Platonia: Difference between revisions

Platonia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Clusiaceae
Subfamily:	Clusioideae
Tribe:	Platonieae
Genus:	Platonia
Species:	P. insignis
Binomial name
	Platonia insignis; Mart.
Synonyms
	Aristoclesia esculenta Stuntz ; Moronobea esculenta ; Platonia esculenta (Arruda) Rickett & Stafleu

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Platonia insignis, the sole species of the genus Platonia, is a tree of the family Clusiaceae native to South America in the humid forests of Brazil, Paraguay, parts of Colombia and northeast to Guyana; specially in Amazon Rainforest. Common names include bacuri (and numerous variant spellings thereof; bacurí, bacury, bakuri, pacuri, pakuri, pakouri, packoeri, pakoeri), maniballi, naranjillo and bacurizeiro.

There was a degree of nomenclatural confusion, caused by Moronobea esculenta. If that were validly published for this species the current name would be Platonia esculenta. It was established that Moronobea esculenta is not a formal name (not "validly published"), so the name remains Platonia insignis.

Description

Platonia insignis is a dry-season deciduous tree, reaching 25–40 m high. It has a pyramidal crown and copious yellow latex in the bark. The leaves are opposite, simple oblong to elliptic, 8–15 cm long, and glossy dark green, with wavy margins and a leathery texture.

The flowers are 5–7 cm long and pink in color, with five petals and numerous stamens. The fruit is round to oval and 7–14 cm long, with a thick, yellow skin. It resembles a papaya. The rind exudes a yellow latex when pressed.^[1] The sticky white pulp is fragant, with a taste that is both sweet and sour. There are 3 to 5 seeds.

The White-bellied Parrot (Pionites leucogaster) is a pollinator of the plant, making it ornithophilous.^[2]

Cultivation and uses

The bacuri is grown for its fruit, which is made into various condiments and beverages. It contains high levels of phosphorus, iron, and vitamin C. The oily brown seeds are used as a home remedy to treat skin conditions. Its yellowish wood is frequently used as timber.

Chemistry

Platonia is a natural source of trioxygenated xanthones.^[3] The latex contains resinotol.^[4]

Notes

^ Rogez, H., et al. (2004). Chemical composition of the pulp of three typical Amazonian fruits: araça-boi (Eugenia stipitata), bacuri (Platonia insignis) and cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum). European Food Research and Technology 214(4) doi:[https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00217-003-0853-6 10.1007/s00217-003-0853-6
^ Cornell University Caique Glossary
^ Peres, V. and T. J. Nagem. (1997). Trioxygenated naturally occurring xanthones. Phytochemistry 44(2) 191-214. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00421-9
^ Platonia insignis on www.cefe.cnrs.fr

References

External links

"Platonia insignis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.

[1] Rogez, H., et al. (2004). Chemical composition of the pulp of three typical Amazonian fruits: araça-boi (Eugenia stipitata), bacuri (Platonia insignis) and cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum). European Food Research and Technology 214(4) doi:[https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00217-003-0853-6 10.1007/s00217-003-0853-6

[2] Cornell University Caique Glossary

[3] Peres, V. and T. J. Nagem. (1997). Trioxygenated naturally occurring xanthones. Phytochemistry 44(2) 191-214. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00421-9

[4] Platonia insignis on www.cefe.cnrs.fr

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[2]

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{italic title}}
 {{taxobox
-|name = ''Platonia insignis''
+|image = Bacuri Platonia insignis 3.JPG
-|image = Bacuri Platonia insignis 1.JPG
 |regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
@@ Line 21: / Line 20: @@
 <br>''Platonia esculenta'' (Arruda) Rickett & Stafleu
 |}}
-[[File:Platonia insignis MHNT.BOT.2010.6.50.jpg|thumb|''Platonia insignis'' - [[MHNT]]]]
+[[File:Platonia insignis MHNT.BOT.2010.6.50.jpg|thumb|''P. insignis'' wood]]
-'''''Platonia insignis''''', the sole [[species]] of the [[genus]] '''''Platonia''''', is a tree of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Clusiaceae]] native to [[South America]] in the humid forests of [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]], parts of [[Colombia]] and northeast to [[Guyana]]; specially in [[Amazon Rainforest]]. Common names include '''Bacuri''' (and numerous variant spellings thereof; Bacurí, Bacury, Bakuri, Pacuri, Pakuri, Pakouri, Packoeri, Pakoeri), '''Maniballi''', '''Naranjillo''' and '''Bacurizeiro'''.
+'''''Platonia insignis''''', the sole [[species]] of the [[genus]] '''''Platonia''''', is a tree of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Clusiaceae]] native to [[South America]] in the humid forests of [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]], parts of [[Colombia]] and northeast to [[Guyana]]; specially in [[Amazon Rainforest]]. Common names include '''bacuri''' (and numerous variant spellings thereof; bacurí, bacury, bakuri, pacuri, pakuri, pakouri, packoeri, pakoeri), '''maniballi''', '''naranjillo''' and '''bacurizeiro'''.
-There was a degree of nomenclatural confusion, caused by ''Moronobea esculenta''. If that were validly published and were to apply to this species the correct name would be ''Platonia esculenta''. Recently this has been cleared up: it has been decided that ''Moronobea esculenta'' is not a formal name (not "validly published"). The name remains ''Platonia insignis''.
+There was a degree of nomenclatural confusion, caused by ''Moronobea esculenta''. If that were validly published for this species the current name would be ''Platonia esculenta''. It was established that ''Moronobea esculenta'' is not a formal name (not "validly published"), so the name remains ''Platonia insignis''.
 ==Description==
-''Platonia insignis'' is a dry-season [[deciduous]] tree, reaching 25–40 m high. It has a pyramidal crown and copious yellow [[latex]] in the bark. The leaves are opposite, simple oblong to elliptic, 8–15&nbsp;cm long, glossy dark green, with wavy margins and a leathery texture.
+''Platonia insignis'' is a dry-season [[deciduous]] tree, reaching 25–40 m high. It has a pyramidal crown and copious yellow [[latex]] in the bark. The leaves are opposite, simple oblong to elliptic, 8–15&nbsp;cm long, and glossy dark green, with wavy margins and a leathery texture.
-[[Image:Bacuri Platonia insignis 3.JPG|thumb|left|260px|Bacuri]]The ''Platonia insignis'' flowers are 5–7&nbsp;cm long, pink, with five petals and numerous stamens. The fruit is round to oval, 7–14&nbsp;cm long, with a thick, yellow skin, looking similar to a [[papaya]]. This rind exudes a yellow latex when pressed.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/w21p893a7jukfl1p/ Chemical composition of the pulp of three typical Amazonian fruits: araça-boi ( Eugenia stipitata), bacuri ( Platonia insignis) and cupuaçu ( Theobroma grandiflorum). Hervé Rogez, Raphaële Buxant, Eric Mignolet, Jesus N. S. Souza, Evaldo M. Silva and Yvan Larondelle, European Food Research and Technology, Volume 218, Number 4 / march 2004, ] {{doi|10.1007/s00217-003-0853-6}}</ref> The sticky white pulp, which is wrapped around the three to five seeds somewhat like a [[pomegranate]], is fragant, with a taste that is both sweet and sour.
+The flowers are 5–7&nbsp;cm long and pink in color, with five petals and numerous stamens. The fruit is round to oval and 7–14&nbsp;cm long, with a thick, yellow skin. It resembles a [[papaya]]. The rind exudes a yellow latex when pressed.<ref>Rogez, H., et al. (2004). [http://www.springerlink.com/content/w21p893a7jukfl1p/ Chemical composition of the pulp of three typical Amazonian fruits: araça-boi (''Eugenia stipitata''), bacuri (''Platonia insignis'') and cupuaçu (''Theobroma grandiflorum''). ''European Food Research and Technology'' 214(4) {{doi|10.1007/s00217-003-0853-6}}</ref> The sticky white pulp is fragant, with a taste that is both sweet and sour. There are 3 to 5 seeds.
-The white-bellied parrot ''[[White-bellied Parrot|P. l. leucogaster]]'' has been reported to pollinate it, making it an [[ornithophilous]] plant.<ref>[http://home.rochester.rr.com/thecaiques/glossary.htm Cornell University Caique Glossary]</ref>
+The [[White-bellied Parrot]] (''Pionites leucogaster'') is a [[pollinator]] of the plant, making it [[ornithophilous]].<ref>[http://home.rochester.rr.com/thecaiques/glossary.htm Cornell University Caique Glossary]</ref>
 ==Cultivation and uses==
 [[File:Bacurizal.jpg|thumb|right|Bacuri plantation]]
-The bacuri is also grown for its fruit, which contains notable amounts of phosphorus, iron, and vitamin C, and is often made into various [[condiment]]s and beverages. Bacuri seeds, which are brown and fairly oily, are commonly used as a [[home remedy]] to treat skin conditions. Its yellowish wood is frequently used as timber. [http://www.amazonbeer.com.br Amazon Beer], a craft brewer located in [[Belém do Pará]], produces the Amazon Forest Bacuri beer,<ref>http://www.amazonbeer.com.br/cervejas.html</ref> which contains the fruit.
+The bacuri is grown for its fruit, which is made into various [[condiment]]s and beverages. It contains high levels of phosphorus, iron, and vitamin C. The oily brown seeds are used as a [[home remedy]] to treat skin conditions. Its yellowish wood is frequently used as timber.
 ==Chemistry==
-''Platonia'' is a natural source of [[trioxygenated xanthone]]s.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6TH7-3S95K2R-3-4&_cdi=5275&_user=4296857&_pii=S0031942296004219&_orig=search&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1997&_sk=999559997&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkzk&md5=5109cf4955e03777ca32725f0bb0a303&ie=/sdarticle.pdf Trioxygenated naturally occurring xanthones. V. Peres  and T. J. Nagem, Phytochemistry, Volume 44, Issue 2, January 1997, Pages 191-214, ] {{doi|10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00421-9}}</ref> The latex is composed of [[resinotol]].<ref>[http://www.cefe.cnrs.fr/ibc/pdf/coppens/Fruits%20from%20America/Ficha%20Platonia%20insignis.htm Platonia insignis on www.cefe.cnrs.fr]</ref>
+''Platonia'' is a natural source of [[trioxygenated xanthone]]s.<ref>Peres, V. and T. J. Nagem. (1997). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6TH7-3S95K2R-3-4&_cdi=5275&_user=4296857&_pii=S0031942296004219&_orig=search&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1997&_sk=999559997&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkzk&md5=5109cf4955e03777ca32725f0bb0a303&ie=/sdarticle.pdf Trioxygenated naturally occurring xanthones.] ''Phytochemistry'' 44(2) 191-214. {{doi|10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00421-9}}</ref> The latex contains [[resinotol]].<ref>[http://www.cefe.cnrs.fr/ibc/pdf/coppens/Fruits%20from%20America/Ficha%20Platonia%20insignis.htm Platonia insignis on www.cefe.cnrs.fr]</ref>
 ==See also==
 * [[List of plants of Amazon Rainforest vegetation of Brazil]]
-==References==
+==Notes==
 <references/>
+==References==
 * [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=506120 ITIS report]
 * [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/ven-guayana/clusiaceae/page13.shtml Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana: ''Platonia'']
@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 [[Category:Tropical fruit]]
 [[Category:Crops originating from the Americas]]
-[[Category:Crops originating from Colombia]]
-[[Category:Crops originating from Brazil]]