1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran: Difference between revisions
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|conflict=1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran |
|conflict=1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran |
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|partof=[[Kurdish–Iranian conflict]] |
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|date=1967-8<ref name=uarkansas/> |
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|place=[[Iranian Kordestan]] |
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|result= Kurdish revolt suppressed: |
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{{Campaignbox Kurdish separatism in Iran}} |
{{Campaignbox Kurdish separatism in Iran}} |
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The '''1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran''' erupted in March 1967, as part of |
The '''1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran''' erupted in March 1967, as part of long-running [[Marxist]] insurgency with the aim of establishing [[autonomy]] for [[Kurds]] in [[Iran]] modeled as a [[federal republic]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Abrahamian|first=Ervand|authorlink=Ervand Abrahamian|title=Iran Between Two Revolutions|year=1982|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691053424|oclc=7975938|page=453|quote="...these Kurdish Democrats raised the slogan "Democracy for Iran, Autonomy for Kurdistan," and called for an armed struggle to establish a federal republic modeled after that of Yugoslavia on the grounds that Iran, like Yugoslavia, contained many diverse nations."}}</ref> The revolt, consilidating several tribal revolts which had begun in 1966, was inspired by the [[First Kurdish-Iraqi War]] in neighboring Iraq and enjoyed the support of the recovering Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran,<ref name=cornell10>Benjamin Smith. ''Land and Rebellion: |
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The violence, consolidating several tribal revolts, began in 1966 and was inspired by the [[First Kurdish-Iraqi War]] in neighboring Iraq and enjoyed the support of the recovering Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran,<ref name=cornell10>Benjamin Smith. ''Land and Rebellion: |
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Kurdish Separatism in Comparative Perspective''.P.10. "The Kurds of Iran: Opportunistic and Failed Resistance, 1918‐". [http://government.arts.cornell.edu/assets/psac/sp09/Smith_Kurdish_Separatism_Feb09_PSAC.pdf]</ref> previously crushed during the 1946 Iran crisis. The revolt, coordinated into a semi-organized campaign in the Mahabad-Urumiya region by the revived KDPI party was entirely subdued by the central government, with assistance of the Iraqi KDP. |
Kurdish Separatism in Comparative Perspective''.P.10. "The Kurds of Iran: Opportunistic and Failed Resistance, 1918‐". [http://government.arts.cornell.edu/assets/psac/sp09/Smith_Kurdish_Separatism_Feb09_PSAC.pdf]</ref> previously crushed during the 1946 Iran crisis. The revolt, coordinated into a semi-organized campaign in the Mahabad-Urumiya region by the revived KDPI party was entirely subdued by the central government, with assistance of the Iraqi KDP. |
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[[Category:Wars involving Iran]] |
[[Category:Wars involving Iran]] |
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Revision as of 10:24, 8 August 2013
| 1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran | |||||||
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| Part of Kurdish–Iranian conflict | |||||||
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Kurdish Democratic Party of Iraq |
Revolutionary Committee leadership:
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi |
Abd Allah Muini †
Sulayman Muini | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
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Dozens of casualties, 40+ killed and executed by Iraqi KDP | |||||||
The 1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran erupted in March 1967, as part of long-running Marxist insurgency with the aim of establishing autonomy for Kurds in Iran modeled as a federal republic.[2] The revolt, consilidating several tribal revolts which had begun in 1966, was inspired by the First Kurdish-Iraqi War in neighboring Iraq and enjoyed the support of the recovering Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran,[3] previously crushed during the 1946 Iran crisis. The revolt, coordinated into a semi-organized campaign in the Mahabad-Urumiya region by the revived KDPI party was entirely subdued by the central government, with assistance of the Iraqi KDP.
Background
By 1941, when Reza Shah was deposed by the occupying British, his government had had some success in pacifying Kurdish tribes. In 1943, an important Kurdish party was established in Iran – Committee of Kurdish Youth (Komala-i-Zhian-i-Kurd), and in 1945 the movement transformed into the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI).[1] Both parties [citation needed]presented a serious challenge to the central Iranian government after WWII. The separatist conflict escalated in 1945, fueled with the Soviet Union support to the Kurds, and eventually leading to the Iran crisis of 1946, which included a separatist attempt of KDPI to establish the independent Republic of Mahabad in Iranian Kurdistan.[1][4] The attempt failed with military victory of the Iranian forces and the Republic was abolished, with its leaders executed. Some 1,000 died during the crisis.[1] In the aftermath of Mahabad’s collapse, the KDP‐I “effectively ceased to exist”,[3] with an exception of a handful of exiles in Iraq.[5] The party’s urban supporters essentially disappeared into obscurity and, for the next 15 years, there was virtually no Kurdish political activity.[3] The absence of a local Kurdish armed force in Iran, and the effective absence of a large urban population, ready to be mobilized against the central government, left Iranian Kurds waiting for an external shock to provide an opportunity, much as the Second World War had.[3]
Revival of KDPI and Kurdish rebellion of 1967
The shock for the Iranian Kurdish national movement came with the eruption of the First Kurdish-Iraqi War in neighboring Iraq in 1961.[3] When the 1958‐61 rapprochement in Iraq collapsed, the KDP‐Iran supported Iraqi Kurds; in the process, the leadership and subsequent social orientation of both Iran’s and Iraq’s Kurdish Democratic Parties turned conservative.[3] Facing a newly consolidated Iraqi government by 1965, Mulla Mustafa turned against his former military allies and KDP‐I supporters and came to an agreement with the Shah, that called for him to “restrain” KDP‐I activities against the Iranian government. Mullah Mustafa went further, “subordinating the struggle in Iran to that in Iraq” and “warn[ing] that KDP‐Iran militants would not be tolerated in Iraqi Kurdistan”.[5] The result of this was that the conservative leadership of the KDP‐Iran was ousted and new, mostly former Iranian Tudeh (Communist) Party leaders took over the party’s leadership.[3] They formed a Revolutionary Committee and declared their support for sporadic peasant uprisings against the National Police between Mahabad and Urumiya.[3] Lacking a significant social base, this new leadership was quickly crushed. Within months, eight of 11 members of the Revolutionary Committee had been killed by Iranian troops, and the movement lasted less than 18 months.[3] Over 40 KDPI party members were killed and their bodies handed over by Mullah Mustafa's men to the Iranian authorities.[5]
Aftermath
The surviving KDPI elements reconsolidated following the defeat, keeping a harsh bitterness against the "betrayal" of Mullah Mustafa.[5] From March 1970, a new "Provisional Central Committee" began to prepare a new part program, approved at the third KDPI party conference in Baghdad in June 1971.[5] During the third conference a new party secretary-general was elected – Abd al-Rahman Qasimlu.[5] Under his guidance, the Third Congress in 1973 adopted the slogan "Democracy for Iran, autonomy for Kurdistan", committing for the armed struggle.[5] Over the next years, KDPI found itself inline with other opponents of the regime, cooperating with some of the Marxist as well as Islamic parties. The game changed with the Islamic Revolution of 1979, which failed to provide the Kurdish demands for autonomy, but on the contrary faced those with an even harsher bitterness than the previous monarch regime. The conflict between the new Iranian regime and the KDPI and its allies gradually escalated, until reaching a point of no-return in March 1979. 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran was an insurrection led by the KDPI and its allies in Iranian Kurdistan, which became the most violent rebellion against the new Iranian regime, following the Islamic Revolution of February 1979. The rebellion ended in December 1982, with 10,000 killed and 200,000 displaced.[1] Though defeated, the KDPI tuned to arms once again between 1989 and 1996, as an insurrection by the KDPI took place in Iranian Kurdistan, initiated by assassination of its leader in exile in July 1989. The insurrection ended in 1996, as KDPI announced a unilateral cease fire. Since the Iranian elections on 1997, a more moderate government of the Islamic Republic had eased the crackdown on KDPI as well. KDPI has retained a low level political activity in exile through the late 1990s and early 2000s, signing cooperation agreement with Komala in 2012.
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e University of Arkansas. Political Science department. Iran/Kurds (1943-present). Retrieved 09 September 2012. [1]
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 453. ISBN 9780691053424. OCLC 7975938.
...these Kurdish Democrats raised the slogan "Democracy for Iran, Autonomy for Kurdistan," and called for an armed struggle to establish a federal republic modeled after that of Yugoslavia on the grounds that Iran, like Yugoslavia, contained many diverse nations.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Benjamin Smith. Land and Rebellion: Kurdish Separatism in Comparative Perspective.P.10. "The Kurds of Iran: Opportunistic and Failed Resistance, 1918‐". [2]
- ^ The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the Peshmerga. p.27-28. [3]
- ^ a b c d e f g McDowall. The modern history of the Kurds. Third Edition 2007. P252-253. [4]