growing degree days. In late summer, its legumes (seed pods) mature black, 2–3 cm long, 8 mm broad and 2–3 mm thick; they burst open, often with an audible crack, forcibly throwing seed from the parent plant. It is the hardiest species of broom, tolerating temperatures down to about -25°C, +10°F.[2][4][10] Cytisus scoparius contains toxic alkaloids and that depress the heart and nervous system.[11]

Subspecies

There are two subspecies:[1][2]

  • Cytisus scoparius subsp. scoparius. Throughout the species' range.
  • Cytisus scoparius subsp. maritimus (Rouy) Heywood. Western Europe, on maritime cliffs. Differs in prostrate growth, not over 0.4 m tall, and downy young shoots.

Cultivation

It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in , with several cultivars selected for variation in flower colour, including "Moonlight" with deep yellow flowers, "Andreanus" and "Firefly" with dark orange-red flowers, and growth habit, including "Pendula" with pendulous branchlets.[10]

Invasive species

It has been introduced into several other continents outside its native range and is classified as a noxious invasive species in California and the Pacific Northwest in North America [8], Australia and New Zealand. It commonly grows in disturbed areas along utility and transportation right-of-ways. The prolific growth of this species after timber harvest inhibits reforestation by competing with seedling trees.[12] It is estimated that in Oregon it is responsible for US$47 million in lost timber production each year in that state.[13] Some attempts have been made to develop biological controls in affected areas, using three broom-feeding insects, the psyllid Arytainilla spartiophylla, the beetle Bruchidius villosus, and the moth Leucoptera spartifoliella.[14]

In New Zealand broom is estimated to cost farmers NZ$10 million and the forestry industry NZ$90 million.[15] Biological control for broom has been investigated since the mid 1980s with a number of species being trialled. They include the broom twig miner (Leucoptera spartifoliella), the broom seed beetles (Bruchidius villosus) the broom gall mite (Aceria genistae) the sap-sucking broom psyllid (Arytainilla spartiophila) and recently the broom leaf beetle (Gonioctena olivacea) and the broom shoot moth (Agonopterix assimilella).[16]

Images

Royal symbols

The name of the House of Plantagenet, rulers of England in the Middle Ages, was derived from common broom, which was then known as "planta genista" in Latin. The "broomscod", or seed-pod, was the personal emblem of Charles VI of France.

References

  1. ^ a b Flora Europaea: Cytisus scoparius
  2. ^ a b c d Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-40170-2.
  3. ^ Botanical Society of the British Isles (zip file)
  4. ^ a b Vedel, H. & Lange, J. (1960). Trees and bushes. Metheun, London.
  5. ^ Wild Flowers of the Loch Lomond and Trossachs National Park, Scotland
  6. ^ Garden World: common broom
  7. ^ National Park Service: Scotch Broom
  8. ^ a b http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/scotchbroom.shtml USDA
  9. ^ Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 103 (2-3), May-Dec 2006 356-365 Habitat Modifications By Scotch Broom Cytisus Scoparius Invasion Of Grasslands Of The Upper Nilgiris In India, Ashfaq Ahmed Zarri1, 2, Asad R. Rahmani1,4 And Mark J. Behan3 1 Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, S.B. Singh Road Mumbai 400 023, Maharashtra, India. 2 Present Address: Centre for Biodiversity Studies, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185131, J&K, India. Email: ashfaq_az@rediffmail.com 3 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula 59812, USA. 4 Email: bnhs@bom3.vsnl.net.in
  10. ^ a b Bean, W. J. (1970). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles. John Murray, London. ISBN 0-7195-1790-7
  11. ^ Pojar, Jim, A. MacKinnon, and Paul B. Alaback. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska. Redmond, WA: Lone Pine Pub., 1994.
  12. ^ "Invasive Plant Species Management Plan" (PDF). McDonald-Dunn Forest Plan, Appendix 7. Oregon State University, College of Forestry. Retrieved 2006-12-20. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); line feed character in |work= at position 27 (help) [dead link]
  13. ^ "Scotch broom". ODA Plant Division, Noxious Weed Control. Retrieved 2006-09-03. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  14. ^ CSIRO: Biological control
  15. ^ Press release (2008-02-12). "New bio-controls for pest plant". Landcare Research. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  16. ^ "What's New In Biological Control of Weeds?" (pdf). Landcare Research. 2006. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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