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→‎Genetic geneology of the Ismaelite Arabs: Ishmael is not a historical person but a person in religious literature - there can be no genetics related to him, sources don't mention Ishmaelites probably because it is not a scientific label
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<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/sunnah/bukhari/052.sbt.html#004.052.148 |title=Hadith Bukhari Vol 4 book 52 num 148|work=Prophet say Aslam of Qahtan also from Ismael }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/sunnah/bukhari/052.sbt.html#004.052.148 |title=Hadith Bukhari Vol 4 book 52 num 148|work=Prophet say Aslam of Qahtan also from Ismael }}</ref>



==[[Genetic geneology]] of the Ismaelite Arabs==


In [[Genetic geneology]], Arabs are charachterised by having the lineage J1-I147 which is the dominant lineage of [[J1]]-[[P58]] which makes up most of [[Haplogroup J1]].
J1-[[P58]] (J1b2 previously known as J1e) is by far the most widespread subclade of [[J1]].
J1-[[P58]] is typically [[semitic]] haplogroup making up most of the population of the Arabian Peninsula of male lineage. the dominant lineage in J1-P58 is its branch J1-l147 which corresponds to the demographic explosion that followed the muslim conquest in the 7th century. l147.1 is the [[Cohen Modal Haplotype]] of J1 [[cohanim]] Jews who are supposed to be Paternally decendents of [[Aaron]]:
<ref>{{ cite web |url=http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J1_Y-DNA.shtml |title= Haplogroup J1 |work= }}</ref>

[[ Haplogroup J1]] originated in the southern part of the Mesopotamia and is the only haplogroup that researchers consider “Semitic” in origin because it is restricted almost completely to Middle Eastern populations and drops sharply at the border of non-Arabic countries, The majority of [[Haplogroup J1]] Y chromosomes harbor the motif [[YCAIIa22-YCAIIb22]] found in Arabs whereas this association is much less frequent in J1-haplogroup in Ethiopia and only sporadically found in Caucasus and Europe. The motif [[YCAIIa22-YCAIIb22]] potentially characterizes a [[monophyletic]] [[clade]] of J1-[[M267]] specific to Arabs. This clade includes the Galilee [[Modal Haplotype]] found in Palestinians (Nebel et al. 2000) and of Moroccan Arabs (Bosch et al. 2001). this haplotype (was diffused in recent time by Arabs who, mainly from the 7th century A.D., expanded to northern Africa.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Semino|first=Ornella|title=Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area|journal=American Journal Human Genetics|date=04.06.2004|year=2004|month=April|volume=74|issue=5|issn=1023-1034|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181965|accessdate=22 June 2013}}</ref>

Documented historical events, such as the mention of [[Arabs]] as [[Ishmaelites]] in the [[Assyrian]] records from the 9th century B.C., and the ancient claim of the [[Bible]] and Arabs that they are decendents of [[Ishmael]] and [[Abraham]], and that the Arabs speak their own language The [[Arabic Language]], together with the finding of a particular [[J1]] haplotype in Yemenis, Palestinians, and NW Africans as a result of the 7th century [[Arab conquest]], are suggestive of a recent common origin of these chromosomes.
<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nebel|first=Almut|title=Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|year=2002|issue=70|pages=1594-1596|url=http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC379148}}</ref>

The [[Most Recent Common Ancestor]] ([[TMRCA]]) is 4,125±525 years for Jews and Arabs who are [[J1]] and [[CMH]]. This time period is close to that of the legendary Biblical split into the Jewish and the Arabic lineages ([[Abraham]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Klyosov|first=Anatoly|title=DNA Geneology, mutation rates, and some historical data II|journal=Journal of Genetic Geneology|year=2009|volume=2|issue=5|pages=217-256|url=http://www.worldacademy.org/files/DNA_genealogy_Part_1.pdf |quote=Origin of peoples in a context of DNA genealogy is an assignment of each of
them to a particular tribe or its branch (lineage) initiated in a genealogical sense by a particular ancestor who had a base (“ancestral”) haplotype. This also includes an estimation of a time span between the common ancestor and its current descendants.
If information obtained this way can be presented in a historical context and supported, even arguably, by other independent archeological, linguistic, historical, ethnographic, anthropological and other related considerations, this can be called a success}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 15:55, 23 June 2013

See also: Historical Arabs

According to the Book of Genesis, Ishmaelites are the descendants of Ishmael, the elder son of Abraham.

Traditional origins

According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham's first wife was named Sarah and her handmaid was named Hagar. However Sarah could not conceive. According to Genesis 16:3 Sarah (then Sarai) gave her maid Hagar in marriage to Abraham, in order that Abraham might have an heir. Genesis 16: 3 states, "And Sarai Abram's wife took Hagar her maid....and gave her to her husband Abram to be his wife”. Hagar conceived Ishmael from Abraham, and the Ishmaelites descend from him.

After Abraham pleaded with God for Ishmael to live under his blessing, Genesis 17:20 states, "But as for Ishmael, I have heard thee: behold I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation."

The third century BCE Samaritan book The Secrets of Moses says in chapter viii " 1. And after the death of Abraham, Ishmael reigned twenty seven years 2. And all the children of Nebaot ruled for one year in the lifetime of Ishmael, 3.And for thirty years after his death from the river of Egypt to the river Euphrates; and they built Mecca. 4. For thus it is said(in genesis 25 16) "As thou goest towards Ashur before all his brethren he lay." Josephus states "were born to Ismael twelve sons Nabaioth Kedar Abdeel Mabsam Idumas Masmoas Massaos Chodad Theman Jetur Naphesus Cadmas. These inhabited all the country from Euphrates to the Red Sea,and called it Nabatene. [1] Palestinian Targum futher explain Genesis 25:16:"And they (children of Ishmael) dwelled from Hindikia (IndianOcean) toPalusa (Pelusiumt which is before Egypt as thou goest to Atur(Assyria)." The 14th century CE Kebra Nagast says in Ch.83: "Many countries are enumerated over which Ishmael ruled [2]

Historical Records of the Ishmaelites

Assyrian and Babylonian Royal Inscriptions and North Arabian inscriptions from 9th to 6th century B.C, mention the king of Qedar as king of the Arabs and King of the Ishmaelites[3][4][5][6] .Of the names of the sons of Ishmael the names “nabat kedar abdeel dumah massa and teman” were mentioned in the Assyrian Royal Inscriptions as tribes of the Ishmaelites. Jesur was mentioned in greek inscriptions in the First Century B.C.[7]. But the Qedarite kingdom continued long after the demise of the last Neo Babylonian king Nabonidus but Nabataean kingdom emerged out of the Qedarite kingdom because of the continuty in geographical and language between the two tribes some two hundred and fifty years later.[8][9][10]. Many Arabic tribes names of the time of Muhammad (and Now) such as Asad, Madhhij, and the ancestor tribes of Muhammad: Ma'ad and Nizar[11] were found in the Namara inscription dated 325 AD in the Nabatean script.[12][13]


Maqrizi says that Moses wiped out almost all non-Ishmaelite Arabs such as Amaleq and Midianites[14], and by the time of Muhammad all Arabs were descendents of Ishmael according to historians Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi and al-Sharqi who say All Arabs are now descendents of Ishmael including the Qahtanites [15].

Muhammad said that all Arabs are descendents of ishmael even the Qahtanite tribes [16] [17]


References

  1. ^ Josephus. "12". Complete Works of Josephus Volume 1. p. 42. Children of Ishmael
  2. ^ Gaster, Moses (1927). The Asatir: the Samaritan book of Moses. London: THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. pp. 262, 71. Nabateans ruled from Nile to Euphrates
  3. ^ Delitzsche (1912). Assyriesche Lesestuche. Leipzig. OCLC 2008786.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Montgomry (1934). Arabia and the Bible. Philadelphia: U of Pensylvania. OCLC 639516.
  5. ^ Winnet (1970). Ancient Records from North Arabia. pp. 51, 52. OCLC 79767. king of kedar (Qedarites) is named alternatively as king of Ishmaelites and king of Arabs in Assyrian Inscriptions
  6. ^ Stetkevychc (2000). "Muhammad and the Golden Bough". Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253332087. Assyrian records document Ishmaelites as Qedarites and as Arabs
  7. ^ Hamilton, Victor P. (1990). The book of Genesis ([Nachdr.]. ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0802823092.
  8. ^ Ibrahim (1989). "Nabatean Origins". In Knauf (ed.). Arabian Studies in honour of Mahmud Gul. Wiesbaden. ISSN 0003-0279.
  9. ^ Marx, edited by Angelika Neuwirth, Nicolai Sinai, Michael (2010). The Qur'an in context historical and literary investigations into the Qur'anic milieu (PDF). Leiden: Brill. p. 211. ISBN 9789047430322. Archived from the original on 2010. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help); Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "routes to Arabia" (PDF). p. 98.
  11. ^ Ibn Ishaq; Guillaume (1955). The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Isḥāq’s sīrat. London. p. 696. ISBN 0195778286. Nizar ancestor of Muhammad a descendent of Nebet son of Ishmael{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ Shahid (1989). Byzantium and the Arabs in the 5th century. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. p. 344. ISBN 0884021521. Ma'ad son of Adnan and Nizar the Ancestors of Muhammad are mentioned in Namara inscritions of king of the Arabs Imru' al-Qays ibn 'Amr, an Adnanite and Nabataean according to Ibn Ishaq, dated to year 325 AD and written in the Nabataean script
  13. ^ Ibn Ishaq; Guillaume (1955). The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Isḥāq’s sīrat. London. p. 4. ISBN 0195778286. al-Nu'man of the kings of al-Hira was a survivor of the tribe of Qunus b. Ma'add. However, the rest of the Arabs assert that he belonged to the Lakhm of the Rabi'a b. NasrIshmael{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ Maqrizi (1995) [1350 AD]. Kitab al-Mawa'iz wa al-I'tibar: Book of wisdoms from Ancient writings and ruins. london: Al-Furqan. p. 89. ISBN 1873992165. Moses wiped out Midianites and Amaleq and Gurhumites etc. and left Ishmaelites
  15. ^ Baladhuri. Ansab al-Ashraf. p. 105.
  16. ^ "Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad". The Prophet said all Arabs are decendents of Ishmael except some Thaqif and Awza’.
  17. ^ "Hadith Bukhari Vol 4 book 52 num 148". Prophet say Aslam of Qahtan also from Ismael.
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