Biodegradable polythene film

Polyethylene or polythene film is biodegrades naturally, over a long period of time. Methods are available to make it more degradable under certain conditions of sunlight, moisture, oxygen, and composting and enhancement of biodegradation by reducing the hydrophobic polymer and increasing hydrophilic properties..

If traditional polyethylene film is littered it can be unsightly, and a hazard to wildlife. Some people believe that making plastic shopping bags biodegradable is one way to try to allow the open litter to degrade.

Plastic recycling improves usage of resources. Biodegradable films need to be kept away from the usual recycling stream to prevent contaminating the polymers to be recycled.

If disposed of in a sanitary landfill, most traditional plastics do not readily decompose. The sterile conditions of a sealed landfill also deter degradation of biodegradable polymers.

Polyethylene is a polymer consisting of long chains of the monomer ethylene (IUPAC name ethene). The recommended scientific name polyethene is systematically derived from the scientific name of the monomer.[1][2] In certain circumstances it is useful to use a structure–based nomenclature. In such cases IUPAC recommends poly(methylene).[2] The difference is due to the opening up of the monomer's double bond upon polymerisation.

In the polymer industry the name is sometimes shortened to PE in a manner similar to that by which other polymers like polypropylene and polystyrene are shortened to PP and PS respectively. In the United Kingdom the polymer is commonly called polythene, although this is not recognised scientifically.

The ethene molecule (known almost universally by its common name ethylene) C₂H₄ is CH₂=CH₂, Two CH₂ groups connected by a double bond, thus:

Polyethylene is created through polymerization of ethene. It can be produced through radical polymerization, anionic addition polymerization, ion coordination polymerization or cationic addition polymerization. This is because ethene does not have any substituent groups that influence the stability of the propagation head of the polymer. Each of these methods results in a different type of polyethylene.

Types of biodegradable polythene film

Polythene or polyethylene film will naturally fragment and biodegrade, but it can take many decades to do this.. There are two methods to resolve this problem. One is to modify the carbon chain of polyethylene with an additive to improve its degradability and then its biodegradability; the other is to make a film with similar properties to polyethylene from a biodegradable substance such as starch. The latter are however much more expensive.

Starch based or biobased (hydrodegradable) film

This type is made from corn (maize), potatoes or wheat. This form of biodegradable film meets the ASTM standard (American Standard for Testing Materials) and European Norm EN13432 for compostability as it degrades at least 90% within 180 days or less under specified conditions. However, actual products made with this type of film may not meet those standards.

Examples of polymers made from starch

• Polycaprolactone (PCL)
• Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
• Polylactic acid (PLA)

The heat, moisture and aeration in an industrial composting plant are required for this type of film to biodegrade, so it will not therefore readily degrade if littered in the environment.

Pros & cons of starch based film/bag

Pros

• It is "compostable" under industrial conditions.
• Reduced fossil fuel content (depending on loading of filler.)

Cons

• Much too expensive for use everyday
• Source of starch can be problematic (competition against food use, rainforests being cleared to grow crops for bioplastics)
• Fossil fuels are burned and CO₂ produced in the agricultural production process.
• Poorer mechanical strength than additive based example – filling a starch bag with wet leaves and placing it curbside can result in the bottom falling out when a haulier picks it up.
• Often not strong enough for use in high-speed machines
• Degradation in a sealed landfill takes at least 6 months.
• Emits CO₂ in aerobic conditions and methane under anaerobic conditions
• Limited Shelf life. Conditions must be respected for stockage.
• If mixed with other plastics for recycling, the recycling process is compromised.

Typical applications

Carrier bag, refusal sacks, vegetable bags, food films, agricultural films, mailing films. However, these applications are still very limited compared to those of petroleum based plastic films.

Additive based (oxodegradable)

These films are made by blending an additive to provide an oxidative and then a biological mechanism to degrade them. This typically takes 6 months to 2 years in the environment if adequate exposure to oxygen Degradation is a two stage process; first the plastic is converted by reaction with oxygen (light, heat and/or stress accelerates the process but is not essential) to low molecular-weight fragments that water can wet, and then these smaller oxidized molecules are biodegraded, i.e. converted into carbon dioxide, water and biomass by microorganisms. Commercial competitors and their trade associations allege that the process of biodegradation stops at a certain point, leaving fragments, but they have never established why or at what point. This is similar to the breakdown of woody plant material where lignin is broken down and forms a humus component improving the soil quality. If put in an in-vessel composting system this type of plastic will rapidly break down, but it is not currently marketed as compostable.

Pros & cons of additive based film/bag

Pros

• Much cheaper than starch-based plastics
• Can be made with normal machinery, and can be used in high speed machines, so no need to change suppliers and no loss of jobs
• Materials are well known
• Does not compete against food production
• These films look, act and perform just like their non-degradable counterparts, during their programmed service-life but then break down if discarded.
• They can be recycled with normal plastics.
• They are certified non-toxic, and safe for food-contact
• Some bags degrade at about the same rate as a leaf. In fact, when used as bin liners, bags can start degrading after three or four days of being in the bin.

Cons

• Degradation depends on access to air
• Not designed to degrade in landfill, but can be safely landfilled. Will degrade if oxygen is present, but will NOT emit methane in landfill
• European or American (EN13432 D6400)Standards on compostable products are not appropriate, as not designed for composting. They should be tested according to ASTM D6954 or (as from 1 Jan 1010) UAE norm 5009:2009
• They are not suitable for PET or PVC
• Precise rate of degradation/biodegradation cannot be predicted, but will be faster than nature's wastes such as straw or twigs, and much faster than normal plastic
• Like normal plastics they are made from a by-product of oil or natural gas
• If mixed with other plastics for recycling, the recycling process is compromised.

Typical applications

Trash Bags, Garbage Bags, Compost Bags, Carrier bag, Agricultural Film, Mulch Film, produce bags, - in fact all forms of short-life plastic film packaging

References

• BBC News: "All Tesco bags 'to be degradable dt. 10th May'06" http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4758419.stm
• BBC News: "Degradable carrier bags launched dt. 2nd Sep'02" http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2229698.stm
• Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6

See also

• Biodegradable plastic
• Bioplastic
• Plastic bag
• Plastic recycling
• Packaging
• Photodegradation