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Added back the peer-reviewed papers published in mainstream scientific journals and proceedings per Administrator N419BH settlement of this issue. I added them back to sentences which they more appropriately pertain to. See the Talk page.
Undid revision 419002253 by Jamiemichelle (talk) citation overkill was not agreed upon, there is no reason why multiple primary sources are needed for these statements
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===The Omega Point cosmology===
===The Omega Point cosmology===


The ''Omega Point'' is a term Tipler uses to describe a [[physical cosmology|cosmological]] state in the distant [[proper time]] future of the [[universe]] that he maintains is required by the known [[physical law]]s. According to Tipler's Omega Point cosmology, in order for the known laws of physics to be mutually consistent requires intelligent life to take over all matter in the universe and to eventually force the collapse of the universe, during which collapse the computational capacity of the universe diverges to infinity and environments [[computer simulation|emulated]] with that computational capacity last for [[immortality|infinite duration]] as the universe goes into a solitary-point [[gravitational singularity|cosmological singularity]] (with life eventually using elementary particles to directly compute on due to the temperature diverging to infinity), of which singularity Tipler terms the Omega Point.<ref name="Tipler1998">Frank J. Tipler, "Ultrarelativistic Rockets and the Ultimate Future of the Universe", [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19990023204_1999021520.pdf ''NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Workshop Proceedings''], [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]], January 1999, pp. 111-119 ([http://www.webcitation.org/5nY13xRip mirror link]); an invited paper in the proceedings of a conference held at and sponsored by [[Glenn Research Center|NASA Lewis Research Center]], Cleveland, Ohio, August 12–14, 1998; {{doi|2060/19990023204}}. [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?Ntk=DocumentID&Ntt=19990023204 Document ID: 19990023204]. Report Number: E-11429; NAS 1.55:208694; NASA/CP-1999-208694. [http://www.webcitation.org/5nwu4fT31 Mirror link].</ref><ref name="Tipler2001">Frank J. Tipler, [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0104011 "The Ultimate Future of the Universe, Black Hole Event Horizon Topologies, Holography, and the Value of the Cosmological Constant"], {{arxiv|astro-ph|0104011}}, April 1, 2001. Published in J. Craig Wheeler and Hugo Martel (editors), [http://scitation.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=APCPCS&Volume=586&Issue=1 ''Relativistic Astrophysics: 20th Texas Symposium, Austin, TX, 10-15 December 2000''] (Melville, N.Y.: [[American Institute of Physics]], 2001), pp. 769-772, ISBN 0-7354-0026-1, {{lccn|2001||094694}}, which is [http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/586/769/1 ''AIP Conference Proceedings'', Vol. 586 (October 15, 2001)], {{doi|10.1063/1.1419654}}, {{bibcode|2001AIPC..586.....W}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler2003">Frank J. Tipler, "Intelligent life in cosmology", ''[[International Journal of Astrobiology]]'', Vol. 2, Issue 2 (April 2003), pp. 141-148, {{doi|10.1017/S1473550403001526}}, {{bibcode|2003IJAsB...2..141T}}; available [http://math.tulane.edu/~tipler/intelligentlife.pdf here] and at {{arxiv|0704.0058}}, March 31, 2007.</ref><ref name="Tipler2005">F. J. Tipler, [http://math.tulane.edu/~tipler/theoryofeverything.pdf "The structure of the world from pure numbers"], ''[[Reports on Progress in Physics]]'', Vol. 68, No. 4 (April 2005), pp. 897-964, {{doi|10.1088/0034-4885/68/4/R04}}, {{bibcode|2005RPPh...68..897T}}. [http://www.webcitation.org/5nx3CxKm0 Mirror link]. Also released as [http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.3276 "Feynman-Weinberg Quantum Gravity and the Extended Standard Model as a Theory of Everything"], {{arxiv|0704.3276}}, April 24, 2007.</ref><ref name="Tipler2007">Frank J. Tipler, Jessica Graber, Matthew McGinley, Joshua Nichols-Barrer and Christopher Staecker, [http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0003082 "Closed Universes With Black Holes But No Event Horizons As a Solution to the Black Hole Information Problem"], March 20, 2000. Published in ''[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]'', Vol. 379, Issue 2 (August 2007), pp. 629-640, {{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11895.x}}, {{bibcode|2007MNRAS.379..629T}}.</ref> With computational resources diverging to infinity, Tipler states that the far-future society will be able to resurrect the dead by perfectly emulating the entire [[many-worlds interpretation|multiverse]] from its start at the [[Big Bang]].<ref name="Tipler1989">Frank J. Tipler, "The Omega Point as ''Eschaton'': Answers to Pannenberg's Questions for Scientists", ''[[Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science]]'', Vol. 24, Issue 2 (June 1989), pp. 217-253, {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-9744.1989.tb01112.x}}. [http://www.webcitation.org/5nY0aytpz Mirror link]. Republished as Chapter 7: "The Omega Point as ''Eschaton'': Answers to Pannenberg's Questions to Scientists" in Carol Rausch Albright and Joel Haugen (editors), ''Beginning with the End: God, Science, and Wolfhart Pannenberg'' (Chicago, Ill.: [[Open Court Publishing Company]], 1997), pp. 156-194, ISBN 0-8126-9325-6, {{lccn|97||000114}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler2005"/><ref name="Tipler2007b"/> Tipler identifies the Omega Point final singularity as God, as Tipler maintains that the Omega Point has all the properties claimed for God by most of the traditional religions.<ref name="Tipler1989"/><ref name="Tipler1994b">Frank J. Tipler, ''The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God and the Resurrection of the Dead'' (New York: [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], 1994), ISBN 0385467982, {{lccn|93||045046}}, {{bibcode|1994pimc.book.....T}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler2007b"/>
The ''Omega Point'' is a term Tipler uses to describe a [[physical cosmology|cosmological]] state in the distant [[proper time]] future of the [[universe]] that he maintains is required by the known [[physical law]]s. According to Tipler's Omega Point cosmology, in order for the known laws of physics to be mutually consistent requires intelligent life to take over all matter in the universe and to eventually force the collapse of the universe, during which collapse the computational capacity of the universe diverges to infinity and environments [[computer simulation|emulated]] with that computational capacity last for [[immortality|infinite duration]] as the universe goes into a solitary-point [[gravitational singularity|cosmological singularity]] (with life eventually using elementary particles to directly compute on due to the temperature diverging to infinity), of which singularity Tipler terms the Omega Point.<ref name="Tipler2003">Frank J. Tipler, "Intelligent life in cosmology", ''[[International Journal of Astrobiology]]'', Vol. 2, Issue 2 (April 2003), pp. 141-148, {{doi|10.1017/S1473550403001526}}, {{bibcode|2003IJAsB...2..141T}}; available [http://math.tulane.edu/~tipler/intelligentlife.pdf here] and at {{arxiv|0704.0058}}, March 31, 2007.</ref><ref name="Tipler2005">F. J. Tipler, [http://math.tulane.edu/~tipler/theoryofeverything.pdf "The structure of the world from pure numbers"], ''[[Reports on Progress in Physics]]'', Vol. 68, No. 4 (April 2005), pp. 897-964, {{doi|10.1088/0034-4885/68/4/R04}}, {{bibcode|2005RPPh...68..897T}}. [http://www.webcitation.org/5nx3CxKm0 Mirror link]. Also released as [http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.3276 "Feynman-Weinberg Quantum Gravity and the Extended Standard Model as a Theory of Everything"], {{arxiv|0704.3276}}, April 24, 2007.</ref><ref name="Tipler2007">Frank J. Tipler, Jessica Graber, Matthew McGinley, Joshua Nichols-Barrer and Christopher Staecker, [http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0003082 "Closed Universes With Black Holes But No Event Horizons As a Solution to the Black Hole Information Problem"], March 20, 2000. Published in ''[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]'', Vol. 379, Issue 2 (August 2007), pp. 629-640, {{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11895.x}}, {{bibcode|2007MNRAS.379..629T}}.</ref> With computational resources diverging to infinity, Tipler states that the far-future society will be able to resurrect the dead by perfectly emulating the entire [[many-worlds interpretation|multiverse]] from its start at the [[Big Bang]].<ref name="Tipler1989">Frank J. Tipler, "The Omega Point as ''Eschaton'': Answers to Pannenberg's Questions for Scientists", ''[[Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science]]'', Vol. 24, Issue 2 (June 1989), pp. 217-253, {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-9744.1989.tb01112.x}}. [http://www.webcitation.org/5nY0aytpz Mirror link]. Republished as Chapter 7: "The Omega Point as ''Eschaton'': Answers to Pannenberg's Questions to Scientists" in Carol Rausch Albright and Joel Haugen (editors), ''Beginning with the End: God, Science, and Wolfhart Pannenberg'' (Chicago, Ill.: [[Open Court Publishing Company]], 1997), pp. 156-194, ISBN 0-8126-9325-6, {{lccn|97||000114}}.</ref> Tipler identifies the Omega Point final singularity as God, as Tipler maintains that the Omega Point has all the properties claimed for God by most of the traditional religions.<ref name="Tipler1989"/><ref name="Tipler1994b">Frank J. Tipler, ''The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God and the Resurrection of the Dead'' (New York: [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], 1994), ISBN 0385467982, {{lccn|93||045046}}, {{bibcode|1994pimc.book.....T}}.</ref>


Tipler's argument that the Omega Point cosmology is required by the known physical laws is a more recent development which came after the publication of his 1994 book ''The Physics of Immortality''.<ref name="Tipler2007b">Frank J. Tipler, ''The Physics of Christianity'' (New York: [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], 2007), ISBN 0385514247, {{lccn|2006039028}}. [http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385514248&view=excerpt Chapter I and excerpt from Chapter II]. Chapter I also available [http://www.math.tulane.edu/~tipler/Chapter_1._Introduction.doc here].</ref> In that book and in papers which Tipler published up to that time, Tipler had offered the Omega Point cosmology as a [[hypothesis]], while still confining the analysis to the known laws of physics.<ref name="Tipler1986">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.springerlink.com/content/vlj3180664373268/ "Cosmological Limits on Computation"], ''[[International Journal of Theoretical Physics]]'', Vol. 25, No. 6 (June 1986), pp. 617-661, {{doi|10.1007/BF00670475}}, {{bibcode|1986IJTP...25..617T}}. (First paper on the Omega Point Theory.)</ref><ref name="Tipler1988">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/192869 "The Anthropic Principle: A Primer for Philosophers"], ''PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association'', Vol. 1988, Volume Two: Symposia and Invited Papers (1988), pp. 27-48; published by [[University of Chicago Press]] on behalf of the [[Philosophy of Science Association]].</ref><ref name="Tipler1989"/><ref name="Tipler1992">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVN-46YD4D5-12T&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=41358cdcea2b6a49f87ce3f8c2667600 "The ultimate fate of life in universes which undergo inflation"], ''[[Physics Letters]] B'', Vol. 286, Issues 1-2 (July 23, 1992), pp. 36-43, {{doi|10.1016/0370-2693(92)90155-W}}, {{bibcode|1992PhLB..286...36T}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler1993">Frank J. Tipler, "A New Condition Implying the Existence of a Constant Mean Curvature Foliation", {{bibcode|1993dgr2.conf..306T}}, in B. L. Hu and [[Theodore Jacobson|T. A. Jacobson]] (editors), ''Directions in General Relativity: Proceedings of the 1993 International Symposium, Maryland, Volume 2: Papers in Honor of Dieter Brill'' (Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1993), pp. 306-315, ISBN 0-521-45267-8, {{bibcode|1993dgr2.conf.....H}}.</ref>
Tipler's argument that the Omega Point cosmology is required by the known physical laws is a more recent development which came after the publication of his 1994 book ''The Physics of Immortality''.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} In that book and in papers which Tipler published up to that time, Tipler had offered the Omega Point cosmology as a [[hypothesis]], while still confining the analysis to the known laws of physics.<ref name="Tipler1986">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.springerlink.com/content/vlj3180664373268/ "Cosmological Limits on Computation"], ''[[International Journal of Theoretical Physics]]'', Vol. 25, No. 6 (June 1986), pp. 617-661, {{doi|10.1007/BF00670475}}, {{bibcode|1986IJTP...25..617T}}. (First paper on the Omega Point Theory.)</ref>


Tipler's 1986 book ''The Anthropic Cosmological Principle'', coauthored with physicist [[John D. Barrow]], reviews the intellectual history of [[teleology]] and analyzes the large number of physical coincidences which allow sapient life to exist (see [[anthropic principle]]), with the book concluding by investigating the [[ultimate fate of the universe]]. This was the first book to describe the Omega Point Theory.<ref name="BarrowTipler1986a">[[John D. Barrow]] and Frank J. Tipler, "Foreword" by [[John Archibald Wheeler|John A. Wheeler]], ''The Anthropic Cosmological Principle'' (Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], 1986), pp. 676-677, ISBN 0198519494, {{LCCN|85||004824}}, {{bibcode|1986acp..book.....B}}. [http://www.dhushara.com/book/quantcos/anth/anth.htm Excerpt from Chapter 1].</ref>
Tipler's 1986 book ''The Anthropic Cosmological Principle'', coauthored with physicist [[John D. Barrow]], reviews the intellectual history of [[teleology]] and analyzes the large number of physical coincidences which allow sapient life to exist (see [[anthropic principle]]), with the book concluding by investigating the [[ultimate fate of the universe]]. This was the first book to describe the Omega Point Theory.<ref name="BarrowTipler1986a">[[John D. Barrow]] and Frank J. Tipler, "Foreword" by [[John Archibald Wheeler|John A. Wheeler]], ''The Anthropic Cosmological Principle'' (Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], 1986), pp. 676-677, ISBN 0198519494, {{LCCN|85||004824}}, {{bibcode|1986acp..book.....B}}. [http://www.dhushara.com/book/quantcos/anth/anth.htm Excerpt from Chapter 1].</ref>

Revision as of 19:50, 15 March 2011

Frank Jennings Tipler III
Born (1947-02-01) February 1, 1947 (age 77)
Andalusia, Alabama
NationalityAmerican
EducationPhD (Physics)
Alma materMassachusetts Institute of Technology; University of Maryland, College Park
OccupationMathematical Physicist
EmployerTulane University
Known forOmega Point Theory
The Physics of Immortality
Websitehttp://math.tulane.edu/~tipler/

Frank Jennings Tipler III (born February 1, 1947 in Andalusia, Alabama[1]) is a mathematical physicist and cosmologist, holding a joint appointment in the Departments of Mathematics and Physics at Tulane University. [2] Tipler has authored books and papers on the Omega Point which he claims is mechanism for the resurrection. It has been labeled as pseudoscience by skeptics.[3] Tipler is a fellow of the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design, a society advocating Intelligent Design.[4]


Life

Tipler is the son of Frank Jennings Tipler Jr., a lawyer, and Anne Tipler, a homemaker.[1] Tipler attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1965 through 1969, and he completed his bachelor of science degree in physics in 1969.[2] Tipler entered graduate school. In 1976 he earned his doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.) degree from the University of Maryland.[5] Tipler was next hired in a series of postdoctoral researcher positions in physics at three universities, with the final one being at the University of Texas, working under John Archibald Wheeler, Abraham Taub, Rainer Sachs, and Dennis Sciama.[2] Tipler became a faculty member in mathematical physics in 1981 at Tulane University, where he has been a faculty member ever since.[2]

Work in physics

The Omega Point cosmology

The Omega Point is a term Tipler uses to describe a cosmological state in the distant proper time future of the universe that he maintains is required by the known physical laws. According to Tipler's Omega Point cosmology, in order for the known laws of physics to be mutually consistent requires intelligent life to take over all matter in the universe and to eventually force the collapse of the universe, during which collapse the computational capacity of the universe diverges to infinity and environments emulated with that computational capacity last for infinite duration as the universe goes into a solitary-point cosmological singularity (with life eventually using elementary particles to directly compute on due to the temperature diverging to infinity), of which singularity Tipler terms the Omega Point.[6][7][8] With computational resources diverging to infinity, Tipler states that the far-future society will be able to resurrect the dead by perfectly emulating the entire multiverse from its start at the Big Bang.[9] Tipler identifies the Omega Point final singularity as God, as Tipler maintains that the Omega Point has all the properties claimed for God by most of the traditional religions.[9][10]

Tipler's argument that the Omega Point cosmology is required by the known physical laws is a more recent development which came after the publication of his 1994 book The Physics of Immortality.[citation needed] In that book and in papers which Tipler published up to that time, Tipler had offered the Omega Point cosmology as a hypothesis, while still confining the analysis to the known laws of physics.[11]

Tipler's 1986 book The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, coauthored with physicist John D. Barrow, reviews the intellectual history of teleology and analyzes the large number of physical coincidences which allow sapient life to exist (see anthropic principle), with the book concluding by investigating the ultimate fate of the universe. This was the first book to describe the Omega Point Theory.[12]

Physicist David Deutsch incorporates Tipler's Omega Point cosmology as a central feature of the fourth strand of his "four strands" concept of fundamental reality and defends the physics of the Omega Point cosmology.[13] Although Deutsch is highly-critical of Tipler's theological conclusions[14] and what Deutsch states are exaggerated claims which have caused most scientists and philosophers to reject his theory out of hand.[15] Researcher Anders Sandberg pointed out that he believes the Omega Point Theory has many flaws, including missing proofs. [16]

Tipler's Omega Point theories have received criticism by physicists and skeptics.[17][18][19] George Ellis, writing in the journal Nature, described Tipler's book on the Omega Point as "a masterpiece of pseudoscience ... the product of a fertile and creative imagination unhampered by the normal constraints of scientific and philosophical discipline",[3] and Michael Shermer devoted a chapter of Why People Believe Weird Things to enumerating what he thought to be flaws in Tipler's thesis.[20]

Quantum gravity and the Theory of Everything

In a 2005 Reports on Progress in Physics paper that was included as one of 12 papers in the journal's "Highlights of 2005",[21] Tipler combines the Omega Point as a boundary condition with a version of the Feynman–Weinberg–DeWitt theory of quantum gravity along with an extended Standard Model of subatomic particles in order to form what he maintains is the correct Theory of Everything (TOE) describing and unifying all the forces in physics.[7]

Intelligent design

Tipler's writings on scientific peer review[22] have been cited by William A. Dembski as having formed the basis of the process for "peer review" in the so-called intelligent design journal Progress in Complexity, Information and Design of the International Society for Complexity, Information and Design, where both Tipler and Dembski served as fellows.[4]

Selected writings

Books

  • Frank J. Tipler (2007). The Physics of Christianity. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0385514247.
  • Frank J. Tipler (1994). The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God and the Resurrection of the Dead. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0198519494.
  • Frank J. Tipler (1986). The Anthropic Cosmological Principle. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198519494. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Articles

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Terrie M. Rooney (editor) (1997). Contemporary Authors. Vol. 157. Farmington Hills (MI): Thomson Gale. p. 407. ISBN 0787611832. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  2. ^ a b c d Frank J. Tipler (2007). "Biography". Frank J. Tipler's Tulane University website.
  3. ^ a b George Ellis (1994). "Review of The Physics of Immortality" (PDF). Nature. 371: 115. doi:10.1038/371115a0. Cite error: The named reference "ellis1994" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b "ISCID Fellows". International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
  5. ^ Frank J. Tipler (1976). Causality Violation in General Relativity (PhD thesis). University of Maryland. Bibcode:1976PhDT........61T.
       Source: "Dissertation Abstracts International". 37 (06): B2923. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Frank J. Tipler, "Intelligent life in cosmology", International Journal of Astrobiology, Vol. 2, Issue 2 (April 2003), pp. 141-148, doi:10.1017/S1473550403001526, Bibcode:2003IJAsB...2..141T; available here and at arXiv:0704.0058, March 31, 2007.
  7. ^ a b F. J. Tipler, "The structure of the world from pure numbers", Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 68, No. 4 (April 2005), pp. 897-964, doi:10.1088/0034-4885/68/4/R04, Bibcode:2005RPPh...68..897T. Mirror link. Also released as "Feynman-Weinberg Quantum Gravity and the Extended Standard Model as a Theory of Everything", arXiv:0704.3276, April 24, 2007.
  8. ^ Frank J. Tipler, Jessica Graber, Matthew McGinley, Joshua Nichols-Barrer and Christopher Staecker, "Closed Universes With Black Holes But No Event Horizons As a Solution to the Black Hole Information Problem", March 20, 2000. Published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 379, Issue 2 (August 2007), pp. 629-640, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11895.x, Bibcode:2007MNRAS.379..629T.
  9. ^ a b Frank J. Tipler, "The Omega Point as Eschaton: Answers to Pannenberg's Questions for Scientists", Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science, Vol. 24, Issue 2 (June 1989), pp. 217-253, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.1989.tb01112.x. Mirror link. Republished as Chapter 7: "The Omega Point as Eschaton: Answers to Pannenberg's Questions to Scientists" in Carol Rausch Albright and Joel Haugen (editors), Beginning with the End: God, Science, and Wolfhart Pannenberg (Chicago, Ill.: Open Court Publishing Company, 1997), pp. 156-194, ISBN 0-8126-9325-6, LCCN 97-0.
  10. ^ Frank J. Tipler, The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God and the Resurrection of the Dead (New York: Doubleday, 1994), ISBN 0385467982, LCCN 93-0, Bibcode:1994pimc.book.....T.
  11. ^ Frank J. Tipler, "Cosmological Limits on Computation", International Journal of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 25, No. 6 (June 1986), pp. 617-661, doi:10.1007/BF00670475, Bibcode:1986IJTP...25..617T. (First paper on the Omega Point Theory.)
  12. ^ John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler, "Foreword" by John A. Wheeler, The Anthropic Cosmological Principle (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 676-677, ISBN 0198519494, LCCN 85-0, Bibcode:1986acp..book.....B. Excerpt from Chapter 1.
  13. ^ David Deutsch (1997). "The Ends of the Universe". The Fabric of Reality: The Science of Parallel Universes—and Its Implications. London: Penguin Press. ISBN 0713990619.
  14. ^ Mackey, James Patrick (2000). The critique of theological reason. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521772938.
  15. ^ Shermer, Michael (2003). How we believe: science, skepticism, and the search for God. Macmillan. ISBN 9780805074796.
  16. ^ Anders Sandberg, "My Thoughts and Comments on the Omega Point Theory of Frank J. Tipler"
  17. ^ Gardner, Martin (March / April 2008). "The Strange Case of Frank Jennings Tipler". Book Review, "The Physics of Christianity". The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved 29 June 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ John Polkinghorne (1995). "I am the Alpha and the Omega Point". New Scientist (1963): 41.
  19. ^ Richard G. Baker (1995). "Fossils Worth Studying" (PDF). Science. 267 (5200): 1043–1044. doi:10.1126/science.267.5200.1043. PMID 17811443.
  20. ^ Shermer, Michael (1997). Why People Believe Weird Things. W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3090-1.
  21. ^ Richard Palmer, Publisher, "Highlights of 2005", Reports on Progress in Physics; original URL, now dead.
  22. ^ Frank J. Tipler (2003). "Refereed Journals: Do They Insure Quality or Enforce Orthodoxy?" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-03-14.

External links

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