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* [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/beneficial/a_grandis.htm brown marmorated stink bug] on the [[University of Florida|UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures Web site
* [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/beneficial/a_grandis.htm brown marmorated stink bug] on the [[University of Florida|UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures Web site
* [http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=9328 brown marmorated stink bug] at Invasive.org a joint project of The Bugwood Network, USDA Forest Service and USDA APHIS PPQ
* [http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=9328 brown marmorated stink bug] at Invasive.org a joint project of The Bugwood Network, USDA Forest Service and USDA APHIS PPQ
* [http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/stinkbug.shtml Species Profile- Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (''Halyomorpha halys'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]. Lists general information and resources for Brown Marmorated Stink Bug.


{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown Marmorated Stink Bug}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown Marmorated Stink Bug}}

Revision as of 13:03, 16 February 2011

Brown marmorated stink bug
Adult
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hemiptera
Family:
Pentatomidae
Genus:
Halyomorpha
Species:
H. halys
Binomial name
Halyomorpha halys

Halyomorpha halys, the brown marmorated stink bug, or simply the stink bug, is an insect in the family Pentatomidae, and is native to China Mainland. It was accidentally introduced into the United States, with the first specimen being collected in September 1998.[1] The brown marmorated stink bug is considered to be an agricultural pest.[2]

Information

The adults are approximately ⅝ inch long and the underside is white or pale tan, sometimes with gray or black markings. The legs are brown with faint white banding. The stink glands are located on the underside of the thorax, between the first and second pair of legs.

It is an agricultural pest that can cause widespread damage to fruit and vegetable crops. In Japan it is a pest to soybean and fruit crops. In the US, the brown marmorated stink bug feeds, beginning in late May or early June, on a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and other host plants including peaches, apples, green beans, soybeans, cherry, raspberries, and pears. It is a sucking insect, a "true bug", that uses its proboscis to pierce the host plant in order to feed. This feeding results, in part, in the formation of small, necrotic areas on the outer surface of fruits but ranges from leaf stippling, cat-facing on tree fruits, seed loss, and transmission of plant pathogens.

The brown marmorated stink bug is more likely to invade homes in the fall than others in the family.[3] The brown marmorated stink bug survives the winter as an adult by entering houses and structures when fall evenings start to turn cold. Adults can live for several years [citation needed] and look for buildings to overwinter in that shield them from the elements. They will work their way under siding, into soffits, around window and door frames, under roof shingles and into any crawl space or attic vent which has openings big enough to fit through. Once inside the house they will go into a state of hibernation where they wait for winter to pass, but often the warmth inside the house causes them to become active, especially in winter months, and they will fly clumsily around light fixtures.

The odor from the stinkbug is due to trans-2-decenal and trans-2-Octenal.[4] The stinkbug's ability to emit a vile odor through holes in its abdomen is a defense mechanism meant to prevent it from being eaten by birds and lizards. However, simply jostling the bug, cornering it, scaring or injuring it, or attempting to remove it from one's house can "set it off". Squashing it is a surefire way of expelling its noxious odor.

There are many methods for removing the stink bug from a house without causing it to release its odor. The quickest way is to allow it to walk onto something like a newspaper and then simply take it outside, although the bug may simply find its way back inside again, and they can live for years. Another option is to gently collect it using a piece of tissue and flush it. An electric flyswatter quickly stuns them and kills them after a few seconds without squashing them, but it can still cause them to emit the foul smell, although not as often as a normal squashing. Dropping them into a jar with an inch of soapy water with a high enough concentration will dissolve the exoskeleton, and once enough are collected they can then be flushed down the toilet on occasion.[5] Vacuum cleaners have also been used, although this can stink up the vacuum cleaner.[5]

Invasive in the United States

The brown marmorated stink bug was accidentally introduced into the United States from China or Japan. It is believed to have "hitched a ride" as a stowaway in packing crates. The first documented specimen was collected in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in September 1998.[2][6] Several Muhlenberg College students were reported to have seen these bugs as early as August of that same year.[3] [7]

Other reports have the brown marmorated stink bug recovered as early as 2000 in New Jersey from a black light trap run by the Rutgers Cooperative Extension (RCE) Vegetable Integrated Pest Management program in Milford, New Jersey. [8] In 2002, it was again collected in New Jersey from black light traps located in Phillipsburg and Little York and was found on plant material in Stewartsville. It was quickly documented and established in many counties in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Connecticut and New York on the eastern coast of the United States. By 2009, this agricultural pest had reached Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, and Oregon.[9] In 2010 this pest was found in additional states including Indiana,[10] Michigan,[11] Minnesota, [12] and other states.[13] Studies investigating the extent of the infestation in North America are ongoing.

Similarity in appearance to native species

Easily confused with Brochymena and Euschistus, the best identification for adults is the white band on the antennae. It is similar in appearance to other native species of shield bug including Acrosternum, Euschistus, and Podisus, except that several of the abdominal segments protrude from beneath the wings and are alternatively banded with black and white (visible along the edge of the bug even when wings are folded) and a white stripe or band on the next to last (4th) antennal segment.[14]

Predators

Several species of the Parasitoid wasp have been found to attack stink bugs.[15] Spiders and Praying mantises are also known to feed on stink bugs. [citation needed]

2010 US population increase

Higher than normal numbers of stink bugs have been reported in the eastern half of the United States.[16] The following are some of the possible reasons for the dramatic population increase:

  • Stink bugs typically have four generations per growing season in Asia, and one after transplantation to the US, but an unusually warm and early spring and summer have apparently allowed them to produce two generations in this growing season in regions like Maryland and Northern Virginia.
  • The extra generation means that some states are seeing more bugs in more places than in previous seasons. Adults are living longer, depositing eggs longer and maturing more generations to lay even more eggs.

The higher than normal population has caused some of the following environmental problems:

  • The insects have started attacking fruit and trees in orchards in southern and eastern Pennsylvania, which had not been seen in previous years.
  • Bugs pierce the fruit’s outer surface and suck out juices while injecting saliva. The suction and saliva create a dimpling of the fruit’s surface, and rotting and corking of the flesh underneath.
  • The fruit is not salable because of appearance, but the dimpled area is not poisonous to humans.
  • The bugs attack numerous types of plants – including soy beans, lima beans and sweet corn—but fruit show the damage more quickly and orchard owners monitor for damage more closely. Little is known about what these insects do in the wild.

References

  1. ^ Jacobs, Steve (September 2010). Brown Marmorated Stink Bug — Entomology — Penn State University:. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University College of Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved October 21, 2010. {{cite conference}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |booktitle= and |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ a b "Move Over, Bedbugs: Stink Bugs Have Landed". New York Times. September 26, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-28. Government and university researchers say they need more time to study the bug, which has been in the United States since about 1998. Native to Asia, it was first found in Allentown, Pa., and has no natural enemies here. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ a b Gyeltshen J, Bernon G, Hodges A. (July 2010). "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys Ståhl (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)" (web). University of Florida, IFAS. Retrieved 2008-10-25. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Detecting Stink Bugs/Damage in Cotton Utilizing a Portable Electronic Nose (PDF). Sponsored by ASABE, Oregon Convention Center; Portland, Oregon: Clemson University. 9–12 July 2006. Retrieved March 24, 2010. {{cite conference}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |booktitle= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b "Invasion of stink bugs has homeowners, farmers seeking relief", Lena Sun, Washington Post, September 24, 2010
  6. ^ Penn State University extension site on the insect Retrieved 2010-09-23
  7. ^ Invasive.org. "brown marmorated stink bug" (web). Invasive.org is a joint project of The Bugwood Network, USDA Forest Service and USDA APHIS PPQ. Retrieved 2008-10-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Monitoring for the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug". Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
  9. ^ LaBonte, James (November 2, 2009). "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug" (web). ODA Plant Division, Insect Pest Prevention and Management; Report. Oregon Department of Agriculture. Retrieved March 26. 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. ^ [1] Retrieved 2011-02-07
  11. ^ [2] Retrieved 2011-02-07
  12. ^ [3] Retrieved 2011-02-07
  13. ^ [4] Retrieved 2011-02-07
  14. ^ [5] Retrieved 2011-02-07
  15. ^ Roberson, Roy (November 20, 2009). "Natural predators tested for stink bug control" (web). News article. southeast Farm Press. Retrieved March 30, 2009. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  16. ^ "On the Trail of the Stink Bug". Penn State University College of Agricultural Sciences.
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