US history of exporting democracy: Difference between revisions
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In the history of the US, presidents often use democracy as a justification for US intervention abroad.<ref name="Why">{{cite journal |
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}} Alternative [http://www.fpri.org/enotes/200604.americawar.hay.democratizationorderforeignpolicy.html link]. |
}} Alternative [http://www.fpri.org/enotes/200604.americawar.hay.democratizationorderforeignpolicy.html link]. International history of exporting democracy. In the United States after idealism fails, the goal becomes a realist focus on stability and the protection of American interests. |
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In the history of the US, presidents often use democracy as a justification for US intervention abroad.[1] A number of studies have been devoted to the historical success rate of the US in exporting democracy abroad. Most studies of US intervnetion have been pessimistic about the history of the United States exporting democracy.[2] But some studies, such as the study by Tures find US intervention has had mixed results,[2] and another by Hermann and Kegley have found that military intervention increase democracy in other countries.[3]
US intervention does not export democracy
Why Gun-Barrel Democracy Doesn't Work
Mesquita and Downs evaluate the period between 1945 to 2004. They state that the US has intervened in 35 countries, and only in one case, Colombia, did a "full fledged, stable democracy" develop within 10 years.[4]
US intervention has mixed results
Operation Exporting Freedom
Tures examines 228 cases of intervention since 1973, using Freedom House data. The majority of interventions, 96, caused no change in the country's democracy. In 69 instances the country became less democratic after US intervention. In the remaining 63 cases, a country became more democratic after US intervention.[2]
US intervention has exported democracy
The U.S. Use of Military Intervention to Promote Democracy
Notes
- ^ Mesquita, Bruce Bueno de (2004). "Why Gun-Barrel Democracy Doesn't Work". Hoover Digest. 2.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ a b c Tures, John A. "Operation Exporting Freedom: The Quest for Democratization via United States Military Operations" (PDF). Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|month=and|coauthors=(help)PDF file. - ^ Hermann, Margaret G. "The U.S. Use of Military Intervention to Promote Democracy: Evaluating
the Record". International Interactions. 24 (2): 91–114.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); line feed character in|title=at position 72 (help) - ^ Factors included (1) limits on executive power, (2) clear rules for the transition of power, (3) universal adult suffrage, and (4) competitive elections.
Further reading
- "U.S. Foreign Policy and Enlarging the Democratic Community". Human Rights Quarterly. 22 (4): 988–1010. 2000.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|month=and|coauthors=(help) [1] - Barro, Robert J. (2002). "Democracy in Afghanistan: Don't Hold Your Breath". Hoover Digest (2).
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)[1] - Carothers, Thomas (2003). "Promoting Democracy and Fighting Terror". Foreign Affairs: 84.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) [1] - Diamond, Larry (2004). "The Long Haul". Hoover Digest (2).
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|month=and|coauthors=(help) [1] - Hay, William Anthony (2006). "Can Democracy Be Imposed from the Outside?". Foreign Policy Research Institute (FPRI).
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) Alternative link. International history of exporting democracy. In the United States after idealism fails, the goal becomes a realist focus on stability and the protection of American interests. - Hermann, Margaret G. "The U.S. Use of Military Intervention to Promote Democracy: Evaluating the Record". International Interactions. 24 (2): 91–114.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) Uses Herbert K. Tillema, Foreign Overt Military Interventions, 1945-1991: OMILIST Codebook, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; 1997. - Krasner, Stephen D. (2003). "We Don't Know How To Build Democracy". Los Angeles Times.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)[1] - Pei, Samia Amin (2004). "Why Nation-Building Fails in Mid-Course". International Herald Tribune.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) The study finds that democracies built by the US begin to unravel in the decade after US forces depart, because political elites begin to change the law to fit their own interests. This study points to 14 cases of US intervention in the twentieth century. - Peceny, Mark (1999). Democracy at the Point of Bayonets. University Park:Pennsylvania State University Press.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) When the U.S. interventions later supported elections, the democracy was more likely to succeed. This study points to 25 cases of US intervention between 1898 and 1992. - Gleditsch, Nils Petter (2004). "Democratic Jihad? Military Intervention and Democracy". Paper presented at the workshop on Resources, Governance Structure and Civil War, Uppsala, Sweden.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) Democratizatioin is unpredictable in the long-term. - Tures, John A. "Operation Exporting Freedom: The Quest for Democratization via United States Military Operations" (PDF). Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|month=and|coauthors=(help)PDF file. This study points to 30 US interventions between 1945 and 1991. Also uses Herbert K. Tillema, Foreign Overt Military Interventions, 1945-1991: OMILIST Codebook, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; 1997. - Tures, John A. "To Protect Democracy (Not Practice It): Explanations of Dyadic Democratic Intervention (DDI) The Use of Liberal Ends to Justify Illiberal Means". OJPCR: The Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|month=and|coauthors=(help)
Iraq
- Lawson, Chappell (2003). "Democracy? In Iraq?". Hoover Digest. 3 (3).
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) This study points to 19 cases of US intervention "in the last century." But this study only focuses on four years, the years 1996 through 2000. Although the authors expand the study of intervention to include the entire 20th century.
Warnings
These studies warn that liberal states are likely to weild "illiberal methods" in promoting democracy in other countries.
- Doyle, Michael W. (1986). "Liberalism and World Politics". American Political Science Review. 80 (4): 1151–1161.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Machiavelli, Niccolo (1950). The Prince and the Discourses. New York: Modern Library.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Nils Petter Gleditsch, "Democracy and Peace," Gomien, D. (1995). Broadening the Frontiers of Human Rights. Oslo, Norway: Scandinavian University Press.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) p. 287-306.
- ^ a b c d e "Operation Exporting Freedom: The Quest for Democratization via United States Military Operations" (PDF). diplomacy.shu.edu. Retrieved 2006-05-20.In citing this article Tures states: Some articles do examine what increases or decreases democracy, but these studies focus only on how internal factors effect the country after the military operation is over. These studies examine colonial history, educational systems, geographic location, macroeconomic economics, natural resource distribution, linguistic divisions, prior democracy, and religious divisions. Limiting the analysis only to domestic factors ignores that the American military intervened in the country and the influence the US had in the country's government.