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It has been hypothesized that ''Rhodiola rosea'''s effects are mediated by changes in [[serotonin]] and [[dopamine]] levels due to [[monoamine oxidase]] inhibition and its influence on [[opioid]] [[peptide]]s, such as beta-[[endorphin]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gregory S. Kelly, ND, |journal=Alternative Medicine Review |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=293–302|year=2001 |pmid=11410073 |title=Rhodiola rosea: a possible plant adaptogen}}</ref> although these specific [[neurochemistry|neurochemical]] mechanisms have not been clearly documented with scientific studies.
It has been hypothesized that ''Rhodiola rosea'''s effects are mediated by changes in [[serotonin]] and [[dopamine]] levels due to [[monoamine oxidase]] inhibition and its influence on [[opioid]] [[peptide]]s, such as beta-[[endorphin]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gregory S. Kelly, ND, |journal=Alternative Medicine Review |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=293–302|year=2001 |pmid=11410073 |title=Rhodiola rosea: a possible plant adaptogen}}</ref> although these specific [[neurochemistry|neurochemical]] mechanisms have not been clearly documented with scientific studies.


''Rhodiola'' is included among a class of plant derivatives called [[adaptogen]]s which differ from [[stimulants]], such as [[nicotine]], and do not have the same [[physiological]] effects.
''Rhodiola'' is included among a class of plant derivatives called [[adaptogen]]s which differ from [[stimulants]], such as [[nicotine]]. Adaptogens have less efficacy and different [[physiological]] effects than stimulants. Adaptogens are absent from mainstream medicine, but are popular in energy drinks.<ref>http://www.oxyfresh.com/primorye/</ref> On the other hand, stimulants are widely used in mainstream medicine to treat conditions like [[narcolepsy]], [[obesity]], and [[attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]].<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16566781</ref>


In [[Russia]] and [[Scandinavia]], ''R. rosea'' has been used for centuries to cope with the cold [[Siberia]]n climate and stressful life.<ref>http://www.cbceurope.it/images/stories/file/chemical/RhodiolaExtract.pdf</ref> Such effects were provided with evidence in laboratory models of [[stress (biological)|stress]] using the [[nematode]] ''[[Caenorhabditis elegans|C. elegans]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wiegant FA, Surinova S, Ytsma E, Langelaar-Makkinje M, Wikman G, Post JA |title=Plant adaptogens increase lifespan and stress resistance in C. elegans |journal=Biogerontology |year=2008 |month=Jun |pmid=18536978 |doi=10.1007/s10522-008-9151-9 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=27–42 }}</ref> and in rats in which ''Rhodiola'' effectively prevented stress-induced changes in appetite, physical activity, weight gain and the estrus cycle.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mattioli L, Funari C, Perfumi M |title=Effects of Rhodiola rosea L. extract on behavioural and physiological alterations induced by chronic mild stress in female rats |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford) |year=2008 |month=May |pmid=18515456 |doi=10.1177/0269881108089872 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=130–42}}</ref>
In [[Russia]] and [[Scandinavia]], ''R. rosea'' has been used for centuries to cope with the cold [[Siberia]]n climate and stressful life.<ref>http://www.cbceurope.it/images/stories/file/chemical/RhodiolaExtract.pdf</ref> Such effects were provided with evidence in laboratory models of [[stress (biological)|stress]] using the [[nematode]] ''[[Caenorhabditis elegans|C. elegans]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wiegant FA, Surinova S, Ytsma E, Langelaar-Makkinje M, Wikman G, Post JA |title=Plant adaptogens increase lifespan and stress resistance in C. elegans |journal=Biogerontology |year=2008 |month=Jun |pmid=18536978 |doi=10.1007/s10522-008-9151-9 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=27–42 }}</ref> and in rats in which ''Rhodiola'' effectively prevented stress-induced changes in appetite, physical activity, weight gain and the estrus cycle.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mattioli L, Funari C, Perfumi M |title=Effects of Rhodiola rosea L. extract on behavioural and physiological alterations induced by chronic mild stress in female rats |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford) |year=2008 |month=May |pmid=18515456 |doi=10.1177/0269881108089872 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=130–42}}</ref>

Revision as of 02:30, 31 December 2012

Rhodiola rosea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Core eudicots
Order:
Saxifragales
Family:
Crassulaceae
Genus:
Rhodiola
Species:
R. rosea
Binomial name
Rhodiola rosea
Synonyms

Sedum rosea (L.) Scop.
Sedum rhodiola DC.
Rhodiola arctica Boriss.
Rhodiola iremelica Boriss.
Rhodiola scopolii Simonk.
Sedum scopolii Simonk.
Золотой Корень, Solotoy Koren

Rhodiola rosea (commonly golden root, rose root, roseroot, Aaron's rod, arctic root, king's crown, lignum rhodium, orpin rose) is a plant in the Crassulaceae family that grows in cold regions of the world. These include much of the Arctic, the mountains of Central Asia, the Rocky Mountains, and mountainous parts of Europe, such as the Alps, Pyrenees, and Carpathian Mountains, Scandinavia, Iceland, Great Britain and Ireland. The perennial plant grows in areas up to 2280 meters elevation. Several shoots grow from the same thick root. Shoots reaches 5 to 35 cm in height. Rhodiola rosea is dioecious – having separate female and male plants.

Uses

Plant

Rhodiola rosea may be effective for improving mood and alleviating depression. Pilot studies on human subjects[2][3][4] showed it improves physical and mental performance, and may reduce fatigue.

It has been hypothesized that Rhodiola rosea's effects are mediated by changes in serotonin and dopamine levels due to monoamine oxidase inhibition and its influence on opioid peptides, such as beta-endorphin,[5] although these specific neurochemical mechanisms have not been clearly documented with scientific studies.

Rhodiola is included among a class of plant derivatives called adaptogens which differ from stimulants, such as nicotine. Adaptogens have less efficacy and different physiological effects than stimulants. Adaptogens are absent from mainstream medicine, but are popular in energy drinks.[6] On the other hand, stimulants are widely used in mainstream medicine to treat conditions like narcolepsy, obesity, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.[7]

In Russia and Scandinavia, R. rosea has been used for centuries to cope with the cold Siberian climate and stressful life.[8] Such effects were provided with evidence in laboratory models of stress using the nematode C. elegans,[9] and in rats in which Rhodiola effectively prevented stress-induced changes in appetite, physical activity, weight gain and the estrus cycle.[10]

The plant has been used in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is called hóng jǐng tiān (红景天).

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhodiola rosea.

Phytochemicals and potential health effects

The dried rhizomes contained essential oil with the main chemical classes: monoterpene hydrocarbons, monoterpene alcohols and straight-chain aliphatic alcohols were the most abundant volatiles detected in the essential oil, and a total of 86 compounds were identified (Rohloff, 2002). Geraniol was identified as the most important rose-like odor compound besides geranyl formate, geranyl acetate, benzyl alcohol and phenylethyl alcohol. Its oxygenated metabolite rosiridol is an aglycon of rosiridin (Kurkin et al., 1985a; Kurkin and Zapesochnaya, 1986b) - one of the most active constituents of Rhodiola in bioassay guided fractionation of Rhodiolathe extract.[11] Rosiridin was found to inhibit monoamine oxidases A and B in vitro implying its potential beneficial effect in depression and senile dementia.[11] More than 50 polar compounds were isolated from the water alcoholic extracts, they are: monoterpene alcohols and their glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, phenylethanoids and phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, aryl glycosides, proanthocyanidins and other gallic acid derivatives. (Zapeschnaya, and Kurkin, 1983, 1983; Kurkin et al., 1985a; Kurkin, and Zapesochnaya, 1986a,b; Ganzera et al., 2001; Tolonen et al.,2003; Saratikov and Krasnov, 2004; Akgul et al., 2004; Ma et al.2006, Yousef et al., 2006, Ali et al.,2008; Avula et al., 2008).

Withering flower

Rhodiola rosea contains a variety of compounds that may contribute to its effects,[12] including the class of rosavins which include rosavin, rosarin, and rosin. Several studies have suggested that the most active components are likely to be rhodioloside and tyrosol,[13] with other components being inactive when administered alone, but showing synergistic effects when a fixed combination of rhodioloside, rosavin, rosarin and rosin was used.[14]

Although rosavin, rosarin, rosin and salidroside (and sometimes p-tyrosol, rhodioniside, rhodiolin and rosiridin) are among suspected active ingredients of Rhodiola rosea, these compounds are mostly polyphenols for which no physiological effect in humans is proved to prevent or reduce risk of disease.[15]

Although these phytochemicals are typically mentioned as specific to Rhodiola extracts, there are many other constituent phenolic antioxidants, including proanthocyanidins, quercetin, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and kaempferol.[16][17]

While animal tests have suggested a variety of beneficial effects for Rhodiola rosea extracts,[18] there is scientific evidence only for depression as a benefit in humans. A clinical trial showed significant effect for a Rhodiola extract in doses of 340–680 mg per day in male and female patients from 18 to 70 years old with mild to moderate depression.[19] Another study also found antidepressant properties,[20] possibly via the plant's inhibition of MAO-A and MAO-B.[21]

R. rosea promotes the release of NO from rat penile corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cell and artery endothelium cell, which was correlated with its effect to resist senility.[22]

Rhodiola rosea extract exerts an antifatigue effect that increases mental performance, particularly the ability to concentrate in healthy subjects[3][23][2] and burnout patients with fatigue syndrome.[24] Rhodiola significantly reduced symptoms of fatigue and improved attention after four weeks of repeated administration.[24]

Studies on whether Rhodiola improves physical performance have been inconclusive, with some studies showing some benefit,[25] while others show no significant difference.[26]

Inhibitory activities against HIV-1 protease have also been studied.[27]

Dosage

Dried Rhodiola rosea root

Rhodiola rosea extract is mainly used in the form of capsules or tablets, though tinctures are also available. The capsules and tablets often contain 100 mg of a standardized amount of 3% rosavins and 0.8–1.0% salidroside because the naturally occurring ratio of these compounds in Rhodiola rosea root is approximately 3:1. Authentication, as well as potency, of golden root crude drug materials and standardized extracts thereof are carried out with validated RP-HPLC analyses to verify the content of the marker constituents salidroside, rosarin, rosavin, rosin and rosiridin.[28] However, as with many plant-based remedies, an approved dosage range in relation to the active constituents has officially not been established. In these cases, dosage recommendations of the individual manufacturers should be followed.

A typical dose is one or two capsules or tablets daily, one in the morning and when taking two, one in the early afternoon. Rhodiola rosea should be taken early in the day because for some it can interfere with sleep. Others can take it in the evening with no effect on sleep patterns. If a user becomes overly activated, jittery or agitated, then a smaller dose with very gradual increases may be needed. It is contraindicated in excited states.[citation needed]

The dose may be increased to 200 mg three times a day if needed. A high dose is considered to be daily intakes of 1,000 mg and above.[citation needed]

Rhodiola rosea may be beneficial to increase energy and mental performance for people suffering from Hashimoto's disease.[citation needed]

In a 2007 clinical trial from Armenia, total effective doses were in the range of 340–680 mg per day for people aged 18 to 70. No side effects were demonstrated at these doses in the treatment of mild to moderate depression.[29]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Rhodiola rosea - Plants For A Future database report". www.pfaf.org. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
  2. ^ a b Shevtsov VA, Zholus BI, Shervarly VI; et al. (2003). "A randomized trial of two different doses of Rhodiola rosea extract versus placebo and control of capacity for mental work". Phytomedicine. 10 (2–3): 95–105. doi:10.1078/094471103321659780. PMID 12725561. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b Darbinyan V, Kteyan A, Panossian A, Gabrielian E, Wikman G, Wagner H (2000). "Rhodiola rosea in stress induced fatigue—a double blind cross-over study of a standardized extract with a repeated low-dose regimen on the mental performance of healthy physicians during night duty". Phytomedicine. 7 (5): 365–71. doi:10.1016/S0944-7113(00)80055-0. PMID 11081987. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Ha Z, Zhu Y, Zhang X; et al. (2002). "[The effect of rhodiola and acetazolamide on the sleep architecture and blood oxygen saturation in men living at high altitude]". Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi (in Chinese). 25 (9): 527–30. PMID 12423559. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Gregory S. Kelly, ND, (2001). "Rhodiola rosea: a possible plant adaptogen". Alternative Medicine Review. 6 (3): 293–302. PMID 11410073.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ http://www.oxyfresh.com/primorye/
  7. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16566781
  8. ^ http://www.cbceurope.it/images/stories/file/chemical/RhodiolaExtract.pdf
  9. ^ Wiegant FA, Surinova S, Ytsma E, Langelaar-Makkinje M, Wikman G, Post JA (2008). "Plant adaptogens increase lifespan and stress resistance in C. elegans". Biogerontology. 10 (1): 27–42. doi:10.1007/s10522-008-9151-9. PMID 18536978. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Mattioli L, Funari C, Perfumi M (2008). "Effects of Rhodiola rosea L. extract on behavioural and physiological alterations induced by chronic mild stress in female rats". Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford). 23 (2): 130–42. doi:10.1177/0269881108089872. PMID 18515456. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b van Diermen, 2009 Monoamine oxidase inhibition by Rhodiola rosea L. roots.
  12. ^ Kucinskaite A, Briedis V, Savickas A (2004). "[Experimental analysis of therapeutic properties of Rhodiola rosea L. and its possible application in medicine]" (PDF). Medicina (Kaunas) (in Lithuanian). 40 (7): 614–9. PMID 15252224.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Mao Y, Li Y, Yao N (2007). "Simultaneous determination of salidroside and tyrosol in extracts of Rhodiola L. by microwave assisted extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography". J Pharm Biomed Anal. 45 (3): 510–5. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2007.05.031. PMID 17628386. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Panossian A, Nikoyan N, Ohanyan N; et al. (2008). "Comparative study of Rhodiola preparations on behavioral despair of rats". Phytomedicine. 15 (1–2): 84–91. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.10.003. PMID 18054474. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Boudet AM (2007). "Evolution and current status of research in phenolic compounds". Phytochemistry. 68 (22–24): 2722–35. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.012. PMID 17643453.
  16. ^ Yousef GG, Grace MH, Cheng DM, Belolipov IV, Raskin I, Lila MA (2006). "Comparative phytochemical characterization of three Rhodiola species". Phytochemistry. 67 (21): 2380–91. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.07.026. PMID 16956631. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Liu Q, Liu ZL, Tian X (2008). "[Phenolic components from Rhodiola dumulosa]". Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi (in Chinese). 33 (4): 411–3. PMID 18533499. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Perfumi M, Mattioli L (2007). "Adaptogenic and central nervous system effects of single doses of 3% rosavin and 1% salidroside Rhodiola rosea L. extract in mice". Phytother Res. 21 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1002/ptr.2013. PMID 17072830. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ^ Darbinyan V, Aslanyan G, Amroyan E, Gabrielyan E, Malmström C, Panossian A (2007). "Clinical trial of Rhodiola rosea L. extract in the treatment of mild to moderate depression". Nord J Psychiatry. 61 (5): 343–8. doi:10.1080/08039480701643290. PMID 17990195.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Dwyer AV, Whitten DL, Hawrelak JA (2011). "Herbal medicines, other than St. John's Wort, in the treatment of depression: a systematic review" (PDF). Altern Med Rev. 16 (1): 40–9. PMID 21438645. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ van Diermen, D.; Marston, A.; Bravo, J.; Reist, M.; Carrupt, PA.; Hostettmann, K. (2009). "Monoamine oxidase inhibition by Rhodiola rosea L. roots". J Ethnopharmacol. 122 (2): 397–401. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.01.007. PMID 19168123. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  22. ^ Effect of Rodiola on level of NO and NOS in cultured rats penile corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cell and artery endothelium cell Kong X., Shi F., Chen Y., Lu H., Yao M., Hu M. Chinese Journal of Andrology 2007 21:10 (6-11)
  23. ^ Spasov. A.A., Mandrikov, V.B., Mitonova, I.A., 2000b. The effect of Dhodaxonon psycho-physiologic and physical adaptation of students to the academic load. Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 63 (1), 76-78.
  24. ^ a b Olsson E.M.G., von Schéele B., Panossian A.G. (2009). "A randomized double-blind placebo controlled parallel group study of an extract of Rhodiola rosea roots as treatment for patients with stress related fatigue". Planta medica. 75 (2): 105–112. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1088346. PMID 19016404.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ De Bock K, Eijnde BO, Ramaekers M, Hespel P (2004). "Acute Rhodiola rosea intake can improve endurance exercise performance". Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 14 (3): 298–307. PMID 15256690. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Walker TB, Altobelli SA, Caprihan A, Robergs RA (2007). "Failure of Rhodiola rosea to alter skeletal muscle phosphate kinetics in trained men". Metab Clin Exp. 56 (8): 1111–7. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2007.04.004. PMID 17618958. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Screening of Korean plants against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease Min B.S., Bae K.H., Kim Y.H., Miyashiro H., Hattori M., Shimotohno K. Phytotherapy Research 1999 13:8 (680-682)
  28. ^ Ganzera M, Yayla Y, Khan IA (2001). "Analysis of the marker compounds of Rhodiola rosea L. (golden root) by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography". Chem. Pharm. Bull. 49 (4): 465–7. doi:10.1248/cpb.49.465. PMID 11310675. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Darbinyan, V.; Aslanyan, G.; Amroyan, E.; Gabrielyan, E.; Malmstroumlm, C.; Panossian, A. Clinical trial of Rhodiola rosea L. extract SHR-5 in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 61, Issue 5 2007 , pages 343–348.

29. Panossian, A., Wikman, G. 2010. Rosenroot (Roseroot): Traditional Use, Chemical Composition, Pharmacology, and Clinical Efficacy. Phytomedicine 17(5-6): 481-493. DOI 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.02.002

30. Bozhilova, M. 2011. Salidroside content in Rhodiola rosea L., dynamics and varyability. In: Botanica Serbica 35 (1): 3-6. http://botanicaserbica.bio.bg.ac.rs/arhiva/pdf/2011_35_1_533_full.pdf

External links

Critical of effects on mountain sickness

Further reading

  • Richard P. Brown, MD & Patricia L. Gerbarg with Barbara Graham. “The Rhodiola Revolution" Rodale Press, 2004. A discussion of the benefits of Rhodiola rosea.
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