Cesàro summation

For the song "Cesaro Summability" by the band Tool, see Ænima.

In mathematical analysis, Cesàro summation is an alternative means of assigning a sum to an infinite series. If the series converges in the usual sense to a sum A, then the series is also Cesàro summable and has Cesàro sum A. The significance of Cesàro summation is that a series which does not converge may still have a well-defined Cesàro sum.

Cesàro summation is named for the Italian analyst Ernesto Cesàro (1859–1906).

Definition

Let {a_n} be a sequence, and let

$s_{k}=a_{1}+\cdots +a_{k}$

be the kth partial sum of the series

$\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}.$

The series {a_n} is called Cesàro summable, with Cesàro sum $A\in \mathbb {R}$, if the average value of its partial sums $s_{k}$tends to $A$:

$\lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{k=1}^{n}s_{k}=A.$

In other words, the Cesàro sum of an infinite series is the limit of the arithmetic mean (average) of the first n partial sums of the series, as n goes to infinity.

Examples

Let a_n = (−1)ⁿ⁺¹ for n ≥ 1. That is, {a_n} is the sequence

$1,-1,1,-1,\ldots .\,$

and let G denote the series $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}=1-1+1-1+1-...$

Then the sequence of partial sums {s_n} $=\sum _{k=1}^{n}a_{k}$ is

$1,0,1,0,\ldots ,\,$

so that the series G, known as Grandi's series, clearly does not converge. On the other hand, the terms of the sequence {t_n} of the (partial) means of the {s_n} where

$t_{n}={\sum _{k=1}^{n}s_{k} \over n}$ are

${\frac {1}{1}},\,{\frac {1}{2}},\,{\frac {2}{3}},\,{\frac {2}{4}},\,{\frac {3}{5}},\,{\frac {3}{6}},\,{\frac {4}{7}},\,{\frac {4}{8}},\,\ldots ,$

so that

$\lim _{n\to \infty }t_{n}=1/2.$

Therefore the Cesàro sum of the series G is 1/2.

On the other hand, let now a_n = n for n ≥ 1. That is, {a_n} is the sequence

$1,2,3,4,\ldots .\,$

and let G now denote that other series $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}=1+2+3+4+5-...$

Then the sequence of partial sums {s_n} is

$1,3,6,10,\ldots ,\,$

and the evaluation of G diverges to infinity. The terms of the sequence of means of partial sums {(t_n } are here

${\frac {1}{1}},\,{\frac {4}{2}},\,{\frac {10}{3}},\,{\frac {20}{4}},\,\ldots .$

Thus, this sequence diverges to infinity as well as G, and the G is now not Cesàro summable.

This should not be taken to indicate that for a series which diverges to (positive or negative) infinity the Cesàro method also leads to a sequence that diverges likewise, and hence such a series is not Cesàro summable. Take the following example: a_n equals 0 when n is not a perfect cube, and equals k when n=k³.

Here we find that

$\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{a_{n}}=+\infty$

But the Cesàro sum is given instead by 0.

(C, α) summation

In 1890, Ernesto Cesàro stated a broader family of summation methods which have since been called (C, n) for non-negative integers n. The (C, 0) method is just ordinary summation, and (C, 1) is Cesàro summation as described above.

The higher-order methods can be described as follows: given a series Σa_n, define the quantities

$A_{n}^{-1}=a_{n};\quad A_{n}^{\alpha }=\sum _{k=0}^{n}A_{k}^{\alpha -1}$

and define E_n^α to be A_n^α for the series 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 + · · ·. Then the (C, α) sum of Σa_n is denoted by (C, α)-Σa_n and has the value

$(C,\alpha )-\sum _{j=0}^{\infty }a_{j}=\lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {A_{n}^{\alpha }}{E_{n}^{\alpha }}}$

if it exists (Shawyer & Watson 1994, pp.16-17). This description represents an $\alpha$-times iterated application of the initial summation method and can be restated as

$(C,\alpha )-\sum _{j=0}^{\infty }a_{j}=\lim _{n\to \infty }\sum _{j=0}^{n}{\frac {n \choose j}{n+\alpha \choose j}}a_{j}.$

Even more generally, for $\alpha \in \mathbb {R} \setminus (-\mathbb {N} )$, let A_n^α be implicitly given by the coefficients of the series

$\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }A_{n}^{\alpha }x^{n}={\frac {\displaystyle {\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }a_{n}x^{n}}}{(1-x)^{1+\alpha }}},$

and E_n^α as above. In particular, E_n^α are the binomial coefficients of power −1 − α. Then the (C, α) sum of Σ a_n is defined as above.

The existence of a (C, α) summation implies every higher order summation, and also that a_n = o(n^α) if α > −1.

Cesàro summability of an integral

Let α ≥ 0. The integral $\scriptstyle {\int _{0}^{\infty }f(x)\,dx}$ is Cesàro summable (C, α) if

$\lim _{\lambda \to \infty }\int _{0}^{\lambda }\left(1-{\frac {x}{\lambda }}\right)^{\alpha }f(x)\,dx$

exists and is finite (Titchmarsh 1948, §1.15). The value of this limit, should it exist, is the (C, α) sum of the integral. Analogously to the case of the sum of a series, if α=0, the result is convergence of the improper integral. In the case α=1, (C, 1) convergence is equivalent to the existence of the limit

$\lim _{\lambda \to \infty }{\frac {1}{\lambda }}\int _{0}^{\lambda }\left\{\int _{0}^{x}f(y)\,dy\right\}\,dx$

which is the limit of means of the partial integrals.

As is the case with series, if an integral is (C,α) summable for some value of α ≥ 0, then it is also (C,β) summable for all β > α, and the value of the resulting limit is the same.

See also

• Abel summation
• Abel's summation formula
• Abel–Plana formula
• Borel summation
• Euler summation
• Lambert summation
• Cesàro mean
• Divergent series
• Fejér's theorem
• Riesz mean
• Perron's formula
• Abelian and tauberian theorems
• Silverman–Toeplitz theorem
• Summation by parts

References

• Shawyer, Bruce; Watson, Bruce (1994), Borel's Methods of Summability: Theory and Applications, Oxford UP, ISBN 0-19-853585-6.
• Titchmarsh, E (1948), Introduction to the theory of Fourier integrals (2nd ed.), New York, N.Y.: Chelsea Pub. Co. (published 1986), ISBN 978-0-8284-0324-5.
• Volkov, I.I. (2001) [1994], "Cesàro summation methods", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
• Zygmund, Antoni (1968), Trigonometric series (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press (published 1988), ISBN 978-0-521-35885-9.